University Of Zakho
Faculty Of Science
Mathematics department
subgroup
Prepared By: Supervised By:
[Link] [Link] abdulkerim
Ruwaida.S. Hasan
Aya. [Link]
Contents
Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1
Subgroups Definition ....................................................................................................................................... 2
What is Subgroup by definition:........................................................................................................................ 3
What is Subgroup by theorem: ......................................................................................................................... 3
Below are some important points about subgroups ............................................................................................ 3
Theorems on Subgroups .................................................................................................................................. 3
Example1: ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
Example2: ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
Example3: ...................................................................................................................................................... 5
Example4: ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
Theorem: ....................................................................................................................................................... 6
Example5: ...................................................................................................................................................... 7
Example6: ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
Refrence: ....................................................................................................................................................... 9
1
Introduction
In mathematics, group theory is one of the most important branches, where we
learn about different algebra concepts, such as groups, subgroups, cyclic groups,
and so on. As we know, a group is a combination of a set and a binary operation
that satisfies a set of axioms, such as closure, associative, identity and inverse of
elements. A subgroup is defined as a subset of a group that follows all necessary
conditions to be a group. Let’s understand the mathematical definition of a
subgroup here.
Subgroups Definition
Let (G, ⋆) be a group and H be a non-empty subset of G, such that (H, ⋆)
is a group then, “H” is called a subgroup of G.
hat means H also forms a group under a binary operation, i.e., (H, ⋆) is a
group.
Also, any subset of a group G is called a complex of G.
2
What is Subgroup by definition:
H 1) H 2) H Group
Note: Group⟶①closed ②Assousiative ③identity ④inverse
What is Subgroup by theorem:
1) H 2)
Below are some important points about subgroups
A subset H of a group G is a subgroup of G, if H itself is a group
under the operation in G.
A subgroup of a group consisting of only the identity element, i.e.,
{e} is called the trivial subgroup.
A subgroup H of a group G, a proper subset of G, i.e., H ≠ G is
called the proper subgroup and is represented by H < G. This can be
read as “H is a proper subgroup of G”.
If H is a subgroup of G, then G may be called an over group of H in
some cases.
Theorems on Subgroups
Theorem 1:
H is a subgroup of G. Prove that the identity element of H is equal to the
identity element in G.
Proof:
Given that H is a subgroup of G.
Let us assume that e and e’ be the two identity elements in H and G,
respectively.
Let a H⇒a G [since H is a subset of G
Identity element in group H = e
Thus, a ⋆ e = e ⋆ a = a…..(1)
3
Identity element in group G = e
Therefore, a ⋆ e’ = e’ ⋆ a = a…..(2)
From (1) and (2),
a ⋆ e = a ⋆ e’
⇒ e = e’
That means, the identity element in H is equal to the identity element in
G. Hence proved.
Theorem 2:
H is a subgroup of G. The inverse of any element in H is equal to the
inverse of the same element in G.
Proof:
Given that H is a subgroup of G.
Consider a H⇒a G
Let us assume that b and c are two inverse elements of a in H and G
respectively.
Let b be the inverse element of a in H.
Then, a ⋆ b = b ⋆ a = e….(1)
Let c be the inverse element of a in G.
Then, a ⋆ c = c ⋆ a = e….(2)
From (1) and (2),
a⋆b=a⋆c
⇒b=c
That means the inverse element of a in H is equal to the inverse element of a in G.
Hence proved.
4
Note: 1) if is a subgroup of G, then it denoted by H
2) if H is a proper subgroup of G , then it denoted by H
3) if H={e} and H=G are called trivial subgroups of G.
Example1: is (Q , +) a subgroup of (R ,+) or not ?
Solution:
(Q ,+) is a group
(Q , +) is a subgroup of (R ,+)
Example2: is (Ze , .) a subgroup of (Z-{0}, .) or not ?
Soiution:
Ze = { 0,
(Ze , .) is not group since has no identity
Is a subgroup of (Z-{0},.)
Example3: Find all supgroup of the following:
1) (Z4 , +) the group of integer modulo n
2) (Z6 , +) the group of integer modulo n
3) (Z12 , +) the group of integer modulo n
4) Find all subgroup of G = {1,-1,i,-i} , i2 = -1, (G, .)
Solution: we use the rule an where n={0,1,2,………..} and a
H1 = {1} 10 * 11*12
H2 = {1 ,-1} (-1)0 , (-1)1 , (-1)2 ……….
5
H3 ={1,i,-1,-i} i0,i1,i2,i3,i4…………i.i
H4 = {1,-i,-1,i} (-i)o , (-i)1 , (-i)2 ,(-i)3
Example4: (Z6 ,+ )
|Z6|= 0 , (Z6) = 6 number of element of Z6
Z6 = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6}
Let H1 = {0,2,4} ,H2= {0,3} , H3 = Z6
H1 { {
H1 {
Theorem: let (G,*) be a group , then (H,*) is subgroup of G if and only if
for all a,b
Proof: H
(G,*) group
( and H
Prove for all a,b
for all a,b
H closed ,
b-1
a,b-1
( (G ,*)group
6
for all a,b
prove H
Prove H group
for all a,b
let b=a
Let a=e , b , e*b-1 = b-1 H has invers
Let a,b = b-1 , a*(b-1)-1 =a*b H has closed
G associative
H associative
Let a,b,c
a,b,c
(a*b)*c = a*(b*c)
Associative hold in G
Example5:
(Z , +) group , (Ze , +)
I = Ze supgroup Z or not ?
1) Ze
2)Ze group
By 1 and 2 (Ze,+) subgroup
7
Example6:
(Z,+) group , (Z0,+)
I=Zo subgroup Z Or not ?
1) Zo Z
2) Zo not group, not closed
Zo not subgroup
8
Refrence:
1) [Link]
2) [Link]
3) [Link]