EM203 Statics
Chapter 1: General Principles
Mahmoud Nawar, Ph.D.
Associate Professor – Civil and Environmental Engineering (CEE)
Content
1. General Principles (Chapter 1)
2. Force Vectors (Chapter 2)
3. Equilibrium of a Particle (Chapter 3)
4. Force System Resultants (Chapter 4)
5. Equilibrium of a Rigid Body (Chapter 5)
6. Structural Analysis (Chapter 6)
7. Internal Forces (Chapter 7)
8. Friction (Chapter 8)
9. Center of Gravity and Centroid (Chapter 9)
10. Moment of Inertia (Chapter 10)
Outlines
Introduction (1- General Principles)
What is Mechanics
Fundamental Concepts
Basic Quantities
Idealizations
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Units of Measurement
Numerical Calculations
What is Mechanics
Mechanics is a branch of the physical sciences
that is concerned with the state of rest or motion
of bodies that are subjected to the action of
forces.
What is Mechanics
Mechanics
Fluid Deformable-body Rigid body
mechanics mechanics mechanics
What is Mechanics
Mechanics
Dynamic Static
concerns with the concerns with the equilibrium of
accelerated or retarded bodies, either at rest or in motion
motion of bodies at a constant velocity
Dynamics Statics
(In Motion) (At Rest)
CEE 202 EM 203
Fundamental Concepts
Basic Quantities
1- Length
- locate the position of a point in space
- describe the size of a physical system
Fundamental Concepts
Basic Quantities
2- Time
- succession of events
Fundamental Concepts
Basic Quantities
3- Mass
- measure of a quantity of matter.
- used to compare the action of one body with that of another.
Fundamental Concepts
Basic Quantities
4- Force
- a “push” or “pull” exerted by one body on another
Fundamental Concepts
Idealizations: representing something as perfect or better than in reality
➢ To simplify application of the theory.
Particle
A particle has a mass, but a size
that can be neglected. The geometry
of the body will not be involved in the
analysis of the problem to make it
simplified form.
Fundamental Concepts
Idealizations
Rigid Body
Combination of a large number of
particles in which all the particles
remain at a fixed distance from
one another, both before and after
applying a load. In most cases the actual deformations occurring in
The body’s shape does not change structures, machines, mechanisms, and the like are
relatively small, and the rigid-body assumption is
when a load is applied. suitable for analysis.
Fundamental Concepts
Idealizations
Concentrated Force
Represents the effect of a loading which
is assumed to act at a point on a body,
provided the area over which the load is
applied is very small compared to the
overall size of the body.
Fundamental Concepts
Newton’s Laws of Motion
First Law
A particle originally at
rest, or moving in a
straight line with constant
velocity, tends to remain
in this state provided the
particle is not subjected يظل الجسم على حالته الحركية (إما
to an unbalanced force السكون التام أو الحركة في خط مستقيم
بسرعة ثابتة) ما لم تؤثر عليه قوة
تغيره من هذه الحالة
Fundamental Concepts
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Second Law
A particle acted upon by an
unbalanced force F
experiences an acceleration a
that has the same direction as
the force and a magnitude that إذا أثرت قوة أو مجموعة قوى
is directly proportional to the ًعلى جسم ما فإنها تكسبه تسارعا
force. The proportional factor في اتجاهها يتناسب مع محصلة
is the particle mass m. ومعامل التناسب،القوى المؤثرة
هو كتلة القصور الذاتي للجسم
Fundamental Concepts
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Third Law
The mutual forces of action and reaction between two
particles are equal, opposite, and collinear
مساوي له في المقدار،لكل قوة فعل قوة رد فعل
ومضاد له في االتجاه
Fundamental Concepts
Newton’s Laws of Motion
Law of Gravitational Attraction between two Particles
Fundamental Concepts
Weight
In the case of a particle located at or
near the surface of the earth, األرض تجذب األجسام بقوة تؤثر
however, the only gravitational force باتجاه رأسي إلى أسفل تسمى قوة
having any sizable magnitude is that فالوزن هو قوة.الجاذبية األرضية
between the earth and the particle. جذب األرض للجسم
Consequently, this force, termed the
weight, will be the only gravitational
force considered in our study of
mechanics.
g is the acceleration due to gravity
Units of Measurement
SI Units. The International System of units
U.S. Customary : The United States customary
system of units
Units of Measurement
Basic quantities :
Length
Time
Mass
force
Units of Measurement
g = 9.81 m/s2 g = 32.2 ft/s2
Units of Measurement
Basic quantities : SI Units
Length Meter (m)
Time Second (s)
Mass Kilogram (kg)
force Newton (N)
Units of Measurement
Basic quantities : US Units
Length Foot (ft)
Time Second (s)
Mass Slug (slug)
force Pound (lb)
Units of Measurement
Units of Measurement
*The kilogram is the only base unit that is defined with a prefix.
Prefixes. When a numerical quantity is either very large or very small,
the units used to define its size may be modified by using a prefix.
Numerical Calculations
Dimensional Homogeneity:
❑ The terms of any equation must be dimensionally
homogeneous; that is, each term must be expressed in the same
units.
❑ This fact can then be used as a partial check for algebraic
manipulations of an equation.
Numerical Calculations
Significant Figures:
❑ The number of significant figures determines the accuracy of the number.
❑ we will use engineering notation to report a result.
❑ Numbers be rounded off to the appropriate number of significant digits
and then expressed in multiples of (103), such as (103),(106), or (10–9).
Examples:
23 400 three significant figures 23.4(103).
0.008 21 three significant figures 8.21(10–3).
0.000 582 three significant figures 0.582(10–3) or 582(10–6).
Numerical Calculations
Rounding Off Numbers:
Numerical figure ending in a number greater than five is rounded up
and a number less than five is not rounded up.
Example:
❖ Round off 3.5587 to three significant figures?
❖ The fourth digit (8) is greater than 5, the third number is rounded up
to 3.56.
Example:
❖ Round off 1.341 to three significant figures?
❖ The fourth digit (1) is less than 5, then we get 1.34.
Numerical Calculations
Rounding Off Numbers:
❑ There is a special case for any number that ends in a 5.
❑ If the digit preceding the 5 is an even number, then this digit is not
rounded up.
❑ If the digit preceding the 5 is an odd number, then it is rounded up.
Example:
❖ Rounded off 75.25, 0.1275 & 0.2555 to three significant digits?
❖ 75.25 becomes 75.2
❖ 0.1275 becomes 0.128
❖ 0.2555 becomes 0.256
Numerical Calculations
Calculations:
❑ When a sequence of calculations is performed, it is best to store
the intermediate results in the calculator.
❑ Do not round off calculations until expressing the final result.
❑ In this text we will generally round off the answers to three
significant figures.
Problem Solving Strategy
1. Interpret: Read carefully and determine what is given and what is to
be found/ delivered. Ask, if not clear. If necessary, make
assumptions and indicate them.
2. Plan: Think about major steps (or a road map) that you will take to
solve a given problem. Think of alternative/creative
solutions and choose the best one.
3. Execute: Carry out your steps. Use appropriate diagrams and
equations. Estimate your answers. Avoid simple calculation
mistakes. Reflect on / revise your work.
4. Final Answer: Study the answer with technical judgment and common
sense to determine whether or not it seems reasonable. Report
the answer with no more than three significant figures.
Units of Measurement
Example 1.1 :
Convert 2 km/h to m/s.
How many ft/s is this?
Solution :
1 km = 1000 m 1 h = 3600 s
2 km / h =
2 km
h
( 1000 m
1 km
)( 1h
3600 s
= )
2000 m
3600 s
= 0.556 m/s
0.556 m/s =
0.556 m
s
( 1 ft
0.3048 m
)= 1.82 ft/s
Remember to round off the final answer to three significant figures.
Units of Measurement
Example 1.2 :
Convert the quantities 300 lb.s and
52 slug/ft3 to appropriate SI units ?
Solution :
300 lb.s =300 lb.s (
4.448 N
1 lb
) = 1334.5 N.s = 1.33 kN.s
( )( )
3
52 slug 14.59 kg 1 ft
52 slug/ft =
3
ft3 1 slug 0.3048 m
= 26.8 (103) kg/m3 = 26.8 Mg/m3
Units of Measurement
Example 1.3 :
Evaluate each of the following
and express with SI units having
an appropriate prefix:
(a) (50 mN)(6 GN),
(b) (400 mm)(0.6 MN)2,
(c) 45 MN3 / 900 Gg
Solution :
(a) (50 mN)(6 GN) = [50 (10-3) N] [6 (109) N)
= 300 (106) N2
( )
2
1 kN
= 300 (106) N2 = 300 kN2
1000 N
kN2 = (kN)2
Units of Measurement
(b) (400 mm)(0.6 MN)2 = [400 (10-3) m][0.6 (106) N]2
= [400 (10-3) m][0.36 (1012) N2]
= 144 (109) m.N2
= 144 Gm.N2
( 10 N )
2
= 144 (109) m.N2 1 MN
6
= 0.144 m.MN2
45 MN3 45 [(106)N]3
(c) 45 MN3 / 900 Gg = =
900 Gg 900 (106) kg
(10 N)
3
= 50 (109) N3 /kg 1 kN
3
= 50 kN3 /kg
Summary
Mechanics
Dynamic Static
Summary
Basic Quantities
Length
Time
Mass
Force
Idealizations
Particle
Rigid Body
Concentrated Force
Summary
Newton’s Laws of Motion
First Law Second Law
Gravitational Attraction
Third Law
Weight
Summary
Units of Measurement
Summary
Units of Measurement
Summary
Units of Measurement
Problem Solving Strategy
1. Interpret: Read carefully and determine what is given and what is to
be found/ delivered. Ask, if not clear. If necessary, make
assumptions and indicate them.
2. Plan: Think about major steps (or a road map) that you will take to
solve a given problem. Think of alternative/creative
solutions and choose the best one.
3. Execute: Carry out your steps. Use appropriate diagrams and
equations. Estimate your answers. Avoid simple calculation
mistakes. Reflect on / revise your work.
4. Final Answer: Study the answer with technical judgment and common
sense to determine whether or not it seems reasonable. Report
the answer with no more than three significant figures.
To excel at the Exam, follow the problem-solving structure below:
1. Knowns/Unknowns: List the given parameters. List the parameters you
must find.
2. Free Body Diagram: Draw a neat FBD that includes arrows with
arrowheads, dimensions, and all the parameters needed to solve the
problem. (When appropriate).
3. Assumptions: List any assumptions made, and the equations you will
need.
4. Steps: Give necessary details so that people can easily follow your
calculations. Answers without the steps will not be accepted.
5. Equations: label each equation with a number (1), (2), (3), etc.
6. Answer: Include units and box your final answers.
7. Neatness: Disorganized, incomplete, and/or copied work will be
penalized.
Problems
Problems
Problems
Problems
References
➢ R. C. HIBBELER, “Engineering Mechanics, Statics”, Fourteenth edition, 2022.
➢ R. C. HIBBELER, “Engineering Mechanics”, Twelfth edition, 2010.
➢ A. Pytel, J. Kiusalaas, “Engineering Mechanics”, 2010.
➢ Atef Eraky, (2015), Lecture notes of Statics course, Faculty of engineering,
Zagazig university.
Questions?