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BY: , PGT (CS) , MR. , PGT (CS) KV

dskjbhfkjfhppython CREATED
BY: , PGT (CS) , MR. , PGT (CS) KV
OEF KANPUR Need of Computer Network Resource Sharing :- Resource Sharing means to make
all programs, data and peripherals available to anyone on the network irrespective of the physical
location of the resources and the user. Reliability :- Reliability means to keep the copy of a file on
two or more differe nt machines, so if one of them is unavailable (due to some hardware crash or
any other) them its other copy can be used. Cost Factor :- Cost factor means it greatly reduces
the cost since the resources can be shared. Application of Computer Networks 1. Sharing of data,
services and resources 2. Access to remote database 3. Communication facilities 4. Time saving
Elementary Terminology of Networks :- 1. Nodes (Workstations): - The term nodes refer to the
computers that are attached to a network and are seeking to share the resources.
dskjbhfkjfhppython CREATED
BY: , PGT (CS) , MR. , PGT (CS) KV
OEF KANPUR Server: - A computer that facilitates the sharing of data, software and hardware
resources on the network. MAC Address: A (Media access Control) address is a hardware
identification number that uniquely identifies each device on a network (assigned to a NIC by the
manufacturer ). IP Address: Each computer on internet is identified by a unique number called IP
Address. E.g: [Link] Types of Computer Netw orks LAN (Local Area Network): A Local Area
Network (LAN) is a network that is limited to a relatively small area. It is generally limited to a
geographic area such as a school building, office or a university campus. It is generally privately
owned networks over a distance not more than 5 Km. e.g. network in a college, school, hospital
etc.

dskjbhfkjfhppython CREATED
BY: , PGT (CS) , MR. , PGT (CS) KV
OEF KANPUR MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): MAN is the networks that cover a group of
nearby corporate offices or a city and mi ght be either private or public. E.g. Cable TV Network in
a city.

dskjbhfkjfhppython CREATED
BY: , PGT (CS) , MR. , PGT (CS) KV
OEF KANPUR WAN (Wide Area Network): These are the networks spread over large distances,
say across countries or even continents through cabling or satellite uplinks are called WAN. E.g.
Internet PAN (Personal Area Network): A PAN is a network of communicating devices (Computer,
Phone, MP3/MP4 Player, Camera etc.) organized around an individual person . A PAN can be set
up using guided media (USB cable) or unguided media (Bluetooth, Infrared).

dskjbhfkjfhppython CREATED
BY: , PGT (CS) , MR. , PGT (CS) KV
OEF KANPUR Network Devices 1. Modem :-A modem (modulator/demodulator) is a hardware
device that allows a computer to send and receive information over telephone lines. When
sending a signal, the modem converts (modulates) digital data to an analog signal and transmit it
over a telephone line. Similarly when an analog signal is received, the modem converts it back
(demodulates) to a digital signal. 2. Hub : - A Hub is an electronic device that connects several
computers together to form a network and redirects the received information to all the c onnected
nodes in broadcast mode. The computer(s) for which the information is intended receive(s) this
information and accept(s) it. Other computers on the network simply reject this information.
 , PGT (CS) , MR.
, PGT (CS) Types of Hub - Passive Hub: This type of does not amplify or boost
the signal. It does not manipulate or view the traffic that crosses it. Active Hub: It amplifies the incoming sign
passing it to the other ports. 3. Switch :- A switch is a network device which is used to interconnect computer
devices on a network. It filters and forwards data packets across a network. The main difference between hu
switch is that hub replicates what it receives on one port onto all the other ports while switch keeps a record
addresses of the devices attached to it and forwards data packets onto the ports for which it is addressed ac
network, that’s why switch is intelligent Hub.
, PGT (CS) , MR.
, PGT (CS) Diagram of A 4-Port Switch Example of how a switch works is
shown below. Using a switch, computer A sends a message to computer B—the other computers do not see
message. Those computers can send other messages at the same time without interfering.
, PGT (CS) , MR.
, PGT (CS) 4. Repeater : - A Repeater is a device that is used to amplify and
regenerate a signal which is on its way through a communication channel. A repeater regenerates the receiv
and re-transmits it to its destination. 5. Router :- A device that forwards data packets from one network to an
finding the shortest route, based on an internal routing table and the address of the destination network in th
packet, the router determines whether to send the packet out (in other network) or keep it or forward within th
network.
, PGT (CS) KV
NO.1 TEZPUR , MR. , PGT (CS) Gateway :- A gateway is a
device that connects dissimilar networks (Networks with different software and hardware
configurations and with different transmission protocol). Network Topologies Topology means
the way by which a network is formed. 1. Bus Topology

, PGT (CS) KV
NO.1 TEZPUR , MR. , PGT (CS) Bus Topology :-Bus
topology is a topology for a Local Area Network (LAN) in which all the nodes are connected to a
single cable. The starting and ending point of cable is called terminator. ADVANTAGES ■ It is easy
to install. ■ It requires less cable length and hence it is cost effective. ■ Failure of a node does not
affect the network. DISADVANTAGES ■ In case of cable or terminator fault, the entire network
breaks down. ■ Not suitable for large number of computers. ■ At a time only one node can transmit
data.

, PGT (CS) KV
NO.1 TEZPUR , MR. , PGT (CS) The STAR Topology: - A
STAR topology is based on a central node which acts as a hub. In star topology each node is
directly connected to a Hub/Switch . Advantages: ■ Easy to troubleshoot ■ A single node failure
does not affect the entire network. ■ Fault detection and removal of faulty parts is easier. ■ In case
a workstation fails, the network is not affected. Disadvantages: - ■ Difficult to expand. ■ Longer
cable is required.

, PGT (CS) KV
NO.1 TEZPUR , MR. , PGT (CS) ■ The cost of the hub and
the longer cables makes it expensive over others. ■ In case hub fails, the entire network stop
working. TREE Topology Tree topology is a combination of bus and star topologies . It is used to
combine multiple star topology networks. All the stars are connected together like a bus.
Features of Tree Topology ■ Ideal if workstations are located in groups. ■ Used in Wide Area
Network. Advantages of Tree Topology ■ Extension of bus and star topologies. ■ Expansion of
nodes is possible and easy. ■ Easily managed and maintained.

, PGT (CS) KV
NO.1 TEZPUR , MR. , PGT (CS) ■ Error detection is easily
 , PGT (CS) KV
NO.1 TEZPUR , MR. , PGT (CS) Advantage of Mesh
Topology ■ The arrangement of the network nodes is such that it is possible to transmit data from
one node to many other nodes at the same time. ■ Fault is diagnosed easily. Disadvantage of
Mesh Topology ■ Installation and configuration is difficult. ■ Cabling cost is more. ■ Bulk wiring is
required. Introduction to Internet The Internet is a massive network of networks, a networking
infrastructure. It connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which
any computer can communicate with another computer as long as they are both connected to the
Internet. The World Wide Web, or simply Web is a way or medium of a ccessing information over
the Internet. It is an information sharing model that is built on top of the Internet.
, PGT (CS) KV
NO.1 TEZPUR , MR. , PGT (CS) ” The Internet emerged in
the United States in the 1970s but did not become visible to the general public until the early
1990s. By 2020, approximately 4.5 billion people, or more than half of the world’s population, were
estimated to have access to the Internet”. The Internet provides a capability so powerful and
general that it can be used for almost any purpose that depends on info rmation, and it is
accessible by every individual who connects to one of its associated networks. URL :- URL
stands for Uniform Resource Locator. A URL is nothing more than the address of a given unique
resource on the Web or address of a website. The URL is an address that matches users to a
specific resource online, such as webpage. Example - http://
, PGT (CS) KV
NO.1 TEZPUR , MR. , PGT (CS) WWW : The World Wide
WEB (WWW), commonly known as the ‘Web’. It is an information system where all the web
resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locator (URL). Tim Berners - Lee invented the
WWW in 1989. He wrote the first web browser in 1990. The World Wide WEB (WWW) or ‘Web’ is a
collection of WebPages fou nd over the internet. Web browser uses the internet to access the
‘Web’. Application of Internet Web 2.0 : The term web 2.0 is used to refer to a new generation of
websites that are supposed to let people to publish and share information online. It aims to
encourage the sharing of information and views, creativity that can be consume by the other
users. E.g:Youtube The Main characteristics of web 2.0 are: ✓ Makes web more interactive
through online social media web - based forums, communities, social networ king sites. ✓ It is a
website design and development world which aim to encourage sharing of information and views,
creativity and user i nteractivity between the users. ✓ Video sharing possible in the websites
, PGT (CS) KV
NO.1 TEZPUR , MR. , PGT (CS) Web 3.0: It refers to the
3rd Generation of web where user will interact by using artificial intelligence and with 3-D portals.
Web 3.0 supports semantic web which improves web technologies to create, connect and share
content through the intelligent search and the analysis based on the meaning of the words,
instead of on the keywords and numbers. e-mail : email (or e-mail) is defined as the transmission
of messages over communications networks. Typically the messages are notes entered from
keyboard and sent over internet using computer or mobile. Chat : Chat may refer to any kind of
communication over the Internet that offers a real -time transmission of text messages from
sender to receiver. Chat messages are generally short in order to enable other participants t o
respond quickly. Voip :- Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), is a technology that allows you to
make voice calls using a broadband Internet connection instead of a regular (or analog) phone
line. VoIP services convert your voice into a digital signal that travels over the Internet. If you are
calling a regular phone number, the signal is converted to a regular telephone signal before it
reaches the destination. VoIP can allow you to make a call directly from a computer. Examples of
Voip: -Whatsap p, Skype, G oogle Chat etc.

, PGT (CS) KV
NO.1 TEZPUR , MR. , PGT (CS) Advantage of Voip: ✓
Save a lot of money. ✓ More than two people can communicate or speak. ✓ Supports great audio
tracking for emergency calls. Website :- a website is a group of web pages, containing text,
images and all types of multi -media files.

, PGT (CS) KV
NO.1 TEZPUR , MR. , PGT (CS) Difference between
Website and Webpage : - Website Webpage 1. A collection of web pages which are grouped
together and usually connected together in various ways, Often called a "web site" or simply a
"site." A document which can be displayed in a web browser such as Firefox, Google Chrome,
Opera, Microsoft Internet Explorer etc. 2. Has content about various entity. Has content about
single entity. 3. More development time is required. Less development time is required. 4. Website
address does not depend on Webpage address. Webpage address depends on Website address.
, PGT (CS) , MR.
, PGT (CS) Difference between Static and Dynamic webpage :- Static Webpage
Dynamic Webpage The static web pages display the same content each time when someone visits it. In the
Web pages, the page content changes according to the user. It takes less time to load over internet. Dynami
pages take more time while loading. No Database used. A database is used in at the server end in a dynami
Changes rarely. Changes frequently. Web Server :- a web server is a computer that stores web server softw
website's component files (e.g. HTML documents, images, CSS style sheets, and JavaScript files). When cli
request for a web page, the web server search for the requested page if requested page is found then it will
client with an HTTP response. If the requested web page is not found, web server will the send an HTTP res
404 Not found.
, PGT (CS) , MR.
, PGT (CS) The basic objective of the web server is to store, process and
deliver web pages to the users using Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Apart from HTTP, a web server al
SMTP (Simple Mail transfer Protocol) and FTP (File Transfer Protocol) protocol for e-mailing, for file transfer
storage . Web Hosting :- Web hosting is an online service that enables you to publish your website or web ap
on the internet. When you sign up for a hosting service, you basically rent some space on a server on which
store all the files and data necessary for your website to work properly. A server is a physical computer that r
without any interruption so that your website is available all the time for anyone who wants to see it.
, PGT (CS) KV
NO.1 TEZPUR , MR. , PGT (CS) Types of Web Hosting:
Web Browswer : - A web browser , or simply "browser," is an application used to access and view
websites. Common web browsers include Microsoft Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Mozilla
Firefox, and Apple Safari. Plug -ins:- a plug -in (or plugin , add-in, add -on) is a software
component that adds a specific feature to an existing computer program . When a program
supports plug -ins, it enables customization. Plug-ins are commonly used in Internet browsers
but also can be utilized in numerous other types of applications. One server acts as multiple
servers for multiple websites. One can use the space allotted to him to host websites for other
third party users .
, PGT (CS) , MR. VINOD KUMAR
VERMA, PGT (CS) Add-ons( in terms of H/W) : An Add-on is either a hardware unit that can be added to a c
increase the capabilities or a program unit that enhances primary program. Some manufacturers and softwa
Examples of add -ons for a computer include card for sound, graphic acceleration, modem capability and me
common for games, word - processing and accounting programs. Cookies :- cookies are small files which ar
contains information like which Web pages visited in the past, logging details Password etc. They are design
specific to a particular client and website and can be accessed by the web server or the client computer. Coo
are referenced by web browser.