DCS-B: DIGITAL

COMMUNICATION TRAINING SYSTEM V-19.0

EXPERIMENT NO.8
NAME
Study of Various Data
Encoding and Decoding Techniques
OBJECTIVES
Tostudy the NRZ-L, NRZ-M,
NRZ-S. URZ. BIO-L. BI0-M, BIO-S DATA
decoding. coding ß

THEORY
ENCODING SCHEMES:
Code
Name Binary Code Code Definition

Non-Return-to-Zero Level
NRZ-L "One" is represented by one level
"Zero" is represented by another level lower the one but not
zero.

NRZ-M
Non-Return-to-Zero Mark
"One" is represented by a change in level
"Zero" is represented by no change in level.

NRZ-S
Non-Return-to-Zero Space
"One" is represented by no change in level
"Zero" is represented by change in level.
Non-Return-to-Zero Inverse
NRZ-I "One" is represented by no change in level
"Zero" is represented by change in level.
Bi-Phase Level (Split Phase)
Level change occurs at the beginning of every bit period
1011,0UU| "One" is represented by a "One" level with transition to the
Bi-Phase-L n n nnNNIZero" level
"Zero" is represented by a "Zero" level with transition to the
"One" level.
Bi-Phase Mark
Bi-Phase Level change occurs at the beginning of every bit period
M n n n NDC "One" is represented by a midbit level change
"Zero" is represented by no midbit level change.
Bi-Phase Space
'ii Level change occurs at the beginning of every bit period
Bi-Phase-S n n O I L "One" is represented by no midbit level change
Zero" is represented by a midbit level change.

Once the carrier is recovered, the data can be detected by comparing the nhoos.
reference carrier
received modulated carrier with the phase of the
NON . RETURN To ZEROsignal are the easiest ormats that can be generated Thees
wese
sianals do not return to zero with the clock. Tne trequency component associated
signals are half that of the clock frequency. The following data formats come
Non-return to zero encoding is commonly
used in slow under this
speed
category.
communications
 V-19.0
DCS-B: DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONTRAINING SYSTEM
1 bit is
intertaces for both synchronous and asynchronous transmission. Using NRZ, logic
sent as a high value and logic 0 bit is sent as a low value.
A) Non-Return to zero - LEVEL - NRZ-L
B) Non-Return to zero - MARK - NRZ-M
C) Non-Return to zero - SPACE - NRZ-S

A)NON-RETURN TOZERO- LEVEL (NRZ-L):

Thisis the most extensivelyused waveform in digital logics. The data format is very simple
by 'low'. The data format is directly
Where all 'ones' are represented by 'high' and all zeros' hence very easy to generate.
available at the output of all digital data generation logics and
Here, all the transitions take place at the rising edge of the clock.

B) NON-RETURN TO ZERO -MARK (NRZ-M):

tape recording. In this data format, all
These waveforms are extensively used in magnetic
"zeros' by no transitions and the transitions
'ones' are marked by change in levels and all
take place at the rising edge of the clock.

C) NON-RETURN TO ZERO - SPACE (NRZ-S),

for `zeros' and no transition for 'ones'
This type of waveform is marked by change in levels the clock. This format is also used in
of
and the transitions take place at the rising edge
magnetic tape recording.
D) UNIPOLAR AND BIPOLAR:
between 0 to +VCC. Bipolar signals
Unipolar signals are those signals, which have transition
+VCC to -VCC.
are those signals, which have transition between
NRZ-S FORMAT CAN BE
THE CODING OF BASIC DATANRZ-L INTO NRZ-M AND THE
UNDERSTOODBY REFERING TO THE CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION MANUAL AND
WAVEFORMS.

coded
For the decodingthe NRZcoded data, firstly the clock is recovered from the incoming the data
data by using Phase Locked Loop techniques on kit DCL-06. Waveforms show
In this data format, 'ones' are represented
stream and clock using atypical NRZ-L protocol.
guaranteed
by highs and 'zeros' are represented by lows. In the data stream, it should be
while
that continuously more than 5 zeros or 5 ones should not ocCur in succession
transmitting data.
This ensures that the slowest rate of changes will then be afrequency corresponding to
one-twelfth clock. The fastest rate of change of frequency will correspond to one-half of the
clock frequency with alternate one and zeroes occurring in the data stream.
This phase -encoded -group consists of:
a) Biphase - Level (Popularly known as Manchester Coding)
b) Biphase - Mark
c) Biphase - Space

These schemes are used in magnetic recording, optical communications and in satellite
links. These phase encodedsignals are special because they are composed of both the in
phase and out of phase components of the clock.

AKADEMtKA - 133 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

 DCS-B: DIGITAL
A)
COMMUNICATION TRAINING SYSTEM V-19.0

BIPHASE-LINE
With the
half of the Biphase-L,
CODING (BIPHASE-L) -((MANCHESTER CODING):
bit interval`one'
and a
is
represented by a half bit wide pulse, positioned during the first
the second half of `zero' is represented by
the bit interval. ahalf bit wide pulse positioned during
B) BIPHASE
MARK CODING
(BIPHASE-M):
PoOpriase-M, atransition occurs at the beginning of every bit interval. A one s
represented by a second transition, half bit later,
whereas a zero has no second transition.
C) BIPHASE SPACE CODING (BIPHASE -S):
[Link]-S, atransition occurs at the
Second transition, one half bit later:beainning
marked by a of every bit interval. A zero 1s
'one' has no second tr£nsiuo
Tie coaing of basic data NRZ-L into Biphase-L.
understood easily by referring to circuit diagram andBiphase-M., and Biphase-S format can be
Biphase-Line Coding is asynchronous clock codingWaveforms. technigue used by the OSI physical
layer (in LAN) to encode the clock and data of a
the actual binary data to be synchronous bit stream. In this technique,
transmitted over the cable are not sent as a
1sand O's(known technically as Non Return to Zero sequence oi logi
into aslightly different format that has a number of(NRZ). Instead, the bits are translated
binary encoding (i.e. NRZ). advantages over the use of straight
Biphase-Line Codingfollows the rules shown below:
Original Data Value Sent

Logic 0 Oto 1(upward transition at bit centre)

Logic 1 1 to 0(downward transition at bit centre)

Example of Biphase-Line Coding:

The pattern of bits " 0 1111 001"encodes to " 01 1010 10 10 01 01 10".
Another more curious example is the pattern "10101etc" which encodes to "10 01 10
01 10 " which could also be viewed as "1 00 11 00 11 0". Thus, for a 10 Mbps
Ethernet
LAN, the preamble sequence encodes to a 10 MHz square wave.
The recovery circuit of Biphase coded signal is quiet simple as compared to NRZ or URZ
sianals because the bi-phase signals have one transition per cycle of the clock, irrespective
of the transmitted data. So these signals ensure sufficient number of transitions in the date
stream. But. one disadvantage in bi-phase signals is that they do not provide phase
continuity in the transmitted data stream.

A)RETURN TO ZERO SIGNALS:

Thesesianals are called "Return t0 Zero signals, Since they return to `zero' with the cock
In this category, there is only one data format, i.e., the unipolar return to zero (UR
In the URZ a'one' is represented by a halt bit wide pulse anda zero' is represented by the
absence of a pulse.

AKADEMIKA -134
DIGITAL COMMI
DCS-B: DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION TRAINING SYSTEM V-19.0

EQUIPMENTS
DCS-B kit
Connecting Chords
Power supply
20 MHz Dual Trace
Power Chord Oscilloscope
8A.
NRZ-L, NRZ-M, NRZ-S, URZ, BIO-L, BIO-M, BIO-s CODING &
DECODING

PROCEDURE
Ensure that the group 4 (GP4) clock is selected in the Clock Generation section.
Selection is done with the help of switch S1. Observe the corresponding LED
indication.
Observe the transmitter clock of frequency 250 KHz at TXCLK post.
Set the data pattern using switch S4 as shown in the block diagram.
Observe the 8-bit data pattern at S DATApost.
Connect S DATA to IN16 post and TXCLK to CLK2 post of the Encoded Data
section.
Observe the encoded data at the OUT10 post of the Encoded Data section. Selection
of the different encoded data's are done usingswitch S3. The selected encoded data
is indicated on the corresponding LED indication in the Encoded Data section.
Connect OUT10 to IN27 post of the Decoded Data section.
Observe the recovered clock at REC.CLK2 test point of the Decoded Data section.
Observe the decoded data at OUT23 post of the Decoded Data section.
We can observe the decoded data as per the selected encoded data.

OBSERVATIONS
Transmitter Clock Txclk
Simulated Data Sdata
Encoded Data Out 10
Ami Encoded Data Out 11
Recovered Clock Rec.CIk2
Decoded Data Out 23
Ami Decoded Data Out 22
Bipolar Data Out 6
Unipolar Data Out 7
DCS-B:DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION TRAINING SYsTEM V-19.0

BIO-S)

BIO-M,

BIO-L,

OODOFF
JON
SF
2
[Link]
2
URZ,
56
78 OUT
23
SWITCH
FAULT CLOCK
RECOVERY
DECODED
DATA NRZ-S,
DECODER LOGIC
1TON
SF
OFF
OO0 NRZ-M,
1234

(NRZ-L,
IN
27

TECHNIQUES
10
OUT

FDNRZ-S
SNRZ.L
FDNRZ-MNBI0-M
BI0-S
ENCODED
DATA
BI0-L
bRURZ

DECODING

CLK
2 16
IN
s3
AND
SDATA
CLK
TX
CODING

DATA
2 GP3
1GPo3GPGP
4 BlGP5
CLOCK
GENERATION
FOR
S4

DIAGRAM
S1
O

[Link]

FIG
 DCS-B: DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION TRAINING SYSTEM V-19.0

CONCLUSION
Tne NRZ-L, NRZ-M, NRZ-S, URZ, BIO-L. BIO-M, BIO-S coded signals
have a frequency
COmponent, that is equal to half the freguency of the coding (reference)clock. The recovered
dataand clock is observed to have a verv small phase lagwith respect to the
data and clock. transmitted

TRANSMITTER CLOCK

1->
SIMULATED 8 - BIT DATA

) 5 V: 10 us
25, yL 10 y9

SIMULATED 8 BIT DATA

5->
NRZ-L ENCODED DATA

2->

RECOVERED CLOCK

DECODED DATA

4->
2) 5 V: 10 AIS
BT5 V: 10 us
) 5 V: 10 us
55 L10 y9

NRZ-L Encoding And Decoding

DCS-B: DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION TRAINING SYSTEM V-19.0

SIMULATED8 BIT DATA

NRZ-M ENCODED DATA

RECOVERED CLOCK

3->

DECEODED DAT¢

4->

) 5 N: 10 us
2 5 V: 10 ús
B) 5 V: 10 us

NRZ-M Encoding And Decoding

SIMULATED 8 BIT DATA:

1->

NRZ-S ENCODED DATA

RECOVERED CLOCK

DECODED DATA

4->t
) 5 V. 10 us
2I 5 V: 10 ús
B) 5 V: 10 Is
4)5, V10 y9L

NRZ-S Encoding And Decoding

DCS-B : DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION TRAINING SYSTEM V-19.0

SIMULATED 8BIT DATA

1->

URZ ENCODED DATA

RECOVERED:CLOCK

DECODED DATA

4->

I)5 V 10 us
2 5 V 10 us
3) 5 V: 10 us

URZ Encoding And Decoding

SIMULATED 8 BIT DATA

1>

BI0-L ENCODED DATA

RECOVERED: CLOCK

3->
DECODED DATA

V. 10 us
2 5 V: 10 ús
B) 5 V: 10 us
#) 5, 10 yg

BIO-L Encoding And Decoding

AKADEMIKA - 139 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

DCS-B : DIGITAL
COMMUNICATION TRAINING SYSTEM V-19.0

1-> SIMULATED 8 BUT DATA

BIO-M ENCODED DATA:

2->

RECOVERED:CLOCK

DECODED DATA

10 us
P} 5 V: 10 ús
B) 5 V: 10 us

BIO-M Encoding And Decoding

SIMULATED 8 BIT DATA

1>

BIO.S ENCODED DATA

RECOVERED CLOCK

3->

DECODED DATA

4-> frth
A) 5 V. 10 us
gj 5 V: 10 uis
$) 5 V: 10 us

BIO-S Encoding And Decoding

JJJIIJJ112)//)J7
DCS-B:DIGITAL COMMUNICATION TRAINING SYSTEM V-19.0

OFF [Link]
ON OUT
22
5678
OO SWITCH
FAULT CLOCK DECODED
DATA
RECOVERY (AMI)
SF
2
AMI LOGIC
OOOOFF TECHNIQUES
1
SF O N
1234

IN
27 IN
26
DECODING
BIO-M

10OUT 11OUT

ODED
ENC
DATA
AND
MI
A CODING

CLK
2 17
IN
DATA

C
TX
LK
|SDA
TA FOR

DIAGRAM

FGP3
GP12HGP GP4
GP5CLOCK
GENERATION

[Link]
S4

S1 FIG