Mathematical Formulas Reference Guide
Reference Document
October 23, 2025
Contents
1 Algebra 2
1.1 Quadratic Formula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 Binomial Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Calculus 2
2.1 Derivative Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2 Integration by Parts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 Trigonometry 2
3.1 Pythagorean Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.2 Sum and Difference Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4 Linear Algebra 3
4.1 Matrix Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
4.2 Determinant of 2×2 Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5 Statistics 3
5.1 Mean and Variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
5.2 Normal Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
6 Additional Resources 3
1
1 Algebra
1.1 Quadratic Formula
For any quadratic equation of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, the solutions are:
√
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x=
2a
For more information, visit Wikipedia: Quadratic Formula.
1.2 Binomial Theorem
( )
n
n n−k k
( x + y) = ∑
n
x y
k =0
k
Learn more at Wolfram MathWorld.
2 Calculus
2.1 Derivative Rules
d n
(x ) = nx n−1
dx
d x
(e ) = ex
dx
d 1
(ln x ) =
dx x
d
(sin x ) = cos x
dx
d
(cos x ) = − sin x
dx
See Paul’s Online Math Notes for comprehensive calculus tutorials.
2.2 Integration by Parts
∫ ∫
u dv = uv − v du
More integration techniques: Khan Academy: Integral Calculus.
3 Trigonometry
3.1 Pythagorean Identity
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
2
3.2 Sum and Difference Formulas
sin( A ± B) = sin A cos B ± cos A sin B
cos( A ± B) = cos A cos B ∓ sin A sin B
Complete trigonometric identities: Math is Fun.
4 Linear Algebra
4.1 Matrix Multiplication
If A is an m × n matrix and B is an n × p matrix, then C = AB is an m × p matrix
where:
n
cij = ∑ aik bkj
k =1
4.2 Determinant of 2×2 Matrix
( )
a b
det = ad − bc
c d
Linear algebra resources: MIT OpenCourseWare.
5 Statistics
5.1 Mean and Variance
1 n
n i∑
µ= xi
=1
1 n
σ = ∑ ( x i − µ )2
2
n i =1
5.2 Normal Distribution
1 ( x − µ )2
−
f ( x ) = √ e 2σ2
σ 2π
Statistics tutorials: Statology and SticiGui.
6 Additional Resources
• Wolfram Alpha - Computational knowledge engine
• Desmos - Graphing calculator
• Symbolab - Step-by-step calculator
• Brilliant - Interactive learning platform