CPS Notes Module 2 (18CPS13/23)

Module 2
(Input, Output Operation, Branching and Looping)

1. With an example explain formatted and unformatted input and out statements used in
C
2. With syntax, flowchart and example explain the if, if else, nested if, if-else ladder and
switch statements in C.
3. With syntax, flow chart and example, explain different types of loop used in C. Also
Compare while and do-while loop or pretest loops and posttest loop or entry control
loop and exit control loops
4. Explain jump statements in C. Also compare break and continue statement or With an
example explain the following:
i) goto ii) break iii) continue
5. Develop a C Program to find the roots of Quadratic equation
6. What is binomial coefficient? Develop a C program to generate and print Binomial
Coefficient table
7. What is Pascal’s triangle? Write a C program to generate and print Pascal’s triangle with
given rows
8. Develop a C Program to simulate simple calculator using switch statement
9. Write a C program to perform for the following operations
i) To find the sum of first n numbers
ii) To find the sum of first n even numbers
iii) To find the sum of first n odd numbers
iv) To find factorial of n
v) To generate and print first n fibonocci numbers
vi) To check whether the given number is even or odd
vii) To check whether the given number is negative, zero or positive number
viii) To check whether the given year is leap year or not
ix) To check whether the given number is prime or not
x) To check whether the given number is palindrome or not
xi) Electricity or similar type of problem

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1. With an example explain formatted and unformatted input and

out Function/statements used in C
Input /Output Function in C
Input function/statements are used to read input from the user by using input keyboard
Output function/statements are used to display output on screen.
The classification of input/output function shown below. The input/output functions are classified
into formatted input/output function and unformatted input/output functions.

– Formatted Input Function: It’s an input function that uses specific format to read
different type of input from the user input
• scanf() – used to read input from the user by using keyboard as formatted input
function
• Syntax:
scanf(“Format String”, variable_list);
Where Format string: %d for Integer
%f for float
%s for string
%c for character
Variable_list: It contain the address of variable where the value is stored
• Ex:
scanf(“%s %d %f”, Name, &EID, &salary);
– Formatted Output Function: It’s an output function that uses specific format to display
output for different types of variable on screen
• printf()- used to display output on monitor as formatted output function
• Syntax:
printf(“Format String”, variable list);
Where Format string: %d for Integer
%f for float
%s for string
%c for character
Variable list: it’s the list of variable whose value to be displayed
• Ex:
printf(“Name:%s\t EID= %d\t Salary: %f”, Name,EID,salary);

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/*Example Program for scanf() and printf()*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
Output:
void main()
{
Enter two numbers
int a,b,sum; 30 10
printf(“Enter two numbers\n”); Sum=40
scanf(“%d%d”,&a,&b);
sum=a+b;
printf(“\nSum= %d”,sum);
}
– Unformatted input Function: It’s an input function that’s used to read character or string
input from the user by using keyboard. There are two types of unformatted input
functions. They are getchar() and gets() function
• getchar()- used to read only one character at a time
• Syntax:
c=getchar();
Where c is a variable of character type
• gets()- It can read any number of character or string
• syntax: gets(string);
Where string is array of character
– Unformatted Output Functions: It’s an output function that is used to display one or
more number of character or string on screen. There are two types of formatted output
function .They are putchar() and puts() functions
• putchar()- To print only one character at a time
• Syntax: putchar( c );
Where c is a character type variable whose value to be displayed on screen
• puts()- can print any number of character or string
• syntax: puts(string);
Where string is an array of character whose value will be displayed on screen
/* Ex for gets() and puts()*/
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
Output:
char name[20];
printf(“\nEnter your Name: \n”); Enter you Name:
gets(name); Abdul Majeed
printf(“\nGiven Name is:\n”); Given Name is:
puts(name); Abdul Majeed
}
The main difference between scanf() and gets():
 scanf() reads input until it encounters whitespace, newline or End Of File(EOF)
whereas gets() reads input until it encounters newline or End Of File(EOF), gets() does not stop
reading input when it encounters whitespace instead it takes whitespace as a string.
 Scanf() can read multiple values of different data types (Its formatted input function)
whereas gets() will only get character string data(Its unformatted input function).

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/* Ex for getchar() and putchar()*/ Output:

#include <stdio.h>
Enter a character
void main()
Z
{
char c; The given character is:
printf("Enter a character\n"); Z
c = getchar();
printf(“\n The given character is:
putchar(c);
}

2. With syntax, flowchart and example explain the if, if else, nested if, if-else
ladder and switch statements in C (Control statement that is used for
branching or decision making in C)

Control statements enable us to specify the flow of program control; ie, the order in which the
instructions in a program must be executed. They make it possible to make decisions, to perform
tasks repeatedly or to jump from one section of code to another. Control statements are
classifieds in to three categories. They are Sequential, branching and loop statements.
Sequential statements are those statements that execute one after another. Branching
statements are those statements that provide facilities for decision making or selection. There
are two categories of branching statements, they are Conditional branching and unconditional
branching statements. Conditional branching statements are those statements that work based
on condition. If, else, if else, switch statements are examples of Conditional
[Link] branching statements are those statement that work without using
conditions. break, continue, goto and return are example for unconditional branching
statements. Loop statements are those statements that are used to repeat ‘m’ number of

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statements ‘n’ number of times. for, while, and do while statements are examples of loop
statements used in C.
If statements: it’s the simplest conditional branching statement that is used for decision
making or branching.
Working: If the condition is true then it will execute body of if statement. Otherwise it will skip
body of if statements. Its syntax and example is given below.
Syntax:
if (condition)
{
Body;
}
Next statements;
Where if is a keyword, condition is any valid expression that return zero or non-zero, Body is any
valid statement/s in C.
/* Example for if*/ Output 1:
#include<stdio.h> Enter a number
void main() 20
{ a=20
int a; Output 2:
printf(“Enter a number\n”); Enter a number
scanf(“%d”,&a) 2
if (a<10) a is less than 10
{ a=2
printf(“a is less than 10\n”);
}
printf(“ a=%d”);
}
If-else statements: it’s a conditional branching statement that is used for decision making
or branching when there are two alternatives.
Working: If the condition is true then it will execute body1 and skip body2. Otherwise it will skip
body1 and execute body2. Its syntax and example is given below.
Syntax:
if (condition)
{
body1;
}
else
{
body2;
}

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/* Example for else- if*/

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
Output 1:
int a;
Enter a number
printf(“Enter a number\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&a) 20
if (a<0) 20 is Positive
{ Output 2:
printf(“%d is Negative”,a); Enter a number
} -5
else -5 is Negative
{
printf(“ %d is Positive”,a);
}
}
If-else ladder: If we want to select one alternative among many alternatives, then we can
use if else ladder.
Working: The if-else-if ladder statement executes one condition from multiple statements. The
execution starts from top and checked for each if condition. The body of if block will be executed
which evaluates to be true. If none of the if condition evaluates to be true then the body of else
block is evaluated. Its syntax and example is given below.
Syntax: /* Example for else- if Ladder*/
if (cond1) #include<stdio.h>
{ main()
body1; {
} int m;
else if(cond2) printf(“Enter the mark\n”); Output 1:
{ scanf(“%d”,&m) Enter the mark
body2; if (m>=90)
}
20
printf(“ Grade=A”);
else Grade=Failed
else if (m>=70)
{ printf(“ Grade=B”);
Output 2:
body3; else if (m>=50) Enter the mark
} printf(“Grade=C”); 78
else Grade=B
printf(“Failed”);
}

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Nested if: if statement present within another if statement is known as nested if statement
Working: When more than one condition needs to be true and one of the condition is the sub-
condition of parent condition, nested if can be used. Its syntax and example shown below.Body1
will be executed if cond1 and con2 are evaluated true. If cond1 is true and cond2 is false, then
body2 will be executed. If cond1 is false then body3 will be executed.
Syntax:
if (cond1)
{ /* Example for else- if Ladder*/
if(cond2)
#include<stdio.h>
{
body1; void main()
{ Output :
}
int a=10,b=5,c=20; c is Biggest
else
{ if(a>b)
body2; {
} if(a>c)
} printf(“a is Biggest”);
else else
{ printf(“c is Biggest”);
body3; }
}
else if(b>c)
printf(“ b is Biggest”);
else
printf(“c is Biggest”);
}

Switch Statement: Switch statement is an alternative to long if-else-if ladders. If we want to

select one block of statement among many blocks of statements then we can use switch
statement.
Working: The choice/expression is checked for different cases and the one match is executed.
ie; if the choice matches with any of the cases then that particular case is executed. There
is default case (optional) at the end of switch, if none of the case matches then default case is
executed. break statement is used to move out of the switch. If the break is not used, the control
will flow to all cases below it until break is found or switch comes to an end. Its syntax and example
is given below.

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3. With syntax, flow chart and example, explain different types of loop used
in C (Control statements used for looping in C). Also Compare while loop
and do while loop

Loop are control statements that is used to repeat ‘m’ number of statements ‘n’ number of times.
for, while, and do while loops are the different types of loop statements used in C.
There are mainly two types of loops:
Entry Controlled loops (Pretest loop): In this type of loops the test condition is tested before
entering the loop body. For Loop and While Loop are entry controlled loops.
Exit Controlled Loops (Posttest loop): In this type of loops the test condition is tested or evaluated
at the end of loop body. Therefore, the loop body will execute at least once, irrespective of
whether the test condition is true or false. do – while loop is exit controlled loop.
for loop: Its one of the most widely used loop statement that is used to repeat ‘m’ number of
statements ‘n’ number of time in C. Its syntax, flow chart and example given below.

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Working of for loop: In for loop, a loop variable is used to control the loop. First initialize this loop
variable to some value, then check whether this variable is less than or greater than or equal to counter
value. If statement is true, then loop body is executed and loop variable gets updated. Steps are repeated
till exit condition comes.
 Initialization: In this expression we have to initialize the loop variable to some value. for example:
i=1;
 Test condition: In this expression we have to test the condition. If the condition evaluates to true
then we will execute the body of loop and go to update expression otherwise we will exit from the
for loop. For example: i <= 10;
 Update: After executing loop body this expression increments/decrements the loop variable by
some value. for example: i++;
Example program for for loop:
#include<stdio.h>
void main() Output:
{
Value of i=1
int i;
for(i=1;i<=5;i++)
Value of i=2
{ Value of i=3
printf(“Value of i=%d\n”,i); Value of i=4
} Value of i=5
}

while loop: It’s an entry control loop that is used to repeat ‘m’ number of statements ‘n’
number of times. While studying for loop we have seen that the number of iterations is known
beforehand, i.e. the number of times the loop body is needed to be executed is known to us. while
loops are used in situations where we do not know the exact number of iterations of loop
beforehand. The loop execution is terminated on the basis of test condition. Its syntax, flow chart
and example explained below.

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We have already stated that a loop is mainly consisted of three statements – initialization
expression, test expression, update expression. The syntax of the three loops – For, while
and do while mainly differs on the placement of these three statements.

Do while loop: It’s an exit control loop that is also used to repeat ‘m’ number of statements
‘n’ number of times. In do while loops also the loop execution is terminated on the basis of test
condition. The main difference between do while loop and while loop is that , in do while loop the
condition is tested at the end of loop body, i.e do while loop is exit controlled whereas the other
lops are entry controlled loop.

Working: in do while loop first it will execute the body of loop and then it will test the condition.
This process repeated until the condition remains true. Once the condition became false then the
controls goes out of the loop and execute next statement.
Note: In do while loop the loop body will execute at least once irrespective of test condition.

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Example Program for do while loop:

#include<stdio.h>
void main() Output:
{
Value of i=1
int i=1;
do Value of i=2
{ Value of i=3
printf(“Value of i=%d\n”,i); Value of i=4
i++; Value of i=5
} while(i<=5);
}
Difference between while and do while loop:

Important Points:
 Use for loop when number of iterations is known beforehand, i.e. the number of times the
loop body is needed to be executed is known.
 Use while loops where exact number of iterations is not known but the loop termination
condition is known.
 Use do while loop if the code needs to be executed at least once like in Menu driven
programs
4. With an example explain unconditional branching statement(Jump
statement) used in C ( OR With an example Explain the following:
i) goto ii) break iii) continue)
Compare break and continue statements
The unconditional branching statements (or jump statements are used to alter the normal flow
of a program. Loops perform a set of repetitive task until text expression becomes false but it is
sometimes desirable to skip some statement/s inside loop or terminate the loop immediately
without checking the test expression. In such cases, break and continue statements are used.
There are four types of unconditional control statements used in C .They are break, continue,
goto, and return statements.

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break: It’s an unconditional branching statement used with if, switch and loops. It takes the
control outside the loop by skipping the remaining part of the body. Program control goes outside
the loop even though the test expression returns true. The keyword break is used to represent
break statement.
Example:
main()
{
int k;
for (k=0; k<6; k++)
{
if (k==4||k==1)
{ Output:
break;
}
0
printf("%d ", k);
}
}

Continue: It’s an unconditional branching statement that is used only with loops. It takes the
control to the beginning of the loop by skipping the remaining part of the body. Program control
goes outside only when the test expression of the loop returns false. The keyword continue is
used to represent continue statement.
Example:
main()
{
int k;
for (k=0; k<6; k++)
{
if (k==4||k==1) Output:
{
0 2 3 5
continue;
}
printf("%d ", k);
}
}
goto statements: It’s an is an unconditional branching statement that is used for altering the
normal sequence of program execution by transferring control to some other part of the program
When a goto statement is encountered in a C program, the control jumps directly to the label
mentioned in the goto statement.
Syntax:
goto label;
..
..
label: statements;
In this syntax, label is an identifier. When, the control of program reaches to goto statement,
the control of the program will jump to the label: and executes the code below it.

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Forward jump: Backward jump:

goto label; label: ………….
………………… …………………….
………………… …………………….
label: ………. goto label;
………………… …………………….
………………… …………………….
Example for goto statements:
#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i,sum=0;
for( i = 0; i<20; i++)
{
sum = sum+i;
if(i==3)
{
goto addition;
} Output:
} 6
addition:
printf("%d", sum);
}
Compare break and continue Statements

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5. Develop a C Program to find the roots of Quadratic equation

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
main()
{
float a,b,c;
float root1, root2, realp, imgp, disc;

printf("Enter three coefficients of the quadratic equation\n");

scanf("%f%f%f", &a,&b, &c);

if(a==0) // To check whether it’s a quadratic equation or not

{
printf("Its not a Quadratic Equation");
exit(0);
}

disc = b*b-4*a*c; // To calculate discriminant

if(disc==0)
{
printf("\nRoots are equal");
root1 = root2 =-b/(2*a);
printf("\nRoot1 = Root2 = %f", root1);
}
else if(disc>0)
{
printf("\nRoots are real and distinct");
root1 = (-b + sqrt(disc))/(2*a);
root2 = (-b - sqrt(disc))/(2*a);

printf("\nRoot1 = %f", root1);

printf("\nRoot2 = %f", root2);
}
else
{
printf("\nRoots are imaginary");
realp = -b/(2.0*a);
imgp = sqrt(fabs(disc))/(2*a);

printf("\nRoot1 = %f + i %f",realp, imgp);

printf("\nRoot2 = %f - i %f",realp, imgp);
}
}
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6. What is binomial coefficient? Develop a C program to generate and print

Binomial Coefficient table
A function that takes two parameters n and k and returns the value of Binomial Coefficient C(n,
k). For example, your function should return 6 for n = 4 and k = 2, and it should return 10 for n =
5 and k = 2. (ie C(n,k)=n!/((n-k)!*k!) -- C(4,2) = 4!/(4-2)!*2!) =16)
The value of C(n, k) can also be recursively calculated using following standard formula for
Binomial Coefficients.
C(n, k) = C(n, k-1) * (n-k+1)/k where k=1, 2, 3…., n
C(n, 0) = C(0,0) = C(n, n) = 1

Binomial Coefficient Table shown below for n=5 and k=5

n/k 0 1 2 3 4 5

0 1
1 1 1
2 1 2 1
3 1 3 3 1
4 1 4 6 4 1
5 1 5 10 10 5 1
C Program for Binomial Coefficient Table:

#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int rows, coef = 1, i, j;
printf("Enter number of rows: ");
scanf("%d",&rows);
for(i=0; i<rows; i++)
{
for(j=0; j <= i; j++)
{
if (j==0 || i==0)

coef = 1; // C(i, 0) = C(0,0) = 1

else
coef = coef*(i-j+1)/j; //To calculate Binomial coefficient of C(i,j)
printf("%d\t", coef);
}
printf("\n");
}
}

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7. Briefly explain Pascal's triangle and develop a C program to generate and

plot Pascal's triangle
Pascal’s Triangle
Pascal’s triangle is a triangular array of the binomial coefficients. It’s an isosceles triangle named
before the famous scientist Blaise Pascal. It’s plotted by using the concept of binomial coefficient
Following are the first 6 rows of Pascal’s Triangle.

1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1

#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
int rows, coef = 1, space, i, j;
printf("Enter number of rows: ");
scanf("%d",&rows);

for(i=0; i<rows; i++)

{
for(space=1; space <= rows-i; space++)
printf(" "); // To display Pascal triangle in proper form
for(j=0; j <= i; j++)
{
if (j==0 || i==0)
coef = 1; // C(i, 0) = C(0,0) = 1
else
coef = coef*(i-j+1)/j; //To calculate Binomial coefficient of C(i,j)
printf("%4d", coef); // %4d To display Pascal triangle in proper form
}
printf("\n");
}
}
OutPut:
Enter number of rows:4
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1

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8. Develop a C Program to simulate simple calculator using switch statement

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
float a,b,res; // Declaring variable
int ch;
printf("Enter two numbers\n");
scanf("%f%f",&a,&b);
printf("Enter your choice \n [Link] \n [Link] \n [Link] \n [Link] \n");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch) // selecting the given choice
{
case 1: res=a+b;
printf("Sum =%f",res);
break;
case 2: res=a-b;;
printf("Difference =%f",res);
break;
case 3: res=a*b;;
printf("Product =%f",res);
break;
case 4: res=a/b;
printf("Quotient =%f",res);
break;
default: printf("wrong choice");
break;
}
}
Output:
Enter two numbers
54
Enter your choice
1. Addition
2. Subtraction
3. Multiplication
4. Division
1
Sum =9.00000

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9. Write a C program to perform for the following operations

i) To find the sum of first n numbers
ii) To find the sum of first n even numbers
iii) To find the sum of first n odd numbers(Refer Class note)
iv) To find factorial of n
v) To generate and print first n fibonocci numbers
vi) To check whether the given number is even or odd(Refer Class note)
vii) To check whether the given number is negative, zero or positive number(Refer Class
note)
viii) To check whether the given number is prime or not
ix) To check whether the given year is leap year or not
x) To check whether the given number is palindrome or not(Refer lab manual)
xi) Electricity or similar type of problem(Refer Lab manual)

Programs:
i) To find the sum of first n numbers 1+2+3+4+5=15
#include<stdio.h> Steps:
void main() Sum=Sum+i
{ Sum=0+1=1
int n, i,Sum=0; Sum=1+2=3
printf(“Enter the value of n\n”); Sum=3+3=6
scanf(“%d”,&n); Sum=6+4=10
for(i=1;i<=n;i++) Sum=10+5=15
{ Output1:
Sum=Sum+i; /* Sum=Sum+i;*/ Enter the value of n
} 5
printf(“Sum=%d”,Sum); Sum=15
}

ii) To find the sum of first n even numbers

#include<stdio.h>
void main() 2+4+6+8+10=30
{ Output1:
int n, i,Sum=0;
printf(“Enter the value of n\n”); Enter the value of n
scanf(“%d”,&n); 5
for(i=2; i<=2*n; i=i+2) Sum first 5 Odd Numbers=30
{
Sum=Sum+i; //Calculate sum
}
printf(“Sum first %d Even Numbers=%d”,n,Sum);
}
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iv). To find factorial of n ( ie; n!)

#include<stdio.h> 1*2*3*4*5=120
void main() Steps:
{ fact=fact*i
int n, i,fact=1; fact=1*1=1
printf(“Enter the value of n\n”); fact=1*2=2
scanf(“%d”,&n); fact=2*3=6
for(i=1;i<=n;i++) fact=6*4=24
{ fact=24*5=120
fact=fact*i; //Calculate Factorial Output1:
} Enter the value of n
printf(“Factorial of %d=%d”,n,fact); 5
} Factorial of 5=120

v). To generate and print first n Fibonacci numbers

#include <stdio.h>
void main()
{
int i, n, f1 = 0, f2 = 1, f3;
printf("Enter the value of n\n");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("Fibonacci Series: ");
for (i = 1; i <= n; ++i) Output:
{ Enter the value of n
printf("%d, ", f1); 7
f3= f1 + f2; //Generate Fibonacci series Fibonacci Series: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8,
f1 = f2;
f2 = f3;
}
}

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viii) To check whether the given number is prime or not

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n, i,f=0;
printf(“Enter the value of n\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
Output1:
If(n<2)
Enter the value of n
f=1;
5
for(i=2;i<=n/2;i++)
It is Prime Number
{
Output2:
if(n%i==0) //check number is divisible by any other number
Enter the value of n
f=1;
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}
It is NOT Prime Number
if(f==0)
printf(“It is Prime Number”);
else
printf(“It is NOT Prime Number/n”);
}

ix) To check whether the given year is leap year or not

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int year;
printf("Enter the year\n");
scanf("%d",&year);

if (((year % 4 == 0) && (year % 100!= 0)) || (year%400 == 0)) //check leap year or not
printf("%d is a leap year", year);
else
printf("%d is not a leap year", year);
}
Output1:
Enter the year
1996
1996 is a leap year
Output2:
Enter the year
1700
1700 is not a leap year

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Prepared by Prof. A Majeed Chemnad, Dept of CSE, PACE Mangalore