Vibration

& Waves
PHY 001

Sound
Waves
 Sound waves Speed of sound
The speed of any mechanical wave, depends on both
It is a longitudinal mechanical waves that can an inertial property of the medium (to store kinetic
travel through solids, liquids, or gases. energy) and the elastic properties of the medium (to
store potential energy).
Sound waves are divided into:
𝒆𝒍𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚
1- Infrasonic waves: 𝝊=
𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒚
are waves having frequencies
below the audible range >20 Hz Speed of sound Speed of sound
in gas or a liquid for solid material
2- Audible waves:
are waves that lie within the range 𝐁 𝒀
𝐯= 𝒗=
of sensitivity of the human ear. 𝛒 𝝆
20 HZ< Audible > 20,000 Hz 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑩 is the bulk modulus 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒀 is the Young's modulus
𝜟𝑷 𝑭/𝑨
3- Ultrasonic waves: 𝑩=− 𝑵Τ𝒎2 𝒀= 𝑵Τ𝒎2
𝜟𝑽Τ𝑽 ∆𝑳/𝑳
are waves having frequencies above
the audible range. < 20,000 Hz Sound travels faster through
solids than liquids and faster
through liquids than gases.
 Traveling Sound Waves Equations Intensity of sound waves
The intensity is the rate of energy of the sound
waves across unit area
𝒆𝒏𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓
𝑰= =
𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 × 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂

The intensity is related to the

displacement amplitude, 𝑺𝒎 ,of
the sound wave by this relation:
The displacement of particles oscillation of:
1
𝑺 = 𝑺𝒎 𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝒌𝒙 − 𝝎𝒕 𝑰 = 𝝆𝒂𝒊𝒓 𝝊𝒔𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅 𝝎2 𝑺2𝒎
2
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑺𝒎 is the displacement amplitude
Sound level
The change of the transmitted pressure: The human ear can detect a wide range of intensities,
the sound level β can be calculated by:-
which causes the particle displacement
𝑰
𝜟𝑷 = 𝜟𝑷𝒎 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒙 − 𝝎𝒕 𝜷 = (10 𝒅𝑩) 𝐥𝐨 𝐠
𝑰𝒐
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝜟𝑷𝒎 is the pressure amplitude
, 𝑰𝒐 = 𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝒘Τ𝒎𝟐
 Musical Sound
The musical instruments that use sound waves in a column
of air such as that inside an organ pipe or a clarinet.
The musical tones depend on the types of pipes that are open or
close:
Open tube (pipe)
Closed tube (pipe)
First Harmonic First Harmonic
𝝀=𝟐𝑳 𝝀=𝟒𝑳
Second Harmonic
𝝀=𝑳 Second Harmonic
𝟒
Third Harmonic 𝝀= 𝑳
𝟑
𝟐𝑳
𝝀= Third Harmonic
𝟑 𝟒
General form: 𝝀= 𝑳
𝟐𝑳 𝒏𝒗 𝟓
𝝀= 𝒇= 𝟒𝑳 𝒏𝒗
𝒏 𝟐𝑳 𝝀= 𝒇=
𝒏 𝟒𝒍
, 𝒏 = 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, , 𝒏 = 𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟓, …
 Doppler Effect

𝝊 ± 𝝊𝑫
𝒇′ =𝒇
𝝊 ∓ 𝝊𝑺
vD : is the speed of the detector
The Doppler Effect is a change in listened
vS : is the speed of the source
frequency of a wave when one or both of v : is the speed of sound
the source and detector move. 𝒇 : the source frequency
𝒇′ : the detected frequency
 Detector Moving, Source Stationary Source Moving, Detector Stationary

Detector move away Detector move toward Source move away Source move toward
from source the source from detector the detector

𝝊 − 𝝊𝑫 𝝊 + 𝝊𝑫 ′
𝝊 𝝊
𝒇′ =𝒇 𝒇′ =𝒇 𝒇 =𝒇 𝒇′ =𝒇
𝝊 𝝊 𝝊 + 𝝊𝑺 𝝊 − 𝝊𝑺

𝝊 ± 𝝊𝑫 ′
𝝊
′
𝒇 =𝒇 𝒇 =𝒇
𝝊 𝝊 ∓ 𝝊𝑺
 Both Detector and Source are Moving Both Detector and Source are Moving

Source and detector Source and detector Source move away Source move toward
move away the other move toward others from detector the detector

𝝊 − 𝝊𝑫 𝝊 + 𝝊𝑫 𝝊 + 𝝊𝑫 𝝊 − 𝝊𝑫
′
𝒇 =𝒇 𝒇′ =𝒇 ′
𝒇 =𝒇 𝒇′ =𝒇
𝝊 + 𝝊𝑺 𝝊 − 𝝊𝑺 𝝊 + 𝝊𝑺 𝝊 − 𝝊𝑺

′
𝝊 ± 𝝊𝑫
𝒇 =𝒇
𝝊 ∓ 𝝊𝑺
 Example:
A point source emits sound waves with an average power Two identical machines are positioned the same distance from
output of 80.0 W. (a) Find the intensity 3.00 m from the a worker. The intensity of sound delivered by each machine at
source. (B) Find the distance at which the intensity of the the location of the worker is 2.0 x 10-7 W/m2. Find the sound
sound is 1.00 x 10-8 W/m2. level heard by the worker (a) when one machine is operating
and (b) when both machines are operating.

𝑷 𝑷 (a) The sound level at the location of the worker with one
𝑰= = machine operating: 𝑰
𝑨 𝟒𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝜷 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒅𝑩 𝒍𝒐𝒈
(𝟖𝟎 𝑾) 𝑰𝒐
= 𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟕𝟎𝟕 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 (𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 )
𝟒𝝅(𝟑 𝒎)
= 𝟏𝟎 𝒅𝑩 𝒍𝒐𝒈 = 𝟓𝟑 𝒅𝑩
(𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 )
(b) When both machines are operating, the intensity is doubled
𝑷 to 4.0 x 10-7 W/m2; therefore, the sound level now is:
𝒓= = 𝑰
𝟒𝝅𝑰 𝜷 = 𝟏𝟎 𝒅𝑩 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝑰𝒐
(𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟕 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 )
(𝟖𝟎 𝑾) = 𝟏𝟎 𝒅𝑩 𝒍𝒐𝒈 = 𝟓𝟔 𝒅𝑩
= 𝟐𝟓𝟐𝟑𝟕. 𝟕 𝒎 (𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟐 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 )
𝟒𝝅(𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟖 𝑾/𝒎𝟐 )
From these results, we see that when the intensity is
doubled, the sound level increases by only 3 dB.
As a certain sound wave travels through the air, it As an ambulance travels east down a highway at a
produces pressure variations (above and below speed of 33.5 m/s, its siren emits sound at a frequency
atmospheric pressure) given by: of 400 Hz. What frequency is heard by a person in a
𝛥𝑃 = 1.27𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝝅𝑥 − 340𝝅𝑡 in SI units. car traveling west at 24.6 m/s (a) as the car
Find (a) the amplitude of the pressure variations, (b) approaches the ambulance and (b) as the car moves
the frequency, (c) the wavelength in air, and (d) the away from the ambulance?
speed of the sound wave. (a) From the general case equation, taking the speed of sound
in air to be 343 m/s. As the ambulance and car approach each
other, the person in the car hears the frequency:
∵ 𝜟𝑷 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝝅𝒙 − 𝟑𝟒𝟎𝝅𝒕 𝒗 + 𝒗𝒐
𝒇ሗ = 𝒇
𝒗 − 𝒗𝒔
, ∵ 𝜟𝑷 = 𝜟𝑷𝒎 𝑺𝒊𝒏 𝒌𝒙 − 𝝎𝒕 𝟑𝟒𝟑 𝒎/𝒔 + 𝟐𝟒. 𝟔 𝒎/𝒔
ሗ𝒇 = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑯𝒛 = 𝟒𝟕𝟓 𝑯𝒛
𝟑𝟒𝟑 𝒎/𝒔 − 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔
∴ (𝚫𝑷𝒎 ) = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟕𝑷𝒂. (b) As the vehicles recede from each other, the person
hears the frequency:
𝒗 − 𝒗𝒐
𝝎 𝟑𝟒𝟎𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝒇ሗ = 𝒇
𝒇= = = 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝑯𝒛. 𝝀= = = 𝟐𝒎. 𝒗 + 𝒗𝒔
𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝒌 𝝅
𝟑𝟒𝟑 𝒎/𝒔 − 𝟐𝟒. 𝟔 𝒎/𝒔
𝝊 = 𝝀𝒇 = 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟕𝟎 = 𝟑𝟒𝟎 𝒎/𝒔
𝒇ሗ = 𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝑯𝒛 = 𝟑𝟑𝟖 𝑯𝒛
𝟑𝟒𝟑 𝒎/𝒔 + 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓 𝒎/𝒔