Ch-4 (Carbon & it’s compounds)
Question 1
How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane ?
Answer:
Three, these are n-pentane, iso-pentane and neo-pentane.
Question 2
What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of
carbon compounds we see around us ?
Answer:
(i) Tetravalency
(ii) Catenation.
Question 3
What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane ?
Answer:
The molecular formula of cyclopentane is C5 H10 .
The electron dot structure of cyclopentane is given below
Question 4
Draw the structures for the following compounds :
(i) Ethanoic acid
(ii) Bromopentane
(iii) Butanone
(iv) Hexanal
Answer:
(i) Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)
(ii) Bromopentane (C5H11Br)
(iii) Butanone (CH3 — CH2 — COCH3)
(iv) Hexanal (C5H11CHO)
Structural isomers for bromopentane: There are three structural isomers
for bromopentane depending on the position of Br at carbon 1, 2, 3.
Question 5
How would you name the following compounds ?
Answer:
(i) Bromoethane
(ii) Methanal
(iii) 1 – Hexyne
Question 6
Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction ?
Answer:
Conversion of ethanol into ethanoic acid is an oxidation reaction because
addition of oxygen to a substance is called oxidation. Here, oxygen is
added to ethanol by oxidising agent like alkaline potassium permanganate
or acidified potassium dichromate and it is converted into acid.
Question 7
A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a
mixture of ethyne and air is not used ?
Answer:
A mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding because burning of
ethyne in air produces a sooty flame due to incomplete combustion, which
is not enough to melt metals for welding.
Question 8
How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a
carboxylic acid ?
Answer:
Differences between alcohol and carboxylic acid
Question 9
What are oxidising agents ?
Answer:
Oxidising agents are the substances which give oxygen to another
substances or which remove hydrogen from a substance.
For example, acidic K2Cr2O7 is an oxidising agent, that converts (oxidises)
ethanol into ethanoic acid.
Question 10
Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent ?
Answer:
No, because detergents can lather well even in hard water. They do not
form insoluble calcium or magnesium salts (scum). On reacting with the
calcium ions and magnesium ions present in the hard water.
Question 11
People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the
soap, they ‘beat’ the clothes on a stone, or beat it with a paddle, scrub
with a brush or the mixture is agitated in a washing machine. Why is
agitation necessary to get clean clothes ?
Answer:
It is necessary to agitate to get clean clothes because the soap micelles
which entrap oily or greasy particles on the surface of dirty cloth have to
be removed from its surface. When the cloth wetted in soap solution is
agitated or beaten, the micelles containing oily or greasy dirt get removed
from the surface of dirty cloth and go into water and the dirty cloth gets
cleaned.
Question 12
Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has
(a) 6 covalent bonds
(b) 7 covalent bonds
(c) 8 covalent bonds
(d) 9 covalent bonds
Answer:
(b) 7 covalent bonds.
Question 13
Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group
(a) carboxylic acid
(b) aldehyde
(c) ketone
(d) alcohol
Answer:
(c) Ketone.
Question 14
While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the
outside, it means that
(a) the food is not cooked completely.
(b) the fuel is not burning completely.
(c) the fuel is wet.
(d) the fuel is burning completely.
Answer:
(b) The fuel is not burning completely.
Question 15
Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH 3Cl.
Answer:
Covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons so that the combining
atoms complete their outermost shell.
In CH3Cl : C = 6, H = 1 and Cl = 17 And their electronic configuration is C –
2,4, H – 1 and Cl – 2, 8, 7
Question 16
What would be the electron dot structure of carbon dioxide which has the
formula CO2 ?
Answer:
Question 17
What would be electron dot structure of sulphur which is made up of eight
atoms of sulphur.
Answer:
Question 18
How many structural isomers can you draw for pentane ?
Answer:
Three, these are n-pentane, iso-pentane and neo-pentane.
Question 19
What are the two properties of carbon which lead to the huge number of
carbon compounds we see around us ?
Answer:
(i) Tetravalency
(ii) Catenation.
Question 20
What will be the formula and electron dot structure of cyclopentane ?
Answer:
The molecular formula of cyclopentane is C5 H10 .
The electron dot structure of cyclopentane is given on the next page.
Question 21
Draw the structures for the following compounds :
(i) Ethanoic acid
(ii) Bromopentane
(iii) Butanone
(iv) Hexanal
Answer:
(i) Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH)
(ii) Bromopentane (C5H11Br)
(iii) Butanone (CH3 — CH2 — COCH3)
(iv) Hexanal (C5H11CHO)
Structural isomers for bromopentane: There are three structural isomers
for bromopentane depending on the position of Br at carbon 1, 2, 3.
Positions 4 and 5 are same as 1, 2.
Question 22
How would you name the following compounds ?
Answer:
(i) Bromoethane
(ii) Methanal
(iii) 1 – Hexyne
Question 23
Why is the conversion of ethanol to ethanoic acid an oxidation reaction ?
Answer:
Conversion of ethanol into ethanoic acid is an oxidation reaction because
addition of oxygen to a substance is called oxidation. Here, oxygen is
added to ethanol by oxidising agent like alkaline potassium permanganate
or acidified potassium dichromate and it is converted into acid.
Question 24
A mixture of oxygen and ethyne is burnt for welding. Can you tell why a
mixture of ethyne and air is not used ?
Answer:
A mixture of ethyne and air is not used for welding because burning of
ethyne in air produces a sooty flame due to incomplete combustion, which
is not enough to melt metals for welding.
Question 25
How would you distinguish experimentally between an alcohol and a
carboxylic acid ?
Answer:
Differences between alcohol and carboxylic acid
Carboxylic
Test Alcohol
acid
Blue litmus
No change in
(i) Litmus test solution turns
colour.
red.
CH3COOH +
NaHCO3 →
C2H5OH +
CH3COONa +
(ii) Sodium NaHCO3 → No
H2O +
hydrogen reaction No
CO2 Brisk
carbonate brisk
effervescence
test effervescence
due to
.
evolution of
CO2.
(iii) Alkaline
On heating,
potassium Does not
pink colour
permanganat happen so.
disappears.
e
Question 26
What are oxidising agents ?
Answer:
Oxidising agents are the substances which give oxygen to another
substances or which remove hydrogen from a substance.
For example, acidic K2Cr2O7 is an oxidising agent, that converts (oxidises)
ethanol into ethanoic acid.
Question 27
Would you be able to check if water is hard by using a detergent ?
Answer:
No, because detergents can lather well even in hard water. They do not
form insoluble calcium or magnesium salts (scum). On reacting with the
calcium ions and magnesium ions present in the hard water.
Question 28
People use a variety of methods to wash clothes. Usually after adding the
soap, they ‘beat’ the clothes on a stone, or beat it with a paddle, scrub
with a brush or the mixture is agitated in a washing machine. Why is
agitation necessary to get clean clothes ?
Answer:
It is necessary to agitate to get clean clothes because the soap micelles
which entrap oily or greasy particles on the surface of dirty cloth have to
be removed from its surface. When the cloth wetted in soap solution is
agitated or beaten, the micelles containing oily or greasy dirt get removed
from the surface of dirty cloth and go into water and the dirty cloth gets
cleaned.
Question 29
Ethane, with the molecular formula C2H6 has
(a) 6 covalent bonds
(b) 7 covalent bonds
(c) 8 covalent bonds
(d) 9 covalent bonds
Answer:
(b) 7 covalent bonds.
Question 30
Butanone is a four-carbon compound with the functional group
(a) carboxylic acid
(b) aldehyde
(c) ketone
(d) alcohol
Answer:
(c) Ketone.
Question 31
While cooking, if the bottom of the vessel is getting blackened on the
outside, it means that
(a) the food is not cooked completely.
(b) the fuel is not burning completely.
(c) the fuel is wet.
(d) the fuel is burning completely.
Answer:
(b) The fuel is not burning completely.
Question 32
Explain the nature of the covalent bond using the bond formation in CH 3Cl.
Answer:
Covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons so that the combining
atoms complete their outermost shell.
In CH3Cl : C = 6, H = 1 and Cl = 17 And their electronic configuration is C –
2,4, H – 1 and Cl – 2, 8, 7
Three hydrogen atoms complete their shells by sharing three electrons
(one electron each) of carbon atom.
Chlorine completes its outer shell by sharing its one out of seven electrons
with one electron of carbon atom.
Thus carbon atom shares all its four electrons with three hydrogen atoms
and one of chlorine atom and completes its outermost shell and single
covalent bonds are formed in CH3Cl.
Question 33
Draw the electron dot structures for
(a) ethanoic acid
(b) propanone
(c) H2S
(d) F2.
Answer:
Question 34
What is a homologous series ? Explain with an example.
Answer:
Homologous series : A homologous series is a group of organic compounds
having
similar structures and similar chemical properties in which the successive
compounds differ by -CH2 group.
Characteristics of homologous series :
(i) All members of a homologous series can be represented by the same
general formula. For example, the general formula of the homologous
series of alkanes is CnH2n+2, in which ‘n’ denotes number of carbon and
hydrogen atoms in one molecule of alkane.
(ii) Any two adjacent homologues differ by one carbon atom and two
hydrogen atoms in their molecular formulae.
(iii) The difference in the molecular masses of any two adjacent
homologues is 14u.
(iv) All the compounds of a homologous series show similar chemical
properties.
(v) The members of a homologous series show a gradual change in their
physical properties with increase in molecular mass.
For example, general formula of the homologous series of alkanes is
CnH2n+2, in which ‘n’ denotes number of carbon atoms in one molecule of
alkane. Following are the first five members of the homologous series of
alkanes (general formula CnH2n+2)
Question 35
How can ethanol and ethanoic acid he differentiated on the basis of their
physical and chemical properties ?
Answer:
Difference on the basis of physical properties
Difference on the basis of chemical properties
Question 36
Why does micelle formation take place when soap is added to water ? Will
a micell be formed in other solvents such as ethanol also ?
Answer:
Micelle formation takes place when soap is added to water because the
hydrocarbon chains of soap molecules are hydrophobic (water repelling)
which are insoluble in water, but the ionic ends of soap molecules are
hydrophilic (water attracting) and hence soluble in water.
Such micelle formation will not be possible in other solvents like ethanol in
which sodium salt of fatty acids do not dissolve.
Question 37
Why are carbon and its compounds used as fuels for most applications ?
Answer:
Carbon and its compounds give a large amount of heat per unit weight
and are therefore, used as fuels for most applications.
Question 38
Explain the formation of scum when hard water is treated with soap.
Answer:
Hard water contains salts of calcium and magnesium. Calcium and
magnesium on reacting with soap form insoluble precipitate called scum.
The scum formation lessens the cleansing property of soaps in hard water.
Question 39
What change will you observe if you test soap with litmus paper (red and
blue)?
Answer:
Red litmus will turn blue because soap is alkaline in nature. Blue litmus
remains blue in soap solution.
Question 40
What is hydrogenation ? What is its industrial application ?
Answer:
The addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated hydrocarbon to obtain a
saturated hydro-carbon is called hydrogenation. The process of
hydrogenation takes place in the presence of nickel (Ni) or palladium (Pd)
metals as catalyst.
Application : The process of hydrogenation has an important industrial
application. It is used to prepare vegetable ghee (or vanaspati ghee) from
vegetable oils.
Question 41
Which of the following hydrocarbons undergo addition reactions :
C2H6, C3H8, C3H6, C2H2 and CH4
Answer:
Addition reactions take place only in unsaturated hydrocarbons. So
addition reaction take place only in C3H6 and C2H2.
Question 42
Give a test that can be used to differentiate chemically between butter
and cooking oil.
Answer:
Butter is a saturated carbon compound while cooking oil is an unsaturated
carbon compound. An unsaturated compound decolourises bromine water,
while a saturated compound cannot decolourise it. So we can distinguish
chemically between a cooking oil and butter by the bromine water. Add
bromine water to a little of cooking oil and butter taken in separate test-
tubes.
Cooking oil decolourises bromine water showing that it is an
unsaturated compound.
Butter does not decolourise bromine water showing that it is a
saturated compound.
Question 43
Explain the mechanism of the cleaning action of soaps.
OR
Explain the cleansing action of soaps. [CBSE 2015 (Delhi)]
Answer:
When a dirty cloth is put in water containing dissolved soap, then the
hydrocarbon end of the soap molecules in micelle attach to the oil or
grease particles present on the surface of dirty cloth. In this way the soap
micelle entraps the oily or greasy particles by using its hydrocarbon ends.
The ionic ends of the soap molecules in the micelles, however, remain
attached to water. When the dirty cloth is agitated in soap solution, the
oily and greasy particles present on its surface and entrapped by soap
micelles get dispersed in water due to which the soap water becomes
dirty but the cloth gets cleaned. The cloth is cleaned thoroughly by rinsing
in clean water a number of times.