Reproduction
Sexual Asexual
Reproduction Reproduction
Involves formation and Reproduction without
fusion of gametes fusion of gametes
(Amphimixis) (Apomixis)
Sexual Asexual
Reproduction Reproduction
Involves formation and Reproduction without
fusion of gametes fusion of gametes
(Amphimixis) (Amphimixis)
Flower : Site of Sexual reproduction
Pedicel
Flower : Site of Sexual reproduction
Stigma
Anther
Stamen
Filament
Carpel Style
Petal
Ovary
Thalamus
Sepal
Pedicel
Flower - A Fascinating Organ of Angiosperms
To a biologist, flowers are morphological and embryological marvels and
site of sexual reproduction.
All flowering plants show sexual reproduction.
Flowering plants are heterosporous plant.
Floriculture : Science of cultivation, breeding and marketing of flowers.
FLOWER : A
MODIFIED SHOOT
According to Goethe,
Flower is a modified shoot.
FLOWER : A MODIFIED SHOOT
According to Goethe, a
flower is a modified shoot.
Annual
Plants
Monocarpic Polycarpic
Flowering and fruiting takes Flowering and fruiting
place only once in the whole takes place many times
life span in their entire life span
are known as polycarpic
e.g Annual & Biennial plants e.g. Perennial plants.
Biennial plants
Plants
Monocarpic Polycarpic
Flowering and fruiting takes flowering and fruiting takes
place only once in the whole place many times in their
life span entire life span are known as
polycarpic
e.g. Annual & Biennial plants e.g. Perennial plants
Perennial plants
Sexual reproduction in plants
Exceptions : Bamboo, Strobilanthus kunthiana are perennial
but monocarpic
Sexual
Reproduction
Involves the formation and fusion of gametes.
It is a complex and slower process as compared to asexual
reproduction.
Events of sexual reproduction may be categorised into:
1 Pre-fertilisation
2 Fertilisation
3 Post-fertilisation events.
Male Reproductive Whorl : Androecium
Stamen
Stamen
Anther
Distal end
Filament
Proximal end
Thalamus
Stamen
Anther
Bilobed with each Often a longitudinal
lobe having two groove runs lengthwise
theca, i.e., they are separating the theca.
dithecous and
tetrasporangiate .
Connective
Theca
Lobe
Theca
Epidermis
Endothecium
Middle layers
Microspore
Mother cells
Tapetum
Epidermis
One celled thick,
outermost, protective
Endothecium
Protective ,thick radial
walls & inner walls,
helps in dehiscence.
Middle layers
1-3 celled thick,
store food, short
lived
Tapetum
One celled thick,
Nutritive layer with
dense cytoplasm
Initially cells are diploid
& uninucleated
later becomes
polyploid &
binucleated
FUNCTION Tapetum
1 Provide nutrition to
microspore mother cells &
developing pollen grains
2 Synthesize and secrete –
enzymes, hormones,
sporopollenin, pollen kitt
Microspore
Mother cells
Dehiscence of
Anther
Question Anther is generally composed of:-
(1) One sporangium
(2) Two sporangia
(3) Three sporangia
(4) Four sporangia
Ans. (4)
Question Main function of endothecium (in anther) is :
(1) Mechanical
(2) Nutritive
(3) Dehiscence
(4) Storage
Ans. (3)
Question Male gametophyte in angiosperms is consists of:-
(1) Three sperms
(2) Two sperms and a vegetative cell
(3) Single sperm and a vegetative cell
(4) Single sperm and two vegetative cells
Ans. (2)
Question Which one of the following statements is not true?
(1) Tapetum helps in the dehiscence of anther
(2) Exine of pollen grains is made up of sporopollenin
(3) Pollen grains of many species cause severe allergies
(4) Stored pollen in liquid nitrogen can be used in the crop
breeding programmes
Ans. (1)
Question Pollen grains can be stored for several years in liquid nitrogen
having a temperature of:-
(1) –120°C
(2) –80°C
(3) –196°C
(4) –160°C
Ans. (3)
Question Pollen grains of many species cause severe allergies & bronchial
afflictions in some people often leading to chronic respiratory
disorder such as :-
(1) Asthma
(2) Bronchitis
(3) Both 1 & 2
(4) Emphysema
Ans. (3)
Question Which part of the male reproductive structure produces
both enzyme & hormone :-
(1) Archesporium
(2) Middle layer
(3) Tapetum
(4) Endothecium
Ans. (3)
Question Given below are two statements:-
Statement-I : To some extent viability of pollen grains depends upon
prevailing temperature and humidity.
Statement-II : Viability is lost in few minutes only of the pollen grains
of Solanaceae family.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most
appropriate answer from the options given below:
(1) Both Statement-I and II are correct.
(2) Statement-I is correct but statement-II is incorrect.
(3) Statement-I is incorrect and Statement-II is correct.
(4) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are incorrect.
Ans. (2)
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Structure of microsporangium
Epidermis
Endothecium
Middle layers
Microspore
Mother cells
Tapetum
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Structure of microsporangium
Epidermis
Endothecium
Middle layers
Tapetum
Microspore
Mother cells
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Microsporogenesis
Meiosis-II Meiosis-I
Microspore Microspore
Tetrad Mother cells
(n) (2n)
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Microsporogenesis
Microspore
Tetrad
(n)
Microspore
Vacuoles
Nucleus
Asymmetric spindle
Vegetative cell
Generative cell
Structure of
Pollen Grain
Exine
Generative Cell Generative
Nucleus
Vegetative
Cell
Intine
Vegetative
Nucleus
Germ pore
Sexual Reproduction
Development in Flowering
of male gametophyte: Plants
Pre-pollination
Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
Development of male
gametophyte:
Pre-pollination
Mature pollen grain consists of two cells :
Vegetative cell Generative cell
Bigger Small
spindle shaped with dense
has abundant food reserve
cytoplasm
float in the cytoplasm of
large and irregularly shaped
vegetative cell
nucleus