Introduction to modeling

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Modeling

March 8, 2025

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 Introduction to modeling
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Outline

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1 Introduction to modeling
Models and reality
Prpoerties of Models
Building a models
Examples of models
Why mathematical modeling

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 Introduction to modeling
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Objective:

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After the completion of this chapter you will be able to:

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 Introduction to modeling
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Objective:

...
After the completion of this chapter you will be able to:
define and list the basic idea of mathematical modeling.

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 Introduction to modeling
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Objective:

...
After the completion of this chapter you will be able to:
define and list the basic idea of mathematical modeling.
list down and clarify steps to build mathematical modeling.

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 Introduction to modeling
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Objective:

...
After the completion of this chapter you will be able to:
define and list the basic idea of mathematical modeling.
list down and clarify steps to build mathematical modeling.
formulate some problems using mathematical modeling.

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 Introduction to modeling
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Objective:

...
After the completion of this chapter you will be able to:
define and list the basic idea of mathematical modeling.
list down and clarify steps to build mathematical modeling.
formulate some problems using mathematical modeling.
identify all procedure to solve problems through mathematical
modeling.

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 Introduction to modeling
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Objective:

...
After the completion of this chapter you will be able to:
define and list the basic idea of mathematical modeling.
list down and clarify steps to build mathematical modeling.
formulate some problems using mathematical modeling.
identify all procedure to solve problems through mathematical
modeling.
list classification of mathematical modeling.

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 Introduction to modeling
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Objective:

...
After the completion of this chapter you will be able to:
define and list the basic idea of mathematical modeling.
list down and clarify steps to build mathematical modeling.
formulate some problems using mathematical modeling.
identify all procedure to solve problems through mathematical
modeling.
list classification of mathematical modeling.
know characteristics of mathematical modeling.

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 Introduction to modeling
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1. Introduction to modeling
...
mana template Real life problems arise from different disciplines:

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 Introduction to modeling
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1. Introduction to modeling
...
mana template Real life problems arise from different disciplines:
Technology,

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 Introduction to modeling
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1. Introduction to modeling
...
mana template Real life problems arise from different disciplines:
Technology,
Economy,

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 Introduction to modeling
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1. Introduction to modeling
...
mana template Real life problems arise from different disciplines:
Technology,
Economy,
Sociology,

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 Introduction to modeling
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1. Introduction to modeling
...
mana template Real life problems arise from different disciplines:
Technology,
Economy,
Sociology,
Chemistry,

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 Introduction to modeling
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1. Introduction to modeling
...
mana template Real life problems arise from different disciplines:
Technology,
Economy,
Sociology,
Chemistry,
Biology,

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 Introduction to modeling
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1. Introduction to modeling
...
mana template Real life problems arise from different disciplines:
Technology,
Economy,
Sociology,
Chemistry,
Biology,
Physics,

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 Introduction to modeling
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1. Introduction to modeling
...
mana template Real life problems arise from different disciplines:
Technology,
Economy,
Sociology,
Chemistry,
Biology,
Physics,
Management,

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 Introduction to modeling
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1. Introduction to modeling
...
mana template Real life problems arise from different disciplines:
Technology,
Economy,
Sociology,
Chemistry,
Biology,
Physics,
Management,
Finance, etc.

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 Introduction to modeling
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1. Introduction to modeling
...
mana template Real life problems arise from different disciplines:
Technology,
Economy,
Sociology,
Chemistry,
Biology,
Physics,
Management,
Finance, etc.
mbnb templbte Analyses and interpretations of those problems need a use of methods
of mathematics and computer sciences.

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 Introduction to modeling
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1. Introduction to modeling
...
mana template Real life problems arise from different disciplines:
Technology,
Economy,
Sociology,
Chemistry,
Biology,
Physics,
Management,
Finance, etc.
mbnb templbte Analyses and interpretations of those problems need a use of methods
of mathematics and computer sciences.
mcnc templcte To generate answers to questions we can’t get from observations.

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 Introduction to modeling
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1. Introduction to modeling
...
mana template Real life problems arise from different disciplines:
Technology,
Economy,
Sociology,
Chemistry,
Biology,
Physics,
Management,
Finance, etc.
mbnb templbte Analyses and interpretations of those problems need a use of methods
of mathematics and computer sciences.
mcnc templcte To generate answers to questions we can’t get from observations.
mdnd templdte To understand, manage and predict future behavior of complex
systems and processes. For example, to inform public policy and . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

future decision making.

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 Introduction to modeling
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1. Introduction to modeling

...
mana template The interpretation of systems and phenomena which show complex
features is generally developed on the basis of methods (mathematical
models) which organize their interpretation towards simulation.

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 Introduction to modeling
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1. Introduction to modeling

...
mana template The interpretation of systems and phenomena which show complex
features is generally developed on the basis of methods (mathematical
models) which organize their interpretation towards simulation.
mbnb templbte Simulations (which allows analysts to understand the behavior of a
system or process without having to test it in the real world) are also
build based on mathematical models.

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 Introduction to modeling
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1. Introduction to modeling

...
mana template The interpretation of systems and phenomena which show complex
features is generally developed on the basis of methods (mathematical
models) which organize their interpretation towards simulation.
mbnb templbte Simulations (which allows analysts to understand the behavior of a
system or process without having to test it in the real world) are also
build based on mathematical models.
mcnc templcte By using mathematical equations, analysts can model how different
variables interact and then use this understanding to better predict
future events.

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 Introduction to modeling
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1. Introduction to modeling

...
mana template The interpretation of systems and phenomena which show complex
features is generally developed on the basis of methods (mathematical
models) which organize their interpretation towards simulation.
mbnb templbte Simulations (which allows analysts to understand the behavior of a
system or process without having to test it in the real world) are also
build based on mathematical models.
mcnc templcte By using mathematical equations, analysts can model how different
variables interact and then use this understanding to better predict
future events. Therefore, in this context a mathematical model of real
life problem gains enormous significance.
And one can understand that there exists a strong link between
applied sciences and mathematical models.
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 Introduction to modeling
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Models and reality

1.2 Models and reality

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What is a model?

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 Introduction to modeling
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Models and reality

1.2 Models and reality

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What is a model?
...

Definition 1.1
Model is a simplified representation of a system, concept, or phenomenon
that helps to understand, analyze, or predict its behavior.

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Models and reality

1.2 Models and reality

...
What is a model?
...

Definition 1.1
Model is a simplified representation of a system, concept, or phenomenon
that helps to understand, analyze, or predict its behavior.

Further more, it is

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Models and reality

1.2 Models and reality

...
What is a model?
...

Definition 1.1
Model is a simplified representation of a system, concept, or phenomenon
that helps to understand, analyze, or predict its behavior.

Further more, it is
an abstractions of reality.

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Models and reality

1.2 Models and reality

...
What is a model?
...

Definition 1.1
Model is a simplified representation of a system, concept, or phenomenon
that helps to understand, analyze, or predict its behavior.

Further more, it is
an abstractions of reality.
a representation of a particular thing, idea, or condition.

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Models and reality

1.2 Models and reality

...
What is a model?
...

Definition 1.1
Model is a simplified representation of a system, concept, or phenomenon
that helps to understand, analyze, or predict its behavior.

Further more, it is
an abstractions of reality.
a representation of a particular thing, idea, or condition.
a simplified representations of some real world entity.
It can take various forms, such as physical objects, diagrams, simulations,
or mathematical formulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Models and reality

1.2 Models and reality

For example:

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Models and reality

1.2 Models and reality

For example:

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Models and reality

1.2 Models and reality

For example:

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Models and reality

1.2 Models and reality

For example:

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

 dN N Ce0 NP
 = rN(1 − ) − p,
dT K 1 + hCe0 NP (1.1)

 dP ϵCe0 NP
 = P − µP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

dT 1Chapter
+ hCe 0 NP
1: Introduction to Modeling
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Models and reality

1.2 Models and reality

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Maximize Z = 5x1 + 4x2

6x1 + 4x2 ≤ 24 (1.2)
x1 + 2x2 ≤ 6
x2 ≤ x1 + 1
x2 ≤ 2
x1 , x2 ≥ 0

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Models and reality

1.2 Models and reality

...

Maximize Z = 5x1 + 4x2

6x1 + 4x2 ≤ 24 (1.2)
x1 + 2x2 ≤ 6
x2 ≤ x1 + 1
x2 ≤ 2
x1 , x2 ≥ 0

The model of church and airplane are physical objects, while the models in
equation (1.1) and (1.2) are mathematical model.

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Models and reality

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A mathematical model is a specific type of model that uses
mathematical language and equations to represent relationships
between variables within a system.

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Models and reality

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A mathematical model is a specific type of model that uses
mathematical language and equations to represent relationships
between variables within a system.
It translates real-world phenomena into mathematical expressions,
allowing for quantitative analysis and predictions.

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 Introduction to modeling
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Models and reality

...
A mathematical model is a specific type of model that uses
mathematical language and equations to represent relationships
between variables within a system.
It translates real-world phenomena into mathematical expressions,
allowing for quantitative analysis and predictions.
It can be used to simulate complex systems, optimize processes, and
analyze data.

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 Introduction to modeling
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Models and reality

...
A mathematical model is a specific type of model that uses
mathematical language and equations to represent relationships
between variables within a system.
It translates real-world phenomena into mathematical expressions,
allowing for quantitative analysis and predictions.
It can be used to simulate complex systems, optimize processes, and
analyze data.
A mathematical model is a well-defined mathematical object
consisting of a collection of variables and rules governing their values.

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 Introduction to modeling
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Models and reality

...
A mathematical model is a specific type of model that uses
mathematical language and equations to represent relationships
between variables within a system.
It translates real-world phenomena into mathematical expressions,
allowing for quantitative analysis and predictions.
It can be used to simulate complex systems, optimize processes, and
analyze data.
A mathematical model is a well-defined mathematical object
consisting of a collection of variables and rules governing their values.
It often involve algebraic equations, differential equations, statistics,
or computational algorithms to describe how different factors interact
and influence one another.

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Models and reality

1.2 Models and reality

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Mathematical models are characterized by assumptions about:

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Models and reality

1.2 Models and reality

...
Mathematical models are characterized by assumptions about:
variables (the things which change)
parameters (the things which do not change)
functional forms (the relationship between the two).

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Models and reality

1.2 Models and reality

...
Mathematical models are characterized by assumptions about:
variables (the things which change)
parameters (the things which do not change)
functional forms (the relationship between the two).
...

Definition 1.2
Modeling is the process of producing a model.

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Models and reality

1.2 Models and reality

...
Mathematical models are characterized by assumptions about:
variables (the things which change)
parameters (the things which do not change)
functional forms (the relationship between the two).
...

Definition 1.2
Modeling is the process of producing a model.

Mathematical modeling is an abstract and/or computational approach

to the scientific method, where hypotheses are made in the form of
mathematical statements (or mathematical models), which are then
used to make predictions and/or decisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Models and reality

1.2 Models and reality

...
Mathematical models are characterized by assumptions about:
variables (the things which change)
parameters (the things which do not change)
functional forms (the relationship between the two).
...

Definition 1.2
Modeling is the process of producing a model.

Mathematical modeling is an abstract and/or computational approach

to the scientific method, where hypotheses are made in the form of
mathematical statements (or mathematical models), which are then
used to make predictions and/or decisions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

It is the process of constructing, testing,

Chapter 1: Introduction and improving
to Modeling Marchmathematical
8, 2025 10 / 46
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Models and reality

1.2 Models and reality

...
modeling is a cognitive activity in which we think about and make models
to describe how devices or objects of interest behave.

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Models and reality

1.2 Models and reality

...
modeling is a cognitive activity in which we think about and make models
to describe how devices or objects of interest behave.
Remark: Here we are concerned exclusively with mathematical models,
that is, models that mimic reality by using the language of mathematics.
Therefore, whenever we use ” model” without a modifier, we mean ”
mathematical model.”

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Prpoerties of Models

1.3 Prpoerties of Models

...
Models, regardless of their specific type or application, generally share
several common properties.

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Prpoerties of Models

1.3 Prpoerties of Models

...
Models, regardless of their specific type or application, generally share
several common properties. Here are some key properties of models:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Prpoerties of Models

1.3 Prpoerties of Models

...
Models, regardless of their specific type or application, generally share
several common properties. Here are some key properties of models:
1) Simplicity: Models are simplified representations of reality. They
focus on the most important aspects of a system while omitting less
significant details to make analysis and understanding easier.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Prpoerties of Models

1.3 Prpoerties of Models

...
Models, regardless of their specific type or application, generally share
several common properties. Here are some key properties of models:
1) Simplicity: Models are simplified representations of reality. They
focus on the most important aspects of a system while omitting less
significant details to make analysis and understanding easier.
2) Representativeness: A good model accurately represents the
characteristics and behaviors of the system it is designed to mimic. It
should capture the relevant features that influence the outcomes of
interest.

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Prpoerties of Models

1.3 Prpoerties of Models

...
Models, regardless of their specific type or application, generally share
several common properties. Here are some key properties of models:
1) Simplicity: Models are simplified representations of reality. They
focus on the most important aspects of a system while omitting less
significant details to make analysis and understanding easier.
2) Representativeness: A good model accurately represents the
characteristics and behaviors of the system it is designed to mimic. It
should capture the relevant features that influence the outcomes of
interest.
3) Predictive Capability: Many models are designed to make predictions
about future behavior or outcomes based on current or past data.
The effectiveness of a model is often judged by its predictive accuracy.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Prpoerties of Models

1.3 Prpoerties of Models

...
4) Scalability: Models should be adaptable to different scales, meaning
they can be applied to various sizes or scopes of the system without
losing their validity.

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Prpoerties of Models

1.3 Prpoerties of Models

...
4) Scalability: Models should be adaptable to different scales, meaning
they can be applied to various sizes or scopes of the system without
losing their validity.
5) Validity: A model must be valid, meaning it should accurately reflect
the real-world system it represents. This can be assessed through
testing and comparison with empirical data.

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Prpoerties of Models

1.3 Prpoerties of Models

...
4) Scalability: Models should be adaptable to different scales, meaning
they can be applied to various sizes or scopes of the system without
losing their validity.
5) Validity: A model must be valid, meaning it should accurately reflect
the real-world system it represents. This can be assessed through
testing and comparison with empirical data.
6) Usability: Models should be user-friendly, allowing users to easily
understand and apply them to real-world problems. This includes
clear documentation and intuitive interfaces when applicable.

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Prpoerties of Models

1.3 Prpoerties of Models

...
7) Robustness: A robust model can handle variations in input data
without producing wildly inconsistent or unreliable outputs. It should
remain stable under a range of conditions.

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Prpoerties of Models

1.3 Prpoerties of Models

...
7) Robustness: A robust model can handle variations in input data
without producing wildly inconsistent or unreliable outputs. It should
remain stable under a range of conditions.
8) Dynamic Behavior: Many models exhibit dynamic behavior, meaning
they can evolve over time in response to changes in input variables or
external conditions.

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Prpoerties of Models

1.3 Prpoerties of Models

...
7) Robustness: A robust model can handle variations in input data
without producing wildly inconsistent or unreliable outputs. It should
remain stable under a range of conditions.
8) Dynamic Behavior: Many models exhibit dynamic behavior, meaning
they can evolve over time in response to changes in input variables or
external conditions.
9) Interactivity: Some models allow for interaction, enabling users to
manipulate variables and see how changes affect outcomes, which can
aid in understanding complex systems.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

To construct mathematical models, it is usually common to follow the
following steps:

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

To construct mathematical models, it is usually common to follow the
following steps:

Step 1: Define/ identify the Problem

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

To construct mathematical models, it is usually common to follow the
following steps:

Step 1: Define/ identify the Problem

Clearly define the problem or phenomenon to be modeled.

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

To construct mathematical models, it is usually common to follow the
following steps:

Step 1: Define/ identify the Problem

Clearly define the problem or phenomenon to be modeled.
What do we need to find out?

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

To construct mathematical models, it is usually common to follow the
following steps:

Step 1: Define/ identify the Problem

Clearly define the problem or phenomenon to be modeled.
What do we need to find out?
What is the problem asking for?

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

To construct mathematical models, it is usually common to follow the
following steps:

Step 1: Define/ identify the Problem

Clearly define the problem or phenomenon to be modeled.
What do we need to find out?
What is the problem asking for?
Identify the objectives and what you aim to achieve with the model.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

To construct mathematical models, it is usually common to follow the
following steps:

Step 1: Define/ identify the Problem

Clearly define the problem or phenomenon to be modeled.
What do we need to find out?
What is the problem asking for?
Identify the objectives and what you aim to achieve with the model.

Step 2: Making assumptions.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

To construct mathematical models, it is usually common to follow the
following steps:

Step 1: Define/ identify the Problem

Clearly define the problem or phenomenon to be modeled.
What do we need to find out?
What is the problem asking for?
Identify the objectives and what you aim to achieve with the model.

Step 2: Making assumptions.

The assumptions fall into the following main activities:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

To construct mathematical models, it is usually common to follow the
following steps:

Step 1: Define/ identify the Problem

Clearly define the problem or phenomenon to be modeled.
What do we need to find out?
What is the problem asking for?
Identify the objectives and what you aim to achieve with the model.

Step 2: Making assumptions.

The assumptions fall into the following main activities:
a) Classify the variables.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

To construct mathematical models, it is usually common to follow the
following steps:

Step 1: Define/ identify the Problem

Clearly define the problem or phenomenon to be modeled.
What do we need to find out?
What is the problem asking for?
Identify the objectives and what you aim to achieve with the model.

Step 2: Making assumptions.

The assumptions fall into the following main activities:
a) Classify the variables.
b) Determine the interrelationships the variables selected for study.
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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

a) Classify the variables

What things influence the behavior of the problem identified in step 1?

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

a) Classify the variables

What things influence the behavior of the problem identified in step 1?
List these things as variables.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

a) Classify the variables

What things influence the behavior of the problem identified in step 1?
List these things as variables.
The variables can be classified as dependent, or independent.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

a) Classify the variables

What things influence the behavior of the problem identified in step 1?
List these things as variables.
The variables can be classified as dependent, or independent.
The variables the model seeks to explain are the dependent variables
and

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

a) Classify the variables

What things influence the behavior of the problem identified in step 1?
List these things as variables.
The variables can be classified as dependent, or independent.
The variables the model seeks to explain are the dependent variables
and
The remaining variables are the independent variables.
We may neglect some of the independent variables for either of two
reasons.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

a) Classify the variables

What things influence the behavior of the problem identified in step 1?
List these things as variables.
The variables can be classified as dependent, or independent.
The variables the model seeks to explain are the dependent variables
and
The remaining variables are the independent variables.
We may neglect some of the independent variables for either of two
reasons.
First, the effect of the variable may be relatively small compared to
other factors involved in the behavior.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

a) Classify the variables

What things influence the behavior of the problem identified in step 1?
List these things as variables.
The variables can be classified as dependent, or independent.
The variables the model seeks to explain are the dependent variables
and
The remaining variables are the independent variables.
We may neglect some of the independent variables for either of two
reasons.
First, the effect of the variable may be relatively small compared to
other factors involved in the behavior.
Second, a factor that affects the various alternatives in about the same
way be neglected, even though it may have a very important influence
on the behavior under investigation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

b) Determine the interrelationships the variables selected for study:

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

b) Determine the interrelationships the variables selected for study:

Some times the problem may be sufficiently complex so that we cannot see
a relationship among all variables initially. In such cases it may be possible
to study sub-models.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

b) Determine the interrelationships the variables selected for study:

Some times the problem may be sufficiently complex so that we cannot see
a relationship among all variables initially. In such cases it may be possible
to study sub-models.
That is, we study one or more of the independent variables separately.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

b) Determine the interrelationships the variables selected for study:

Some times the problem may be sufficiently complex so that we cannot see
a relationship among all variables initially. In such cases it may be possible
to study sub-models.
That is, we study one or more of the independent variables separately.
Eventually we will connect the sub models together.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

b) Determine the interrelationships the variables selected for study:

Some times the problem may be sufficiently complex so that we cannot see
a relationship among all variables initially. In such cases it may be possible
to study sub-models.
That is, we study one or more of the independent variables separately.
Eventually we will connect the sub models together.
Studying various techniques, such as proportionality, will aid in
hypothesizing relationships among the variables.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

b) Determine the interrelationships the variables selected for study:

Some times the problem may be sufficiently complex so that we cannot see
a relationship among all variables initially. In such cases it may be possible
to study sub-models.
That is, we study one or more of the independent variables separately.
Eventually we will connect the sub models together.
Studying various techniques, such as proportionality, will aid in
hypothesizing relationships among the variables.

Step 3: Solve or interpret the model.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

b) Determine the interrelationships the variables selected for study:

Some times the problem may be sufficiently complex so that we cannot see
a relationship among all variables initially. In such cases it may be possible
to study sub-models.
That is, we study one or more of the independent variables separately.
Eventually we will connect the sub models together.
Studying various techniques, such as proportionality, will aid in
hypothesizing relationships among the variables.

Step 3: Solve or interpret the model.

The model may consist of mathematical equations or inequalities that
must be solved to find the information we are seeking.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

b) Determine the interrelationships the variables selected for study:

Some times the problem may be sufficiently complex so that we cannot see
a relationship among all variables initially. In such cases it may be possible
to study sub-models.
That is, we study one or more of the independent variables separately.
Eventually we will connect the sub models together.
Studying various techniques, such as proportionality, will aid in
hypothesizing relationships among the variables.

Step 3: Solve or interpret the model.

The model may consist of mathematical equations or inequalities that
must be solved to find the information we are seeking.
A problem statement requires a best/optimal solution to the model.
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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

b) Determine the interrelationships the variables selected for study:

Some times the problem may be sufficiently complex so that we cannot see
a relationship among all variables initially. In such cases it may be possible
to study sub-models.
That is, we study one or more of the independent variables separately.
Eventually we will connect the sub models together.
Studying various techniques, such as proportionality, will aid in
hypothesizing relationships among the variables.

Step 3: Solve or interpret the model.

The model may consist of mathematical equations or inequalities that
must be solved to find the information we are seeking.
A problem statement requires a best/optimal solution to the model.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

We may approach or solve the problem analytically orMarch

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Step 4: Verify the model.

Before using the model, we must test it out.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Step 4: Verify the model.

Before using the model, we must test it out.
There are several questions to ask before designing these tests and
collecting data a process that can be expensive and time-consuming.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Step 4: Verify the model.

Before using the model, we must test it out.
There are several questions to ask before designing these tests and
collecting data a process that can be expensive and time-consuming.
First, does the model answer the problem identified in Step 1, or did
it stray from the key issue as we constructed the model?

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Step 4: Verify the model.

Before using the model, we must test it out.
There are several questions to ask before designing these tests and
collecting data a process that can be expensive and time-consuming.
First, does the model answer the problem identified in Step 1, or did
it stray from the key issue as we constructed the model?
Second, is the model usable in a practical sense? That is, can we
really gather the data necessary to operate the model?

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Step 4: Verify the model.

Before using the model, we must test it out.
There are several questions to ask before designing these tests and
collecting data a process that can be expensive and time-consuming.
First, does the model answer the problem identified in Step 1, or did
it stray from the key issue as we constructed the model?
Second, is the model usable in a practical sense? That is, can we
really gather the data necessary to operate the model?
Third, does the model make common sense?

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Step 5: Implement the model.

We will want to explain our model in terms that the decision makers
and users can understand if it is ever to be of use to anyone.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Step 5: Implement the model.

We will want to explain our model in terms that the decision makers
and users can understand if it is ever to be of use to anyone.
Furthermore, unless the model is placed in a user-friendly mode, it
will quickly fall into disuse.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Step 5: Implement the model.

We will want to explain our model in terms that the decision makers
and users can understand if it is ever to be of use to anyone.
Furthermore, unless the model is placed in a user-friendly mode, it
will quickly fall into disuse.
The inclusion of an additional step to facilitate the collection and
input of the data necessary to operate the model determines its
success or failure.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Step 6: Maintain the model.

Remember that the model is derived from a specific problem
identified in Step 1 and from the assumptions made in Step 2.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Step 6: Maintain the model.

Remember that the model is derived from a specific problem
identified in Step 1 and from the assumptions made in Step 2.
Has the original problem changed in any way, or have some previously
neglected factors become important?

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Step 6: Maintain the model.

Remember that the model is derived from a specific problem
identified in Step 1 and from the assumptions made in Step 2.
Has the original problem changed in any way, or have some previously
neglected factors become important?
Does one of the sub models need to be adjusted?

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Summary of construction of mathematical models:

1. Identify the problem.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Summary of construction of mathematical models:

1. Identify the problem.
2. Make assumptions.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Summary of construction of mathematical models:

1. Identify the problem.
2. Make assumptions.
a) Identify and classify the variables.
b) Determine interrelationships between the variables and sub models.
3. Solve the model.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Summary of construction of mathematical models:

1. Identify the problem.
2. Make assumptions.
a) Identify and classify the variables.
b) Determine interrelationships between the variables and sub models.
3. Solve the model.
4. Verify the model.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Summary of construction of mathematical models:

1. Identify the problem.
2. Make assumptions.
a) Identify and classify the variables.
b) Determine interrelationships between the variables and sub models.
3. Solve the model.
4. Verify the model.
a) Does it address the problem?
b) Does it make common sense?
c) Test it with real world data.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Summary of construction of mathematical models:

1. Identify the problem.
2. Make assumptions.
a) Identify and classify the variables.
b) Determine interrelationships between the variables and sub models.
3. Solve the model.
4. Verify the model.
a) Does it address the problem?
b) Does it make common sense?
c) Test it with real world data.
5. Implement the model.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Summary of construction of mathematical models:

1. Identify the problem.
2. Make assumptions.
a) Identify and classify the variables.
b) Determine interrelationships between the variables and sub models.
3. Solve the model.
4. Verify the model.
a) Does it address the problem?
b) Does it make common sense?
c) Test it with real world data.
5. Implement the model.
6. Maintain the model.
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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

The above steps for developing mathematical models can also be
summarized into the ff three phases:

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

The above steps for developing mathematical models can also be
summarized into the ff three phases:
...
1) Setting up models
2) Developing models
3) Checking models

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

The above steps for developing mathematical models can also be
summarized into the ff three phases:
...
1) Setting up models
2) Developing models
3) Checking models

Setting up Models
In setting up models, in most cases it is found useful to complete the
following steps:

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

The above steps for developing mathematical models can also be
summarized into the ff three phases:
...
1) Setting up models
2) Developing models
3) Checking models

Setting up Models
In setting up models, in most cases it is found useful to complete the
following steps:
i) Clarify the problem.
ii) List the factor.
iii) State the assumptions explicitly.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iv) Formulate a precise problem statement (Verbal model). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Clarifying the Problem:

Essentially, a problem will be proposed, often by a
non-mathematician, or indeed a non-scientist, and a particular answer
requested from the model outcome, the answer often to be
interpreted in non-mathematical terms.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Clarifying the Problem:

Essentially, a problem will be proposed, often by a
non-mathematician, or indeed a non-scientist, and a particular answer
requested from the model outcome, the answer often to be
interpreted in non-mathematical terms.
The exact nature of the problem must be understood clearly before a
start is made.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Clarifying the Problem:

Essentially, a problem will be proposed, often by a
non-mathematician, or indeed a non-scientist, and a particular answer
requested from the model outcome, the answer often to be
interpreted in non-mathematical terms.
The exact nature of the problem must be understood clearly before a
start is made.
A specific objective can be then identified.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Clarifying the Problem:

Essentially, a problem will be proposed, often by a
non-mathematician, or indeed a non-scientist, and a particular answer
requested from the model outcome, the answer often to be
interpreted in non-mathematical terms.
The exact nature of the problem must be understood clearly before a
start is made.
A specific objective can be then identified.

Listing the Factors:

- Every problem involves a number of different ‘factors’ which may
have a bearing on the solution. At the early stage of model building
we need a list of these factors.
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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Listing the Factors:

- In mathematical modeling we tend to concentrate mainly on
quantifiable factors.
- Quantifiable factors can normally be classified as variables,
parameters or constants, and each of these can be discrete,
continuous or deterministic or random.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Listing the Factors:

- In mathematical modeling we tend to concentrate mainly on
quantifiable factors.
- Quantifiable factors can normally be classified as variables,
parameters or constants, and each of these can be discrete,
continuous or deterministic or random.

State the assumptions explicitly:

- Assumptions must be explicitly stated. Because, it is the assumption
that combines the factors together into a working model based on
known physical laws, subject area knowledge and empirical studies.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Listing the Factors:

- In mathematical modeling we tend to concentrate mainly on
quantifiable factors.
- Quantifiable factors can normally be classified as variables,
parameters or constants, and each of these can be discrete,
continuous or deterministic or random.

State the assumptions explicitly:

- Assumptions must be explicitly stated. Because, it is the assumption
that combines the factors together into a working model based on
known physical laws, subject area knowledge and empirical studies.
- The validity and accuracy of a model may depend heavily on the
assumptions being satisfied.
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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

State the assumptions explicitly:

The most common and important types of assumption that have to be
made are:

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

State the assumptions explicitly:

The most common and important types of assumption that have to be
made are:
- Assumptions about whether or not to include certain factors.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

State the assumptions explicitly:

The most common and important types of assumption that have to be
made are:
- Assumptions about whether or not to include certain factors.
- Assumptions about the relative magnitude of the effects of various
factors

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

State the assumptions explicitly:

The most common and important types of assumption that have to be
made are:
- Assumptions about whether or not to include certain factors.
- Assumptions about the relative magnitude of the effects of various
factors
- Assumptions about the forms of relationship between factors

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

State the assumptions explicitly:

The most common and important types of assumption that have to be
made are:
- Assumptions about whether or not to include certain factors.
- Assumptions about the relative magnitude of the effects of various
factors
- Assumptions about the forms of relationship between factors

Formulate a precise problem statement (Verbal model)

We will have already discussed our problem under the heading ‘Clarifying
the Problem’ above. In most problems, we can identify the following
ingredients:
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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Formulate a precise problem statement (Verbal model)

- Something is given or known.
- Something is to be found, estimated or predicted.
- There is some condition to be satisfied or objective to achieve.

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Building a models

1.4 Building a models

Formulate a precise problem statement (Verbal model)

- Something is given or known.
- Something is to be found, estimated or predicted.
- There is some condition to be satisfied or objective to achieve.

As a result of our consideration we should now be able to crystallize our

thought into a precise problem statement, expressed in terms of the
factors that we have listed under the heading ‘Listing the factors’.
This statement will have the general form:
problem statement
Given { inputs, parameters, constants} … find { outputs} … such that {
condition is satisfied or objective achieved }
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Building a models

...
Note that: the same problem can have different problem statements,
depending on what we consider to be given and what we want the model
to find.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Optimization problem
Example 1: Suppose that four buildings are to be connected by electrical
wires. The positions of the buildings are illustrated in Figure below.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Optimization problem
Example 1: Suppose that four buildings are to be connected by electrical
wires. The positions of the buildings are illustrated in Figure below.

The first two buildings are circular one centered at (1, 4) with radius 2,
and the second at (9, 5) with radius 1. The third building is square with . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
sides of length 2 centered at (3, −2). The fourth building is rectangular
with a height 4 and width 2 centered at (7, 0).

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
sides of length 2 centered at (3, −2). The fourth building is rectangular
with a height 4 and width 2 centered at (7, 0).
Determine the place where a power supply is placed connecting the four
buildings with minimum wire length.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
sides of length 2 centered at (3, −2). The fourth building is rectangular
with a height 4 and width 2 centered at (7, 0).
Determine the place where a power supply is placed connecting the four
buildings with minimum wire length.
Solution

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
sides of length 2 centered at (3, −2). The fourth building is rectangular
with a height 4 and width 2 centered at (7, 0).
Determine the place where a power supply is placed connecting the four
buildings with minimum wire length.
Solution
Step 1: Identify/define the problem

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
sides of length 2 centered at (3, −2). The fourth building is rectangular
with a height 4 and width 2 centered at (7, 0).
Determine the place where a power supply is placed connecting the four
buildings with minimum wire length.
Solution
Step 1: Identify/define the problem
Determine the objective of the problem.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
sides of length 2 centered at (3, −2). The fourth building is rectangular
with a height 4 and width 2 centered at (7, 0).
Determine the place where a power supply is placed connecting the four
buildings with minimum wire length.
Solution
Step 1: Identify/define the problem
Determine the objective of the problem.
The objective is to determine the place where the power supply is placed
in such a way that minimize the amount of wire used.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
sides of length 2 centered at (3, −2). The fourth building is rectangular
with a height 4 and width 2 centered at (7, 0).
Determine the place where a power supply is placed connecting the four
buildings with minimum wire length.
Solution
Step 1: Identify/define the problem
Determine the objective of the problem.
The objective is to determine the place where the power supply is placed
in such a way that minimize the amount of wire used.
Step 2: Make Assumptions

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
sides of length 2 centered at (3, −2). The fourth building is rectangular
with a height 4 and width 2 centered at (7, 0).
Determine the place where a power supply is placed connecting the four
buildings with minimum wire length.
Solution
Step 1: Identify/define the problem
Determine the objective of the problem.
The objective is to determine the place where the power supply is placed
in such a way that minimize the amount of wire used.
Step 2: Make Assumptions
i.e define independent and dependent variables and establish
interrelationships among the variables.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
sides of length 2 centered at (3, −2). The fourth building is rectangular
with a height 4 and width 2 centered at (7, 0).
Determine the place where a power supply is placed connecting the four
buildings with minimum wire length.
Solution
Step 1: Identify/define the problem
Determine the objective of the problem.
The objective is to determine the place where the power supply is placed
in such a way that minimize the amount of wire used.
Step 2: Make Assumptions
i.e define independent and dependent variables and establish
interrelationships among the variables.
Let the power supply be placed at certain point (x0 , y0 ) and will connect
to building i at position (xi , yi ), i = 1, 2, 3, 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Let wi be the length of the wire connecting building i to (x0 , y0 ).

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Let wi be the length of the wire connecting building i to (x0 , y0 ).

It implies,
...
√
wi = (xi − x0 )2 + (yi − y0 )2 , i = 1, 2, 3, 4. (1.3)

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Let wi be the length of the wire connecting building i to (x0 , y0 ).

It implies,
...
√
wi = (xi − x0 )2 + (yi − y0 )2 , i = 1, 2, 3, 4. (1.3)

And the objective function is:

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Let wi be the length of the wire connecting building i to (x0 , y0 ).

It implies,
...
√
wi = (xi − x0 )2 + (yi − y0 )2 , i = 1, 2, 3, 4. (1.3)

And the objective function is:

...
z = w1 + w2 + w3 + w4 . (1.4)

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

It is clear that the points (xi , yi ), i = 1, 2, 3, 4 should satisfy the following

conditions.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

It is clear that the points (xi , yi ), i = 1, 2, 3, 4 should satisfy the following

conditions.
...


 (x1 − 1)2 + (y1 − 4)2 ≤ 4,



 (x2 − 9)2 + (y2 − 5)2 ≤ 1,

 2 ≤ x ≤ 4,
3
(1.5)

 −3 ≤ y3 ≤ −1,



 6 ≤ x4 ≤ 8,


−2 ≤ y4 ≤ 2.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Step 3: Develop the Mathematical Model

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Step 3: Develop the Mathematical Model
Therefore, the problem is

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Step 3: Develop the Mathematical Model
Therefore, the problem is
...

Minimize z = w1 + w2 + w3 + w4
subject to
√
wi = (xi − x0 )2 + (yi − y0 )2 i = 1, 2, 3, 4,
(x1 − 1)2 + (y1 − 4)2 ≤ 4,
(x2 − 9)2 + (y2 − 5)2 ≤ 4,
2 ≤ x3 ≤ 4,
−2 ≤ y3 ≤ −1,
6 ≤ x4 ≤ 8,
−2 ≤ y4 ≤ 2. .
.
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Step 4: Solve and interpret the model.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Step 4: Solve and interpret the model.

It is an optimization problem and can be solved analytically.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Step 4: Solve and interpret the model.

It is an optimization problem and can be solved analytically.
...
Example 2: Suppose that a manufacturer of kitchen cabinets is trying to
maximize the weekly revenue of a factory. Various orders have come in
that the company could accept. They include bookcases with open
shelves, cabinets with doors, cabinets with drawers, and custom designed
cabinets. Table 1 indicates the quantities of materials and labor required
to assemble the four types of cabinets, as well as the revenue earned.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
Cabinet Wood Labor Revenue
Bookshelf 10 2 100
With doors 12 4 150
With drawers 25 8 200
Custom 20 16 400

Table 1: Materials and labor required to assemble the cabinets, and revenue
earned.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
Cabinet Wood Labor Revenue
Bookshelf 10 2 100
With doors 12 4 150
With drawers 25 8 200
Custom 20 16 400

Table 1: Materials and labor required to assemble the cabinets, and revenue
earned.

Suppose that 5000 units of wood and 1500 units of labor are available.
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
Cabinet Wood Labor Revenue
Bookshelf 10 2 100
With doors 12 4 150
With drawers 25 8 200
Custom 20 16 400

Table 1: Materials and labor required to assemble the cabinets, and revenue
earned.

Suppose that 5000 units of wood and 1500 units of labor are available.
Formulate the problem mathematically. .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
Solution:

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
Solution:
Here the objective of this problem is to maximize the total profit or weekly
revenue of the firm

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
Solution:
Here the objective of this problem is to maximize the total profit or weekly
revenue of the firm and it is carried out by producing maximum number of
products to be produced.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
Solution:
Here the objective of this problem is to maximize the total profit or weekly
revenue of the firm and it is carried out by producing maximum number of
products to be produced.
It is determined by the number of cabinets (bookshelves, cabinets with
doors, cabinets with doors, and custom) to be manufactured. And
represent them with variables.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
Solution:
Here the objective of this problem is to maximize the total profit or weekly
revenue of the firm and it is carried out by producing maximum number of
products to be produced.
It is determined by the number of cabinets (bookshelves, cabinets with
doors, cabinets with doors, and custom) to be manufactured. And
represent them with variables.
Let x1 , x2 , x3 , and x4 be the number of bookshelves, cabinets with doors,
cabinets with drawers, and custom, respectively.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
Solution:
Here the objective of this problem is to maximize the total profit or weekly
revenue of the firm and it is carried out by producing maximum number of
products to be produced.
It is determined by the number of cabinets (bookshelves, cabinets with
doors, cabinets with doors, and custom) to be manufactured. And
represent them with variables.
Let x1 , x2 , x3 , and x4 be the number of bookshelves, cabinets with doors,
cabinets with drawers, and custom, respectively.
Therefore, the objective function will be:

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
Solution:
Here the objective of this problem is to maximize the total profit or weekly
revenue of the firm and it is carried out by producing maximum number of
products to be produced.
It is determined by the number of cabinets (bookshelves, cabinets with
doors, cabinets with doors, and custom) to be manufactured. And
represent them with variables.
Let x1 , x2 , x3 , and x4 be the number of bookshelves, cabinets with doors,
cabinets with drawers, and custom, respectively.
Therefore, the objective function will be:

Z = 100x1 + 150x2 + 200x3 + 400x4 . (1.6)

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Here the factors that determine the amount of revenue gained as a result
of the cabinets produced are restrictions arise due to limited units of wood,
and labor.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Here the factors that determine the amount of revenue gained as a result
of the cabinets produced are restrictions arise due to limited units of wood,
and labor.
From the above table the unit of wood required to produce one units of
bookshelves is 10 units.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Here the factors that determine the amount of revenue gained as a result
of the cabinets produced are restrictions arise due to limited units of wood,
and labor.
From the above table the unit of wood required to produce one units of
bookshelves is 10 units.
This implies the unit of wood required to produce one units of bookshelves
will be 10x1 units.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Here the factors that determine the amount of revenue gained as a result
of the cabinets produced are restrictions arise due to limited units of wood,
and labor.
From the above table the unit of wood required to produce one units of
bookshelves is 10 units.
This implies the unit of wood required to produce one units of bookshelves
will be 10x1 units.
Similar the unit of wood required to manufactured x2 units of cabinets
with doors will be 12x2 units.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Here the factors that determine the amount of revenue gained as a result
of the cabinets produced are restrictions arise due to limited units of wood,
and labor.
From the above table the unit of wood required to produce one units of
bookshelves is 10 units.
This implies the unit of wood required to produce one units of bookshelves
will be 10x1 units.
Similar the unit of wood required to manufactured x2 units of cabinets
with doors will be 12x2 units.
Similar the unit of wood required to manufactured x3 units and x4 units of
cabinets with drawers, and custom will be 25x3 and 20x4 units of wood.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Here the factors that determine the amount of revenue gained as a result
of the cabinets produced are restrictions arise due to limited units of wood,
and labor.
From the above table the unit of wood required to produce one units of
bookshelves is 10 units.
This implies the unit of wood required to produce one units of bookshelves
will be 10x1 units.
Similar the unit of wood required to manufactured x2 units of cabinets
with doors will be 12x2 units.
Similar the unit of wood required to manufactured x3 units and x4 units of
cabinets with drawers, and custom will be 25x3 and 20x4 units of wood.
Therefore the total units of woods needed to produce x1 , x2 , x3 , and x4
number of bookshelves, cabinets with doors, cabinets with drawers, and
custom respectively are:
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...

10x1 + 12x2 + 25x3 + 20x4 . (1.7)

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...

10x1 + 12x2 + 25x3 + 20x4 . (1.7)

But the units of wood available in the firm is 5000 units.

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...

10x1 + 12x2 + 25x3 + 20x4 . (1.7)

But the units of wood available in the firm is 5000 units.

Then we have the following inequality.

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...

10x1 + 12x2 + 25x3 + 20x4 . (1.7)

But the units of wood available in the firm is 5000 units.

Then we have the following inequality.
...
10x1 + 12x2 + 25x3 + 20x4 ≤ 500. (1.8)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...

10x1 + 12x2 + 25x3 + 20x4 . (1.7)

But the units of wood available in the firm is 5000 units.

Then we have the following inequality.
...
10x1 + 12x2 + 25x3 + 20x4 ≤ 500. (1.8)

Following a similar procedure on the restriction on the available labor we

have the following inequality: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

...

2x1 + 4x2 + 8x3 + 16x4 ≤ 1500. (1.9)

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Examples of models

...

2x1 + 4x2 + 8x3 + 16x4 ≤ 1500. (1.9)

Therefore, the problem is

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Examples of models

...

2x1 + 4x2 + 8x3 + 16x4 ≤ 1500. (1.9)

Therefore, the problem is

...

Maximize Z = 100x1 + 150x2 + 200x3 + x4 400

subject to
10x1 + 12x2 + 25x3 + 20x4 ≤ 500,
2x1 + 4x2 + 8x3 + 16x4 ≤ 1500,
x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 ≥ 0.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...
Example 3: ABC manufacturing company has contracted to deliver
home windows over the next 6 months. The demands for each month are
$100, 250, 190, 140, 220, and 110 units, respectively. Production cost per
window varies from month to month depending on the cost of labor,
material, and utilities. ABC estimates the production cost per window over
the next 6 months to be $50, $45, $55, $48, $52, and $50, respectively.
To take advantage of the fluctuations in manufacturing cost, Acme may
elect to produce more than is needed in a given month and hold the excess
units for delivery in later months. This, however, will incur storage costs at
the rate of $8 per window per month assessed on end-of-month inventory.
Develop a mathematical model to determine the optimum production
schedule.
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Solution:

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Solution:
The objective of this problem is:

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Solution:
The objective of this problem is:
To develop a mathematical model that determine the optimum production
schedule.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Solution:
The objective of this problem is:
To develop a mathematical model that determine the optimum production
schedule.
i.e. To develop a production schedule that produce the demand number of
windows with minimize production and storage costs.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Solution:
The objective of this problem is:
To develop a mathematical model that determine the optimum production
schedule.
i.e. To develop a production schedule that produce the demand number of
windows with minimize production and storage costs.
So, let
- xi be the number of windows produced in month i, i = 1, 2, 3...6.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Solution:
The objective of this problem is:
To develop a mathematical model that determine the optimum production
schedule.
i.e. To develop a production schedule that produce the demand number of
windows with minimize production and storage costs.
So, let
- xi be the number of windows produced in month i, i = 1, 2, 3...6.
- Ii be the number of inventory windows at the end of month i.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Solution:
The objective of this problem is:
To develop a mathematical model that determine the optimum production
schedule.
i.e. To develop a production schedule that produce the demand number of
windows with minimize production and storage costs.
So, let
- xi be the number of windows produced in month i, i = 1, 2, 3...6.
- Ii be the number of inventory windows at the end of month i.
From the above statement the estimated cost to produce one window in
the first month is $50.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Solution:
The objective of this problem is:
To develop a mathematical model that determine the optimum production
schedule.
i.e. To develop a production schedule that produce the demand number of
windows with minimize production and storage costs.
So, let
- xi be the number of windows produced in month i, i = 1, 2, 3...6.
- Ii be the number of inventory windows at the end of month i.
From the above statement the estimated cost to produce one window in
the first month is $50.
This implies the estimated cost to produce x1 number of window in the
first month will be $50x1 .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Solution:
The objective of this problem is:
To develop a mathematical model that determine the optimum production
schedule.
i.e. To develop a production schedule that produce the demand number of
windows with minimize production and storage costs.
So, let
- xi be the number of windows produced in month i, i = 1, 2, 3...6.
- Ii be the number of inventory windows at the end of month i.
From the above statement the estimated cost to produce one window in
the first month is $50.
This implies the estimated cost to produce x1 number of window in the
first month will be $50x1 .
similarly, the estimated cost to produce x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 and x6 number of
window in the next 5 month will be .
.
.
.
.
. . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
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. . . . .
.
.
.
.
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.
.
.

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

$50x1 , $45x2 , $55x3 , $48x4 , $52x5 , and $50x6 , respectively.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

$50x1 , $45x2 , $55x3 , $48x4 , $52x5 , and $50x6 , respectively.
Therefore, the total estimated cost to produce x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 and x6
number of window in the next 6 month will be

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

$50x1 , $45x2 , $55x3 , $48x4 , $52x5 , and $50x6 , respectively.
Therefore, the total estimated cost to produce x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 and x6
number of window in the next 6 month will be
...

50x1 + 45x2 + 55x3 + 48x4 + 52x5 + 50x6 . (1.10)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

$50x1 , $45x2 , $55x3 , $48x4 , $52x5 , and $50x6 , respectively.
Therefore, the total estimated cost to produce x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 and x6
number of window in the next 6 month will be
...

50x1 + 45x2 + 55x3 + 48x4 + 52x5 + 50x6 . (1.10)

The other cost is storage cost.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

$50x1 , $45x2 , $55x3 , $48x4 , $52x5 , and $50x6 , respectively.
Therefore, the total estimated cost to produce x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 and x6
number of window in the next 6 month will be
...

50x1 + 45x2 + 55x3 + 48x4 + 52x5 + 50x6 . (1.10)

The other cost is storage cost.

To take advantage of the fluctuations in manufacturing cost, ABC elect to
produce more than is needed in a given month and hold the excess units
for delivery in later months. And the storage costs is at the rate of $8 per
window per month.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

$50x1 , $45x2 , $55x3 , $48x4 , $52x5 , and $50x6 , respectively.
Therefore, the total estimated cost to produce x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 and x6
number of window in the next 6 month will be
...

50x1 + 45x2 + 55x3 + 48x4 + 52x5 + 50x6 . (1.10)

The other cost is storage cost.

To take advantage of the fluctuations in manufacturing cost, ABC elect to
produce more than is needed in a given month and hold the excess units
for delivery in later months. And the storage costs is at the rate of $8 per
window per month.
Therefore, the total storage cost is: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...

8(I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 + I6 ). (1.11)

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...

8(I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 + I6 ). (1.11)

Therefore, the objective function is:

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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...

8(I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 + I6 ). (1.11)

Therefore, the objective function is:

...

z = 50x1 + 45x2 + 55x3 + 48x4 + 52x5 + 50x6

+8(I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 + I6 ).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

...

8(I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 + I6 ). (1.11)

Therefore, the objective function is:

...

z = 50x1 + 45x2 + 55x3 + 48x4 + 52x5 + 50x6

+8(I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 + I6 ).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

To write down the constraints or assumptions:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

To write down the constraints or assumptions:
Here, the constraints or factor that affect the profit are the number of
inventory windows at the end of month i.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

To write down the constraints or assumptions:
Here, the constraints or factor that affect the profit are the number of
inventory windows at the end of month i.
At the end of the first month, ABC company has (x1 − 100) units of
excess windows.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

To write down the constraints or assumptions:
Here, the constraints or factor that affect the profit are the number of
inventory windows at the end of month i.
At the end of the first month, ABC company has (x1 − 100) units of
excess windows.
i.e I1 = (x1 − 100).

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

To write down the constraints or assumptions:
Here, the constraints or factor that affect the profit are the number of
inventory windows at the end of month i.
At the end of the first month, ABC company has (x1 − 100) units of
excess windows.
i.e I1 = (x1 − 100).
Similarly, we have the following.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

To write down the constraints or assumptions:
Here, the constraints or factor that affect the profit are the number of
inventory windows at the end of month i.
At the end of the first month, ABC company has (x1 − 100) units of
excess windows.
i.e I1 = (x1 − 100).
Similarly, we have the following.
...

Month 2 : I2 = x2 + I1 − 250,
Month 3 : I3 = x3 + I2 − 190,
Month 4 : I4 = x4 + I3 − 140,
Month 5 : I5 = x5 + I4 − 220,
Month 6 : I6 = x6 + I5 − 110, . . . xi , Ii ≥ 0.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Therefore, the problem is

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Examples of models

1.4 Examples of models

Therefore, the problem is
...

Minimize z = 50x1 + 45x2 + 55x3 + 48x4 + 52x5 + 50x6

+8(I1 + I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 + I6 )
subject to
x1 − I1 = 100,
x2 + I1 − I2 = 250,
x3 + I2 − I3 = 190,
x4 + I3 − I4 = 140,
x5 + I4 − I5 = 220,
x6 + I5 − I6 = 110,
xi , Ii ≥ 0. .
.
.
.
.
. . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . . .
.
.
.
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 Introduction to modeling
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Why mathematical modeling

1.5 Why mathematical modeling

....
What is the motivation behind mathematical modeling?

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Why mathematical modeling

1.5 Why mathematical modeling

....
What is the motivation behind mathematical modeling?
Here are some of the primary reasons for engaging in mathematical
modeling:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Why mathematical modeling

1.5 Why mathematical modeling

....
What is the motivation behind mathematical modeling?
Here are some of the primary reasons for engaging in mathematical
modeling:
1 To gain understanding on complex systems

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Why mathematical modeling

1.5 Why mathematical modeling

....
What is the motivation behind mathematical modeling?
Here are some of the primary reasons for engaging in mathematical
modeling:
1 To gain understanding on complex systems
- Simplification: mathematical models simplify and clarify complex
systems, making it easier to understand the interactions and dynamics
within them.

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 Introduction to modeling
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
Why mathematical modeling

1.5 Why mathematical modeling

....
What is the motivation behind mathematical modeling?
Here are some of the primary reasons for engaging in mathematical
modeling:
1 To gain understanding on complex systems
- Simplification: mathematical models simplify and clarify complex
systems, making it easier to understand the interactions and dynamics
within them.
- Insight: They provide insights into how different components of a
system interact and influence each other.
2 To predict or simulate

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Modeling March 8, 2025 45 / 46
 Introduction to modeling
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
Why mathematical modeling

1.5 Why mathematical modeling

....
What is the motivation behind mathematical modeling?
Here are some of the primary reasons for engaging in mathematical
modeling:
1 To gain understanding on complex systems
- Simplification: mathematical models simplify and clarify complex
systems, making it easier to understand the interactions and dynamics
within them.
- Insight: They provide insights into how different components of a
system interact and influence each other.
2 To predict or simulate
- It is clear that much of modern science involves mathematical
modeling. The old adage or proverb “mathematics is the language of
science” is really true. Scientists use mathematics to describe real
phenomena, and in fact much of this activity. constitutes mathematical
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 1: Introduction to Modeling March 8, 2025 45 / 46
 Introduction to modeling
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .
Why mathematical modeling

1.5 Why mathematical modeling

....
- It‘s ability to simulate, predicts, or understands certain real-world
system through Mathematical modeling provides a distinct
competitive advantage.
- Furthermore, just as in pure science, as computing power becomes
cheaper, modeling becomes an increasingly cost-effective alternative
to direct experimentation.

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Modeling March 8, 2025 46 / 46