Example 2.

An office building is planned using a flat plate floor system with the column layout as
shown in figure 1. No beams, dropped panels, or column capitals are permitted.
Specified live load is 5kN/m2 and dead load will include the weight of the slab plus an
allowance of 1kN/m2 for finish floor plus suspended loads. The columns will be 450mm
square, and the floor –to-floor height of the structure will be 3.6m. Design the interior
panel c, using materials S-300, C-30 and class I work. Straight bar reinforcement will be
used.

5.5m
A B

5.5m
B C

5.5m All columns 45x45cm

5.5m 5.5m 5.5m

Figure 1: Two – way flat plate floor

Solution:
Flat slab thickness from deflection requirement:
 fy  L
d =  0.4  0.6 k  x Lx = 5500mm
 400   a

a = 24 from Table 2.2.1

 300  5500
D =  0.4  0.6 * * = 195mm
 400  24
D = 195 + 15 + 6 = 216mm

Use D = 220mm

1
Loads:
Self wt. of slab = 25 * 0.22 = 5.5kN/m2
DL from finishing and others = 1kN/m2
Live load = 5kN/m2
Gk = 5.5 + 1 = 6.5kN/m2
Qk = 5kN/m2
Hence ultimate design load becomes:
Pd = 1.3Gk + 1.6Qk
= 1.3 * 6.5 + 1.6 * 5
= 16.45 kN/m2
There is only vertical load; hence each strip of floor can be analyzed as a separate
frame.

3.6m

A D
B C
3.6m

5.5m 5.5m 5.5m

Stiffness (k)
4 Ec I s l 4 Ec * (5500 * 220 3 / 12

For slab: ks =  sl 5500

10648000
Ks = Ec
3
4 Ec I co l 4 Ec * (450 * 450 3 / 12)
For column: kc = 
 col 3600

 Kc = 3796875 Ec
Using cross method of moment distribution.

2
Using the advantage of symmetry:

3.6m
Linear load on each strip:
A C W = 16.45*5.5
B 1 = 90.475 kN/m
IBc
3.6m 2 90.475 * 5.5 2
F
M AB =  228.07
12

5.5m 5.5m

Joint A B
Member cols AB BA BC Cols.
Stiff. 7593750Ec 3549333.33 3549333.33 1774666.67 7593750Ec
DF 0.68 0.32 0.275 0.137 0.588
FEM 0 *228.07 -228.07 228.07 0
-72.98 -36.49
-155.09
5.02 10.04 5.00 21.46
-1.61 0.81
-3.41
0.11 0.22 0.11 0.48
-0.07 -0.04
Final moment -158.07 158.57 -225.11 233.18 21.94

Now the fixed end moment is

158.57 255.11 233.18 233.18 255.11 158.57

A A C D

5.5m 5.5m 5.5m

3
 1  5.5 2 
Ra = 158.57  225.11  90.475 *   231.25kN
5.5  2 

RB  = 90.475*5.5-231.25 = 266.36kN

90.475 * 5.5
RBr =  248.81kN
2
Interior span (panel)
90.475 x 2
Mx = 248.81x -  233.18
2
dM x
= 248.81-90.475x = 0
dx
248.81
x=  2.75m
90.475
90.475 * 2.75 2
Mmax = 248.81*2.75-  233.18
2
= 108.94kNm.
Comparison of moments at support B show that left side moment is larger. Hence take
moment at the left face of support B.
 Exterior span (panel)

158.57kNm 90.4475kNm
255.11kNm
A B
231.25kN 266.36kN
5.5m

90.475 x 2
Mx = 266.36x-  255.11
2
M+ve,max = 136.97kNm
Negatives moments greater than hc/2 are not required provided that:
( g d  q d ) L2 ( L1  2h c ) 2
Mo  3

2
1
Mo = 136.97+ (158.57  255.11)  343.81kNm
2
Gd = 1.3gk = 1.3*6.5 = 8.45kN/m2
Qd = 1.6qk = 1.6*5 = 8kN/m2
Pd = gd +qd = 16.45kN/m2

4
Acol = 450 * 450 = 202500mm2
4 Acol 2 * 450
π*hc2/4 = Acol  hc =   508mm
 
π
hc = 508mm
L1 = L2 = 5.5m

pdL2 ( L1  2 hc ) 2 16.45 * 5.5

 3  (5.5- 2 * 0.508) 2
8 8 3

= 301.27kNm  MoOK!
Hence reduce the moment at centre of support to a moment at h c
2

-255.11
-158.57

0.508
 0.254m
136.97 2

90.475 2
Mc = 266.36x- x  255.11
2
90.475
= 266.36*0.254- * 0.2542-255.11
2
= -190.37kNm.

Apportioning moments in to column strips and middle strip:

Direction Total BM BM on col. BM on middle
of span (kNm) Strip(kNm) Strip(kNm)
Long direction Ms = -190.37 0.75Ms = -142.78 0.25Ms = -47.59
Mf = 108.94 0.55Mf = 59.92 0.45Mf = 49.02
Short direction Ms = - 190.37 0.75Ms = -142.78 0.25Ms = -47.59
Mf = 108.94 0.55Mf = 59.92 0.45Mf = 49.02

5
Design constants
C – 30  fck = 24MPa, fcd = 13.6MPa
S - 300 fyk = 300MPa, fyd = 260.87MPa
fyd
m=  23.98
0.8 f cd
Check d for flexure:
The largest moment, Mmax = -142.78kNm
b = 2750mm (for a column strip)
Assuming 0% redistribution, Kx = 0.448
M max
d=
0.8 f cd bk x (1  0.4k x )

142.78 *10 6
d =
0.8 *13.6 * 2750 * 0.448 * (1  0.4 * 0.448)

 d = 114mm
 D = 114 + 15 +6 = 135mm « 220mmOK!
Use d = 220-15-6 = 199mm
Check d for punching shear
Based on the tributary area of the loaded floor.

1.5dav
Dy = 199mm
Dx = 187mm
450+3dav 1
5.5m Dav = (dy+dx)
2

450+3dav

5.5m

6
Perimeter of critical failure line, u,
1
dav = (199  187)  193mm
2
u = 4*(450+ π/2(1.5*193)) = 3619mm
  
Punched area, Ap = (450 + 3* 193)2-4 (1.5 *193) 2  (1.5 *193) 2 
 4 
= 986897.67mm2
Tributary area, At for balancing the critical shear.
At = (5500)2 – 986897.67 = 29263102.33mm2
 At = 29.263m2
 Punching shear due to applied load:
Vds = PaAt = 16.45*29.263 = 481.38kN.
According eccentricity due to unbalanced moment on the slab (moment I the column)
Equivalent concentric load, Veq becomes:
Veq = Vsd = 1.15*481.38 = 553.59kN
( = 1.15 for interior column)
Punching resistance
VRd1 = 0.25fctd k1k2Udav
a sx 
 ex 
s x d 
Both ae unknown sicne flexural reinforcemnet has not been

a sy 
determined
ey 
s y d  asx – single bare area in x-direction
Asy – single bar areaf in y- direction
Similarly sx and sy are spacings
e = (ex + ey)1/2  0.015
Usually e = 0.015.
K1 = 1+50e = 1+50*0.015 = 1.75  2.0
 k1 = 1.75
K2 = 1.6 - dav = 1.6-0.193 = 1.407
2
0.21 f ck 3 2
Fctd =  0.14 * (24) 3  1.165MPa
1.5
VRd1 = 0.25*1.165*1.75*1.407*3619*193*10-3
 VRd1 = 500.89kNVeq  not safe!
Hence, use drop panel:

7
Provide a square head of side length 850mm and depth, additional to that of the slab, of
100mm.
Effective depth within the column head:
Dh = 193 +100 = 293mm
Critical perimeter for punching from face of column: 1.5dh= 1.5 * 293 = 439.5mm
Side of critical perimeter, lc = 450 + 2*439.5
= 1329mm850mm
Since it is out of the head neglect this critical perimeter. Consider critical perimeter
from the face of the drop.

1.5dav 1.5dav

200 450 200 mm

 * 289.5
U = (850 + ) * 4  5219mm
2
Punched area, Ap.
  
Ap = (850+3*193)2-4 (1.5 *193) 2  (1.5 *193) 2 
 4 
= 1970097.67mm2 = 1.97m2
Tributary area, At
At = (5.5)2 – 1.97 = 28.28m2
Punching shear due to applied load:
Vsd = PdAt = 16.45*28.28 = 465.21kN
And
Veq = Vsd = 1.15 * 465.21 = 535kN
Punching resistance:
K1 = 1.75, K2 = 1.407, U = 5219mm
Fctd = 1.165MPa, dav = 193mm
VRd1 = 0.25fctd k1 k2 U dav.

8
 = 0.25*1.165*1.75*1.407*5219*193*10-3
= 722.34kN 535kNOK!
Effective diameter of column head, hc

Lh,max
Lho dh
450
Lc = 450mm
Lc Dh = 100mm

Lho = 850mm
Lhmax = Lc + 2dh = 450 + 2 * 100 = 650mm
Lh = 650mm

hc2 4 L2h 2 Lh 2 * 650

 L  hc 
2
   733.45mm.
  
h
4
Negative moment to be considered is:

-158.57
-255.11

(-) (-)

(+) x x
0.73345
 0.3667m
2

90.475 2
Mx = 266.36x- x -255.11
2
90.475
Mface = 266.36*0.3667- * 0.3667 2  255.11
2
= -163.51kNm.

Total Bm BM on [Link] BM on middle strip

Direction of span
(KNm) (KNm) (KNm)
Long direction Ms = -163.51 0.75Ms = -122.63 0.25Ms = -40.88

9
 Mf = 108.94 0.55Mf = 59.92 0.45Mf = 49.02
Ms = -163.51 0.75Ms = -122.63 0.25Ms = -40.88
Short direction
Mf = 108.94 0.55Mf = 59.92 0.45Mf = 49.02

Flexural Reinforcement
Sample Calculation

 12.5M d 

Kx = 0.5 2.5  6.25  

 f cd bd 2 

fcd = 13.6MPa , b = 2750mm (considering col. Strip)
12.5M d 12.5M d Md
2
 2

f cd bd 13.6 * 2750d 2992d 2
For Md = Mmax = 122.63kNm
d = 220-15-6 = 199mm

 122.63 *10 6 

Kx = 0.5 2.5  6.25  

 2992 *199 2 

Kx = 0.1082 < 0.448 for no redistribution of moment ……..OK!
kx k
= , As  bd  x bd
m m
0.1082
As = *2750*199=2469mm2
23.98
Spacing of 12, S = as*b/As = 120mm
0.5bd 0.5 *1375 *199 2 * 220  440mm
Asmin =  = 456mm2 Smax = 
f rk 300 350mm
Smax = 350mm
Amount of reinforcement:

 Md  
Kx = 0.5 2.5  6.25  2 

 2992d 
Kx 0.5bd 350mm
As = bd , Asmin = , Smax  
m f rk 2 D

Fill the rest value of As, Sreq and Sprov

10
 M d B AsAsmin Sreq Sprov
Strip Kx
(kN.m) (mm) (mm) (mm2) (mm) (mm)
Column L(-) -122.63 199 0.1082 2750 2469 94 12c/c 120
Column L(+) 59.92 199 0.0516 2750
Column s(-) -122.63 187 0.1233 2750
Column s(+) 59.92 187 0.0586 2750
Middle L(-) -40.88 199 0.0350 2750
Middle L(+) 49.02 199 0.0421 2750
Middle s(-) -40.88 187 0.0397 2750
Middle s(+) 49.02 187 0.0478 2750
L – Longer side and S- Shorter side
* As < Asmin, Amin has governed
** Since sreq = 363mm  Smax, = Smax has been used
Reinforcement bar length calculation: See the reinforcement detailing of flat slab
Long direction and short direction are the same since the panel is square. However,
there is slight difference in spacing of reinforcements
Span length, l = 5500mm
Clear span, ln = 5500-450 = 5050mm
Reinforcement layout: Sample (slab with drop panel)

1
2750 2
3 4 7
2750

2750
5 6

2750 2750 2750

11
Bar # Bar shape Spacing & total length Remark

1 12c/c180 L = Column L(-)

2 12c/c 260 L = Column L(+)

3 12c/c 340 L = Middle L(-)

4 12c/c 640 L = Middle L(+)

5 12c/c 340 L = Column L(-)

6 12c/c 240 L = Column S(+)

7 12c/c 250 L = Middle S(+)

12