CHAPTER ONE

INTERNSHIP AND ITS OBJECTIVES

1.1 Introduction
An internship serves as a crucial hands-on learning opportunity, allowing
students to gain practical experience in their chosen field of study or
career path. It not only helps students explore and grow professionally but
also equips them with new skills, while providing employers with fresh
perspectives, energy, and the chance to nurture potential future hires. As
a civil engineering student. I completed my internship at ENYI
Construction, further deepening my expertise. Over two months, I
contributed to both on-site and office operations, strengthening my
practical knowledge and reinforcing my familiarity with the company’s
work environment.

1.1.1 The objective of internship

The objectives of an internship are diverse, primarily focused on delivering a meaningful

learning experience. A key aim is to apply knowledge practically, enabling us to use
theoretical concepts from the classroom in real-world situations. The internship goals
encompass practical knowledge application, skill enhancement, gaining professional
experience, creating networking opportunities, and developing a sense of responsibility.

Moreover, the internship seeks to improve problem-solving skills, promote teamwork and
collaboration, provide insights into industry practices, and cultivate effective communication
abilities. It prepares interns for future career opportunities by exposing them to real-world
challenges and solutions.

Additionally, the internship aims to boost confidence in decision-making, encourage

adaptability to different work environments, facilitate mentorship opportunities, refine time
management skills, and instill a strong work ethic. It also helps us understand workplace
dynamics, develop critical thinking skills, and explore specific career paths within the
industry, ultimately contributing to comprehensive professional development.

1.2 Work Responsibilities

During my internship at ENYI Construction, my scope of work covered
both office-based tasks and field activities related to the structural
construction process. In the office, I was primarily involved in reading and
interpreting structural drawings, performing quantity takeoff and bar
schedule .On-site, my responsibilities included observing the execution of
structural elements form work, concrete pouring, wall constructions and
so on. This combination of office and fieldwork allowed me to understand
the full cycle of planning, estimating, and executing structural works,
providing me with a well-rounded and practical engineering experience.

1.2.1 Expected Deliverables

The expected outcome of my internship at ENYI Construction was to gain
practical knowledge that complements the theoretical foundation
provided by my academic studies. I was expected to develop the ability to
accurately interpret structural and architectural drawings, perform
detailed quantity takeoff for various structural components, and
contribute to the preparation of clear and organized Bill of Quantities. In
addition to technical tasks, I was also expected to enhance my problem-
solving skills, improve my ability to work as part of a team, and become
more confident in handling tasks with responsibility. On the construction
site, I was expected to observe and understand key activities such as
formwork setup, and concrete casting, while also learning how to assess
quality and ensure that work followed project specifications. Ultimately,
the internship aimed to prepare me to function more effectively as a
future engineer by giving me real-world exposure to the workflows,
challenges, and expectations present in the construction industry.

1.3 Background of internship hosting company

ENYI Construction Company was established in July 2005 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, with its
main office located in Piyassa. The company is owned by Ato Endale Yirga Haile and
operates as part of the ENYI General Business PLC, which also includes ENYI Real Estate,
ENYI Furniture, 3F (Finfine Furniture Factory), and ENYI Ethio Rose, a growing flower
export business. ENYI Construction is registered under the GC-1 category, allowing it to
undertake major road and building construction projects. The company is known for its focus
on luxury residential developments with unique architectural designs, offering high-quality
homes with complete compound facilities.

Over the past twenty years, the company has completed a range of projects in different parts
of Addis Ababa, including Bulbula, Alem Gena, Saris, and Piyassa. ENYI is an engineering-
driven firm that values effective management, believing that success comes from placing the
right people in the right roles. The dedication and hard work of both its staff and labor force
have played a key role in its long-term success.

Beyond its construction work, the company places strong importance on

its role within the wider community. ENYI Construction is committed to
operating in a socially responsible way, not just by reducing
environmental and social disruptions, but also by actively contributing to
local development. This includes offering employment to skilled and
unskilled workers, supporting professional growth within its teams, and
creating long-term opportunities through its sister companies.
 1.3.1 Mission and Vision
The mission of ENYI Construction is to redefine luxury living by creating exceptional
residential spaces that blend innovative design, enhancing community development. The
company’s vision is to be a leading name in luxury residential construction, recognized it’s
dedication to excellence and innovation. Aspiring to create vibrant communities that enhance
the quality of life for our residents

1.3.2 Work experience

ENYI Construction company . Many of its works have been building luxury homes and
apartment with full compound facilities. The first compound is located in alemgena and
Second compound ,is located in bole bulbula which compromise villas and apartments. Third
is in located in saris and the latest compound, is located in Jemo 3,and built to become a self-
sufficient community that includes everything you need for a comfortable lifestyle

1.3.3 Objective of the company

The company aims to sustain the highest level of customer satisfaction while ensuring its
financial endurance. It is committed to consistently providing high-quality residential
apartments and ensuring the professional development of its staff. Additionally, the company
seeks to contribute to the advancement of the construction industry by delivering safe
construction practices.

1.3.4 Over all organization and work flow of the company

The overall organization and work flow is show in the diagram below:

Chart 1:- The overall work flow

 CHAPTER TWO

INTERNSHIP EXPERINCE

2.1 Overview of the Project

ENYI Construction Company has undertaken numerous projects across

Addis [Link], the company is operating in the Jemo 2 area, where I completed
my eight-week internship. This site features a project that includes 18 blocks, with each block
consisting of 14 pairs of homes, specifically G+1 and G+2 buildings. The living spaces cover
areas of 127.5m2, 120m2, 250m2 and 400m2 with a total capital investment of 4,000,000,000.
These structures are luxury residential apartments.

2.2 Major duty I was given to perform

Includes both site and office work
 On Site work
During my internship, I was actively involved in site monitoring to track
construction progress and verify that the work complied with project
drawings and specifications. I engaged in key structural activities,
including overseeing formwork installation and observing concrete
casting. By comparing on-site execution with design documents, I gained
experience in identifying inconsistencies and recommending necessary
adjustments. I also contributed to daily supervision tasks such as
recording progress, noting material consumption and so on. This hands-on
involvement gave me practical insight into how construction challenges
are addressed on-site and highlighted the importance of teamwork in
ensuring quality outcomes.

 Office work
During my internship, I was involved in the office, my main responsibility was
assisting with quantity takeoff and bar schedule for structural elements.
This involved carefully reviewing architectural and structural drawings to
calculate material requirements for components mainly rebar. I used Excel
to organize and present the data in a clear and structured format, which
was then reviewed by senior engineers for cost estimation and planning.
Through this work, I improved my skills in reading technical drawings and
applying measurement techniques.
 2.3 The way that I become oriented with the responsibility of my job
At the beginning of my internship at ENYI Construction, I was gradually
introduced to my roles and responsibilities through both observation and
guided instruction. During the first few days, I spent time familiarizing
myself with the work environment, project documents, and office tools,
particularly Excel and printed drawings used for quantity takeoff. The
engineers and supervisors were supportive and provided explanations on
how specific tasks were performed, such as measuring quantities and
identifying key components from structural drawings. On-site, I was
accompanied by experienced site engineers who explained the ongoing
activities and their relation to the drawings. This hands-on exposure,
along with close follow-up and constructive feedback from professionals,
helped me understand what was expected of me and how to carry out my
duties effectively.

2.4 How My Supervisor Contributed to My Success in Assignments

Throughout my internship at ENYI Construction, my supervisor played a
key role in helping me understand and complete my assignments
successfully. From the beginning, they provided clear explanations about
the tasks I was expected to perform and offered guidance whenever I
encountered challenges. Whether in the office or on-site, my supervisor
was approachable and patient, often taking the time to demonstrate
procedures or review my work to ensure I was on the right track. They
also encouraged me to ask questions, which helped me gain a deeper
understanding of both technical and practical aspects of the job. Their
feedback was always constructive, helping me correct mistakes and
improve my skills with each task.

The supervisor assigned to me assists in clarifying the details of the tasks

being carried out, as well as various other aspects such as like:-

 Guided us through the preparation of quantity takeoff sheets and Bills of Quantities,
ensuring accuracy and proper format.
 Provided insightful explanations about the initial setup and early stages of building
construction.
 Gave practical advice on how to manage labor effectively to enhance productivity on-
site.

2.5 Qualities that contributed to my success

During my civil engineering internship, I had the opportunity to gain
practical experience in construction and infrastructure design. This
allowed me to enhance my technical knowledge and build essential skills
for my future career. Through hands-on tasks, I improved my attention to
detail by carefully checking plans and specifications to ensure all
measurements were precise and complied with standards. My
communication skills also grew stronger as I learned to interact effectively
with team members, supervisors, and contractors, which helped foster
better collaboration. I became more capable of quickly identifying and
resolving on-site problems. Furthermore, I developed better time
management skills, enabling me to prioritize work and meet deadlines
reliably.

2.6 Field of work

During my two-month internship, I had the opportunity to gain experience in both office and
site work. The first four weeks were mainly office-based, where I observed the working
methods of the engineers and learned how to study drawings for quantity determination. After
this phase, I transitioned to on-site work to connect the theoretical knowledge from the office
with the practical realities of construction. Taking on supervisory responsibilities, I found
myself more engaged with the site environment, gradually applying my academic background
in a hands-on and collaborative way.

On-site, I oversaw various activities to ensure proper execution. My tasks included verifying
that the designs in the drawings were correctly implemented, inspecting formwork usage, and
checking the alignment of structures. I also monitored concrete works to confirm proper
vibration, ensured waste materials were disposed of appropriately, and checked that spacers
were correctly placed at the bottom of beam and slab reinforcements.

Throughout the internship, I sought to maintain a balance between office and field
responsibilities, even within the wide scope of the project. The following sections will
provide a more detailed account of these experiences.

2.7 Office works

Office work is primarily conducted by office engineers, who manage ongoing site work
reports and document any issues related to project execution. Key tasks performed in the
office include reading and interpreting structural and architectural drawings, preparing
schedules and documenting daily tasks completed, and compiling weekly and monthly
progress reports on the project.

2.7.1 Take off sheet

A take-off sheet is a document used to calculate and record the quantities of materials
required for a construction project. It is prepared by carefully studying drawings and
specifications, then listing out the different structural elements such as foundations, columns,
beams, slabs, walls, and finishes. The process involves measuring dimensions, applying
formulas, and writing down the results systematically in the sheet.
 The purpose of the take-off sheet is to ensure accurate estimation of materials, labor, and
costs. It also serves as a reference for preparing the Bill of Quantities (BOQ) and helps avoid
wastage or shortages on site. During my internship, I learned how to use a take-off sheet to
calculate reinforcement bars, concrete volumes, and formwork areas. This practice improved
my understanding of how design drawings are translated into actual resource requirements in
construction.

The takeoff sheet format is indicated in table 2.1

Table 2.1 Quantity take off sheet

Dimension Unit
Total Qty Description
Quantity L W H

No Item

2.7.2 Bar schedule

A bar schedule is a tabulated summary of reinforcement requirements prepared from

structural drawings. It provides essential details such as bar mark, diameter, length, quantity,
and total weight. The schedule is used to guide the cutting, bending, and placement of
reinforcement on-site and is also important for quantity estimation and cost control. During
my internship, I mainly worked on preparing bar schedules for slabs, stirrups, and stairs.

 Slab Reinforcement: I scheduled top and bottom bars, noting their spacing, length, and
placement direction to ensure proper structural performance.
 Stirrups: I prepared schedules for stirrups used in beams and columns, carefully
calculating their cutting length by considering bends, hooks, and cover requirements.
 Stair Reinforcement: I developed bar schedules for staircases, which included both
main longitudinal bars and distribution bars, ensuring accuracy in measurements and
placement.

Working on these bar schedules gave me practical experience in interpreting reinforcement

details, reducing errors, and understanding how reinforcement design translates into site
execution.

The bar of schedule format is indicated in table 2.2

Table 2.2 Bar schedule
Total Length
Dr Location Diameter Length No No of Total number
member Ø8 Ø10 Ø12 Ø 14 Ø 16 Ø 20
.No (mm) of bars of bars
Sum of Total Length (in m)

Unit Weight in (kg/m) 0.395 0.617 0.888 1.208 1.578 2.466

=(0.222*D2)/36

Total Weight in Kg

[Link] Bar schedule for slab

A bar schedule for a slab is prepared to identify and quantify the reinforcement bars required
in both directions of the slab. It includes details such as bar mark, diameter, length, spacing,
and number of bars. The purpose of the schedule is to ensure that reinforcement is accurately
cut, bent, and placed according to the structural drawings.

In slabs, reinforcement is generally divided into top bars and bottom bars, placed in both
the short-span and long-span directions. The bar schedule specifies:

Bottom reinforcement: Main bars placed along the shorter span to carry bending moments.

Top reinforcement: Distribution bars or additional bars at supports to resist negative

moments.

Spacing: The center-to-center distance between bars, as given in the drawings.

Cutting length: Calculated based on clear span, cover, and bends.

During my internship, I prepared bar schedules for slabs by carefully reading the
reinforcement drawings, calculating the number of bars required, and determining their total
length and weight. This process gave me hands-on practice in translating design information
into precise site requirements.

2.7.3 Payment certificate

A payment certificate is a formal document issued by the engineer, consultant, or project

manager to confirm the value of work completed by the contractor during a specific period. It
serves as the basis for processing interim or final payments.

The certificate is usually prepared based on the measured quantities of work, as recorded in
site measurements or interim valuation sheets, and compared with the Bill of Quantities
(BoQ). It reflects the actual progress of the project and ensures that the contractor is paid
fairly for the completed portion of work.

A typical payment certificate includes:

 Project name and contract details.

  Description of completed work items.
 Measured quantities and unit rates (as per BoQ).
 Calculated amount payable.
 Deductions (such as retention money, advance recovery, or penalties if
applicable).
 Net amount certified for payment.

so through this internship, I learned how payment certificates are prepared and checked. This
gave me insight into how financial control is maintained in construction projects and how the
link between site work and contractual documents ensures transparency in payments.

2.8 Site work

At the start of my internship, the project site consisted of several blocks at
different stages of construction. Some buildings had already completed
their substructures, while others were still in progress. I focused
particularly on those that were midway through their substructure works
as well as those that had advanced into the superstructure phase. In the
following sections, I will explain these activities in greater detail.

2.8.1 Substructure work

[Link] Site clearance

Site clearance is the process of preparing a construction area by removing obstacles, debris,
and unwanted materials to make it ready for development. The process generally involves
several important steps:

 Site Assessment: Before starting, the site is carefully evaluated to identify existing
structures, vegetation, and any potential hazards.
 Vegetation Removal: Trees, shrubs, and other plants are cleared, including cutting
down trees and removing roots to create a clean working area.
 Demolition: Any existing buildings or structures may need to be demolished safely,
including walls, roofs, and foundations.
 Debris Management: All cleared materials and waste are properly disposed of or
recycled in compliance with local regulations.
 Grading and Leveling: The ground is graded and leveled to provide a stable base for
future construction activities.
 Environmental Considerations: Care is taken to follow environmental regulations
and protect nearby ecosystems during the clearance process.

Overall, site clearance is a crucial first step in the construction process, ensuring that the area
is safe and ready for building activities.
 [Link] Excavation
Excavation is the process of removing soil, rock, or other materials from a
site to create space for construction, landscaping, or other purposes. It is
typically carried out to prepare foundations, install utilities, or create
trenches, ponds, and other site features.

[Link].1 Types of Excavation

1) Pit Excavation:

It is a type of excavation work where a footing pad area is excavated from the
construction site, taking into account the workspace as per the design. Pit excavation is
often preferred for footing pads.
2) Trench Excavation:
Involves digging narrow trenches for utilities like water pipes, sewer lines, or electrical
conduits. Essential for installing underground utilities and ensuring proper drainage.

[Link].2 Uses of Excavation

Main uses of excavation:-

 Construction: Laying foundations for residential and commercial buildings.

 Infrastructure Development: Installing roads, bridges, and tunnels.
 Landscaping: Creating ponds, swimming pools, or terraced gardens.
 Mining: Extracting minerals and resources from the earth.
 Environmental Remediation: Removing contaminated soil or debris from sites to
restore environmental health.

Excavation is a vital process in various industries, serving as the groundwork for construction
and development projects. Understanding the different types of excavation and their specific
uses helps ensure that projects are carried out efficiently and safely. Proper planning and
execution are crucial to minimize environmental impact and adhere to safety regulations.

[Link] Foundations

A Foundation is the part of a structure that connects it to the ground and transfers loads
from the building to the soil. Foundations are generally classified as shallow or deep,
depending on the depth and type of load they support.

Foundations are essential for the stability of a structure. They distribute the building’s weight
over a wider area to prevent excessive stress on the soil, which could cause uneven
settlement. They also anchor the structure against natural forces such as earthquakes, floods,
frost, wind, and other environmental factors. Additionally, foundations provide a level base
for construction, ensuring that the building is constructed evenly. By securely embedding the
structure into the ground, foundations enhance stability, prevent excessive loads, and reduce
lateral movements, ensuring the long-term durability and safety of the building.
 [Link].1 Types of Foundations
1) Shallow Foundations:

A shallow foundation is a type of foundation that is typically used when the soil near the
surface has enough bearing capacity to support the structure. It is constructed close to the
ground level and transfers the load of the structure to a larger area of soil. Examples of
shallow foundations include spread footings and slab-on-grade foundations.

Spread footings are often utilized for residential buildings as they distribute the load over a
larger area, enhancing the stability of the structure.

On the other hand, slab-on-grade foundations consist of a single concrete slab that is poured
directly onto the ground, making them a popular choice in warmer climates where frost
penetration is less of a concern. Both types of foundations serve important functions in
ensuring the durability and safety of buildings.

2) Deep Foundations:

A deep foundation is a type of foundation that is used when the soil near the surface is unable
to support the structure's load, or when the structure needs to be supported at a deeper level.

Deep foundations are designed to transfer the load of the structure to a stronger, more stable
soil layer located deep below the ground surface. Examples of deep foundations include pile
foundations, drilled shafts, and caissons
Piles are long columns driven deep into the ground to reach stable soil or bedrock, while
caissons are large, cylindrical structures that are drilled and filled with concrete. So as I have
mention on earlier sections in our site pile are use for foundation which is a type of a deep
foundations

[Link] Casting of piles

Pile casting refers to the process of creating concrete piles, which are long, slender columns
used to support structures by transferring loads to deeper, more stable soil layers. This
method is commonly used in foundation engineering and construction, especially in areas
with poor soil conditions.

There were Around 238 piles casted for one block(contains 14 pair of living apartmets) with
a depth of 6 and 7m consisting of a different diameter size 300mm,400mm,500mm for a
different apartments.

Step 1:Digging on Marking points, water is adding at a time of digging in to hole Because of
the water is helping to lubricate and prevent bore to collapse

Step 2:Reinforcement placing The Ready reinforcement placed mechanically in to the cage

Step 3:Concrete Pouring: Pour the concrete carefully to avoid segregation.

Step 4:Capping : Connect all pile by beam for correcting its alignment

Figure 2.2 below shows long columns of piles ready to be installed through an excavated
cage.

Figure 2.1 Pile Reinforcement that is going to be placed in the prepared cage(Source:-
Captured from site)

2.8.1.5Grade beam

A grade beam is a reinforced concrete beam that is constructed at or slightly below ground
level to support walls or columns. It distributes loads from the superstructure to the
foundation, often connecting isolated footings or piles to provide additional stability.

MainPoints About Grade Beams:

 Acts as a structural tie between footings or piles.

 Supports walls, columns, and other superstructure elements.
 Transfers loads to deeper foundations or piles where soil near the surface is
weak.
 Constructed with reinforced concrete to resist bending and shear forces.

During my internship, my supervisor guided me through the concept of grade beams and their
construction methods. This experience helped me understand how grade beams work in
conjunction with other foundation elements to ensure the overall stability of a structure.

[Link] Blinding/Lean concrete

Lean concrete is a mixture where the amount of cement used is less than the amount of liquid
present in the strata. Lean concrete is that concrete which has high aggregates to cement
ratio.
In technical terms ,if the cement content of the mix falls out to be lesser than 10 percent than
the mix is called as lean concrete mix.

Blinding refers to a thin layer of plain or lean concrete placed over the
excavated soil before reinforcement and main concrete works. Its purpose
is to provide a clean, level, and stable surface for foundation works such
as footings, piles, and grade beams.

[Link].1 Advantage of Lean Concrete

 Lean concrete provides a uniform surface to the foundation surface and prevent direct
contact of the foundation concrete with the soil.
 Lean concrete is used under the foundation.
 It forms a solid concrete bed where the placing of steel reinforcement is easily done
for the foundation works.
 It prevents the direct contact of foundation concrete from the soil.
 It provides the protection of the main foundation from the soil below, because
moisture or other chemicals in the soil such as sulfates can attack the concrete and
weaken it.

[Link].2 Disadvantage of Lean Concrete

Proper preparation of lean concrete is essential. If it is not mixed or applied according to the
correct specifications, it may crack over time. Additionally, it is not suitable for projects that
require a sub-base or ground clearance exceeding 2 inches.

2.8.2 Superstructure Work

[Link] Column Construction

Columns are basically vertical members which span from substructure to superstructure
and play a crucial role in transfer of load from top of structure to bottom footing. the
different loads that are generated in a structure are transferred by column to footings and
footing to soil. So, column plays an important role in whole load transfer mechanism and
without it structure doesn’t exists.

Columns can be classified based on different criteria as follows: On basis of its cross section
 Square Column
 Rectangular Column
 Circular Column and so on
There are some steps that are followed to build a column
1) The first one is reviewing architectural and structural drawings in order to determine the
column's size, shape, and material (concrete, steel, etc.)
2) Cut and place steel reinforcement bars (rebar) as per design specifications. Ensure proper
spacing and anchorage of rebar within the formwork. And Use spacers to maintain the
correct cover over the rebar
3) On our site a plywood is built for the column ensuring the form work is secure, aligned,
and adequately braced to withstand the concrete pour.
4) Prepare concrete mix as per specifications. Pour concrete into the formwork, ensuring it
fills all voids. Use vibrators to eliminate air pockets and ensure proper compaction.
5) Allow the concrete to cure properly, following industry standards (usually 7 days).Keep
the concrete moist to prevent cracking.
6) Formwork Removal:- Carefully remove the formwork once the concrete has gained
sufficient strength (usually after 24-48 hours).
The hardened structure of a column is illustrated in Figure 2.6 below

Figure 2.2 Column (Source: Captured from site)

[Link] Beam Construction

Beams are horizontal structural members that transfer loads from slabs, walls, and roofs to
columns or walls. Reinforcement bars were arranged according to the structural drawings,
tied securely with binding wires, and supported with stirrups to ensure stability before
concreting.

In our project, a submerged beam was used, as shown in the image below. Unlike
conventional beams that are projected below the slab level, submerged beams are cast within
the slab thickness. They help in reducing the overall depth of the floor structure while still
providing adequate strength and load transfer.

In the reinforcement arrangement shown in the image, the longitudinal bars of the submerged
beam are held together by stirrups, which help resist shear forces and maintain spacing. This
type of beam is particularly effective when architectural or functional requirements do not
allow beams to be projected downward, ensuring both structural stability and aesthetic
benefits.

The Reinforcement Arrangement of Submerged Beam within Slab is illustrated in the Figure
below
Figure 2.3:-Reinforcment arrangement of submerged beam

[Link] Slab Construction

Slabs are essential structural elements designed to provide a flat surface and distribute loads
to the supporting beams and columns. During construction, proper formwork was first
installed to maintain the required slab thickness and alignment. Reinforcement bars were then
placed according to the structural drawings, ensuring correct spacing, cover, and overlap to
achieve the desired strength and durability.

Concrete was poured over the reinforcement and carefully vibrated to eliminate air voids and
ensure proper compaction. Adequate curing was carried out after casting to prevent cracks
and to maintain the required strength of the slab.
The Reinforcement Arrangement of Slab that is ready for concrete is illustrated in the Figure
below

Figure 2.4 :- Slab reinforcement ready for concrete (Source captured from site )

[Link] Wall Construction

Walls are vertical structural or non-structural elements that enclose and divide spaces within
a building while transferring loads from the roof or upper floors to the foundation. Wall
construction involves proper alignment, leveling, and bonding of materials such as bricks,
blocks, or reinforced concrete, depending on the design requirements. During the process,
care is taken to maintain correct dimensions, verticality, and joint thickness. During my
internship, I observed wall construction, including masonry work, alignment checks. which
provided practical insight into how walls support loads and contribute to the overall structural
integrity of a building.

The ongoing wall construction is illustrated in the figure below:-

Figure 2.5:- Wall construction

[Link] Form work

Formwork (shuttering) in concrete construction is used as a mould for a structure in which

fresh concrete is poured only to harden subsequently. Types of concrete formwork
construction depend on formwork material and type of structural element.

Formworks can also be named based on the type of structural member construction, such as
slab formwork for use in a slab, beam formwork, column formwork for use in beams and
columns,

Formwork refers to the temporary structure used to support concrete until it hardens and
becomes self-supporting. It plays a critical role in ensuring the accuracy, quality, and safety
of the concrete construction process. Formwork can be made of a variety of materials,
including timber, steel, and prefabricated panels, and must be designed to withstand the
pressure of the concrete as it is poured and cured. It helps to give the desired shape,
dimensions, and surface finish to elements such as walls, columns, beams, slabs, and
staircases. It also helps to control the flow and placement of concrete, reducing the risk of
segregation or voids in the finished product.
Requirements of a Good Formwork:-

 It is very important that the formwork is well supported and strong enough to bear all
loads applied to it.
 Formwork must be aligned and braced well from all sides to keep its original shape.
 It should be watertight to prevent the leakage of cement grout.
  It should be constructed in a proper way so that at the removal stage concrete can be
safe.
 The form-work material must be available locally, cheap, and can be used more than
one time.
 Try to keep it lightweight as possible to prevent the extra load on supports. Especially
in horizontal shuttering, lightweight formwork also can help to reduce labor costs or
effort.
 It must be fixed in line and levels as per the drawing.
 Form-work material should not be damaged or rusted, which affects the quality of
concrete finishing.

[Link].1 Types of Formwork

There are several types of formwork used in construction. They are discussed below in detail.

[Link] Formwork

Timber formwork is the most common type of formwork among all others. Timber forms are
extensively used in construction since the ancient period. Timber formwork is the oldest type
of form used in construction.

Timber formwork is one most used in construction among all other types of formwork. It
offers onsite fabrication of the required shape and size. It is easily used in any construction
but it may prove time–consuming for large projects. Plywood formwork material has a short
lifespan. Timber Shuttering is low-cost and easily workable shuttering. It can be cut and
joined in any shape and size

[Link] Formwork

Steel formwork has become more popular due to its strength, durability, and repetitive reuse
for a long period. Steel formwork is costly for small work but can be used for a large number
of projects. Steel shuttering offers a smooth surface finish to concrete compared to timber
formwork. It can be used for circular or curved structures such as tanks, columns, chimneys,
sewers, tunnels, and retaining walls.

[Link].2 Form work for column

Columns are usually square or circular in section. The shuttering must be able to withstand
the hydraulic pressure exerted on it by the poured concrete. For this reason, the column
shutter supports near the base of the form should be closer. Column formwork’s head is
frequently employed to support beam formwork, or column formwork is cast to the bottom
side of beams. The use of column formwork in conjunction with beam formwork allows for
quick and precise construction. Two of the major benefits of using column formwork include
that it is quick and simple to assemble and that it reduces the amount of labor and equipment
needed to successfully produce uniform and strong vertical concrete shapes of desired
dimensions. Formwork for columns is an essential part of the construction process, providing
temporary support and containment for the concrete until it sets and gains sufficient strength.

Form work of a column shown in figure 2.4 below

Figure 2.6:- Formwork for column(Source: Captured from site)

[Link].3 Formwork in slab

Slab Formwork essentially consists of a horizontal load-bearing structure which supports the
form lining and transfers the forces into the shoring. Formwork for slabs, used to support and
contain the concrete during the construction of horizontal slabs.

Formwork of slab is shown in figure below:

Figure 2.7 Form work for slab(Source: Captured from site)

[Link].4 Removal Of Formwork

The removal of concrete form work also called as strike-off or stripping of form work should be
carried out only after the time when concrete has gained sufficient strength, at least twice the stress to
which the concrete may be subjected to when the form works are removed. The rate of hardening of
concrete or the concrete strength depends on temperature and affects the form work removal time.

The minimum period before the removal of form work for various types of structures is tabulated
below:

Table 2.5 Removal Time Of Formwork

[Link] Type of Form work Minimum Period Before Removal Of
. Formwork
1 Vertical form work to columns, walls and 16-24 hours
beams
2 Soffit form work to slabs 3 days

3 Soffit form work to beam 7 days

4 Props to slabs

Slab spanning up to 4.5 m 7 days

Slab spanning over 4.5 m 14 days
5 Props to beams and arches

Spanning up to 6 m 14 days
Spanning over 6 m 21 days
Some of that Factors Affecting Concrete Formwork Striking Times are :-

 Grade of concrete – higher the grade of concrete, the rate of development

of strength is higher and thus concrete achieves the strength in shorter
time.
 Grade of cement – Higher cement grade makes the concrete achieve higher
strength in shorter time.
 Type of Cement – Type of cement affects the strength development of
concrete. For example, rapid hardening cement have higher strength gain
in shorter period than the Ordinary Portland Cement. Low heat cement
takes more time to gain sufficient strength than OPC.
 Temperature – The higher temperature of concrete during placement
makes it achieve higher strength in shorter times. During winter, the
concrete strength gain time gets prolonged.
 A higher ambient temperature makes the concrete gain strength faster.

[Link] Concrete Casting

Concrete casting is the process of placing, compacting, and shaping concrete to form
structural elements such as foundations, beams, columns, slabs, and walls. The process
begins with preparing and inspecting the formwork to ensure it is clean, properly aligned, and
strong enough to hold the wet concrete. Reinforcement is then placed according to the
structural drawings, with spacers used to maintain the required cover. Concrete is poured
carefully into the formwork and vibrated to remove air pockets and ensure uniform
compaction, preventing honeycombing. After casting, the concrete is cured by keeping it
moist for the required period to achieve the desired strength. During my internship, I
observed concrete casting for various structural elements, which gave me practical
understanding.

[Link] Curing of concrete

Curing of concrete is a process of keeping mixing water design so hydration continue up to max
compressive strength gained E.x. for PPC 45 Day and OPC 28 Day. The curing time may depend on
concrete type, the type of the structural element and environment of the working station. There are
two setting times of concrete namely, initial setting time and final setting time.
 Initial setting time is a time that takes for Mixing, discharging, transporting and casting period
required up to (30-45min). This can vary based on factors such as temperature, humidity, and the use
of admixtures.

Final setting time: - is a time that found between after cast of concrete to starting period of curing, so
it takes a below (10hr)

[Link] What is a Spacer?

In construction, a spacer is a device or material used to maintain a specific distance or gap

between elements, ensuring proper alignment and structural integrity.

Placing a spacer between the tiles will provide a consistent gap and a well-ordered line,
which will ensure the formation of the best look on the tiles. Besides, spacers are made from
plastic, and therefore, they are easy to insert and remove and cost-efficient since they can be
used repeatedly. Here are some common applications of spacers in construction:

 Tile Spacers: Small plastic or rubber pieces placed between tiles during installation to
ensure uniform gaps for grout lines. They help maintain consistent spacing and
alignment.
 Reinforcement Spacers: Used to hold rebar in place within concrete forms, ensuring
that the rebar is positioned correctly within the concrete for optimal strength and
durability.
 Formwork Spacers: Used in concrete formwork to maintain the correct distance
between form panels, ensuring that the concrete is poured to the desired thickness.

 Benefits of Using Spacers

 Precision: Spacers help achieve accurate measurements and alignments.

 Structural Integrity: They ensure that materials are positioned correctly, enhancing
strength and durability.
 Aesthetic Consistency: Uniform gaps contribute to a polished and professional look in
finished projects.
 Prevent Damage: By allowing for necessary movement (e.g., thermal expansion),
spacers can prevent cracking or warping in materials.

Different thickness of spacer and the purpose they are used for is illustrated in table 2.6
below

Table 2.6 spacer thickness and uses

Spacer used for the structures Thickness in cm
Spacer used for foundation 5 cm thickness
Spacer used for column & beam 3.5 cm thickness
Spacer used for slab 3 cm thickness
 [Link] Coping

Coping is the protective top layer of a wall, usually placed on parapet walls, boundary walls,
or terraces. Its main purpose is to prevent rainwater or moisture from entering the wall, which
can cause damage over time. Coping can be made of materials like stone, concrete, or brick
and is often slightly sloped so that water drains away from the wall. Besides protection, it
also gives the wall a neat and finished look.
The ongoing construction process of coping is illustrated in the figure below

Figure 2.8:- Coping

[Link] Roofing

Roofing is one of the most important elements in building construction, as it forms the top
covering of a structure and protects it from weather conditions such as rain, snow, sunlight,
and wind. The primary function of a roof is to provide shelter and ensure the safety and
comfort of the building’s occupants. It also contributes to the overall stability of the structure
and can enhance the aesthetic appeal of the building. A roof is typically made up of several
components, including the roof covering, which directly protects against weather; the
structural framework, such as rafters, trusses, and purlins, which supports the covering; and
additional layers like insulation, waterproofing, and decking that improve durability and
energy efficiency. Roofs can be designed in various forms depending on the function,
climate, and style of the building. Common types include flat roofs, which are nearly
horizontal and often used in modern commercial buildings; gable roofs, which have two
sloping sides forming a triangular shape; hip roofs, which slope on all four sides and provide
stability against strong winds; mansard roofs, which have double slopes to create additional
attic space; and shed or lean-to roofs, which are simple single-sloped designs often used for
extensions. The materials used for roofing vary widely and include tiles, metal sheets,
concrete slabs, asphalt shingles, and even traditional thatch. Proper construction of a roof
requires attention to load-bearing capacity, slope for effective drainage, ventilation to prevent
moisture buildup, insulation for thermal comfort, and fire resistance for safety. Regular
maintenance is also essential to ensure the longevity of the roof, including checking for leaks,
repairing damaged coverings, and cleaning gutters. Overall, roofing is a critical component
that combines protection, functionality, and visual appeal in any building.

Figure 2.9 Roofing