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Overview of Genetics: History & Basics

Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation, focusing on the transmission of hereditary factors from parents to offspring and the molecular nature of genes. The history of genetics includes significant contributions from figures like Gregor Mendel, who established foundational principles of inheritance, and developments in genetic counseling and population genetics. Modern genetics encompasses various fields, including cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and the study of human traits and diseases.

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7 views14 pages

Overview of Genetics: History & Basics

Genetics is the scientific study of heredity and variation, focusing on the transmission of hereditary factors from parents to offspring and the molecular nature of genes. The history of genetics includes significant contributions from figures like Gregor Mendel, who established foundational principles of inheritance, and developments in genetic counseling and population genetics. Modern genetics encompasses various fields, including cytogenetics, molecular genetics, and the study of human traits and diseases.

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flourish.boye
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GENETICS:

INTRODUCTION,
HISTORY & BASIC
GENETICS

1
INTRODUCTION
• Genetics is primarily and originally a science dealing with
heredity
• Genetics involves a study of factors which shows
relationship between parents, offspring and characteristic
possesses
• Genetics is a science that account for similarities and
variations between related individuals
• Genetics studies transmission of hereditary factors
between generations.
• Genetics is the science dealing with heredity and variation,
seeking to discover laws governing similarities and
differences in individual related to descent. ( Bateson,
1906)

2
BASIC BIOLOGY

3
BASIC GENETICS

4
BASIC EXPRESSION OF GENES

5
• Genetics involves understanding the
transmission of biological properties from
parents to offspring
• Genetics studies genes molecular nature in
expression and regulation.
• Genetics is concerned with the study of
human biological variation and its relationship
to health and disease.

6
HISTORY-
PREHISTORIC
• Gregor Johannes Mendel- acclaimed father of Genetics.
• The prehistoric era:
• 1500 BC- breeding of animals & plants for desired
characteristics ( Egypt & Greece)
• 400 BC – Hippocrates theorem of parental concentrated
semen- brick and mortal model.
• 300 BC- advanced theory by Aristotle that fathers semen
provide the plans according to which the amorphous blood
of the mother is to be shaped into the offspring-blueprint
model
• Further contributions in improved microscopic, plants and
animals morphological classification, theory of evolution,
physical changes principles

7
GREGOR JOHANNES MENDEL

8
MENDEL ERA
• The Mendel era
• Swammderam preformation theory around
17th century
• Wolff epigenesis theory later in 17th century
• Darwin pangenesis theory in early 18th
century

9
POST MENDEL ERA
• Patterns of dominant and recessive inheritance, described
by Mendel in 1865
• Autosomal recessive inheritance of alkaptonuria by
Archibald Garrod in 1902, also introduced the term “inborn
errors of metabolism”
• Hardy–Weinberg principle of population genetics in 1908
• Sheldon Reed introduced genetic counselling.
• Genetic counselling clinics started in the early 1940’s.
features considered were: skin colour, eye colour, Twining,
Rhesus factor. Much later, mental retardation, Neural tube
, neural tube defects and Huntington disease.

10
HUMAN CELL
• Cells, fundamental structural and functional units of
living organism.
• Cells instructional needed activities are contained
within a DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequence.
• Human genome (total composition of genetic material
within a cell) is packaged into larger units known as
chromosomes
• Human cells contain 2 sets of chromosomes, 1 set
inherited from each parent.
• Each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes:
22 autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes (XX or
XY).

11
GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION

12
FIELDS OF GENETICS
• Human trait and disease has a genetic component.
• Concept of human genetics, the role of genes,
behavioural and environmental factors are important in
the study of genetics.
• Genetics encompasses:
 mechanisms of inheritance
 cytogenetics
 molecular genetics
 biochemical genetics
 statistical and population genetics

13
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING

14

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