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CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
A transformer is an important unit in the power system network. Due to, the enormous
number of transformers in the different segments over a wide region in power systems, data
acquisition, condition monitoring, automatic controlling, and protection are significant issues.
The transformer is a static device that transfers power from one circuit to someone without
any exchange within the frequency appropriate protection is required for prudent and safe
activity of the electrical power system.

Transformer dealing with the issue of inrush current, thermal overload, etc. So, in this paper,
all technologies and protection schemes of the transformer are mentioned. The transformer is
an extravagant and imperative unit that needs appropriate protection from abnormal
conditions. Due to its moderately simple construction, it is exceptionally dependable
equipment. This reliability, but, requires appropriate design methodologies, annual
overhauling, and different protection schemes for different possible problems. The main
objective of transformer protection is to sense faults in the protective zone with affectability,
yet additionally with a serious level of resistance.

The method of protection for the transformers changes relying upon the application and the
significance of the transformer. Transformers are protected mainly towards fault and overload
circumstances. Good protection schemes can give stability, reliability, and security to the
power system. [1] The primary purpose of this paper is to present various methodologies of
transformer protection.

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CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY
[1].Kevel B Trivedi, Dr. Chirag Vibhakar, Prof. Ravi Sardhara, “Differential protection
of transformer using Arduino with GSM and voice alert”, V.V.P. Engineering College,
Rajkot, 2017 IJNRD

This paper presents a practical approach to enhancing transformer protection using modern
low-cost technology. The authors design and implement a differential protection scheme for
transformers based on Arduino microcontrollers. The system detects abnormal current
differences between the primary and secondary sides of the transformer, which can indicate
internal faults like winding short circuits. Upon detecting a fault, the system activates a GSM
module to send real-time SMS alerts and also triggers a voice-based alarm for immediate
local warning. The integration of GSM communication and voice alerts provides an effective
method for quick fault detection and notification, helping to prevent severe transformer
damage and ensuring quicker maintenance response. The project emphasizes affordability,
reliability, and ease of implementation, making it suitable for widespread use in small- to
medium-scale power systems.

[2] Rashmi Ashok Panherkar and Prajakta Vaidya., “Transformer parameter monitor
using GSM module”, 2017 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology
(IRJET).

This paper discusses the design and development of a transformer monitoring system that
utilizes GSM technology to enhance real-time supervision. The proposed system
continuously measures key transformer parameters such as temperature, oil level, and load
current. Using a GSM module, it transmits these critical data points via SMS to maintenance
personnel, allowing for remote monitoring without the need for constant on-site inspections.
The goal is to detect early signs of faults or abnormal conditions, helping to prevent major
transformer failures and improving overall system reliability. The solution is designed to be
cost-effective, easy to implement, and particularly useful in rural or remote areas where
manual monitoring is challenging.

[3].S. Bharathidasan1& N. Balamurugan., “Automatic transformer cooling system

using PLC”, 2019 AJES.

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This paper presents the design and implementation of an automatic cooling system for
transformers using Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) technology. The system monitors
the transformer's temperature in real-time and automatically controls cooling mechanisms
such as fans and pumps based on preset temperature thresholds. By automating the cooling
process, the system ensures optimal transformer operation, prevents overheating, and extends
the life of the equipment. The authors highlight the advantages of using PLCs, such as high
reliability, fast response, flexibility in programming, and ease of maintenance. The proposed
method is particularly suitable for improving efficiency and reducing manual intervention in
large-scale power distribution and industrial setups.

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CHAPTER-03
METHODOLOGY

The main working principle behind transformer protection in this study is continuous
monitoring of critical parameters (current, voltage, temperature) and automatic fault detection
and isolation using different hardware and control systems.

Different Protection Schemes of Transformer:

3.1 Thermal Overload Protection

The overheating in a transformer is fundamental because of the overloads and short circuits.
In a thermal overload protection system, if the temperature of the transformer is ascended
past the safe value, the transformer is isolated from the system. It is completed by the
inclusion of the manipulate circuit inside the secondary winding. This embedded circuit
detects the temperature of the transformer and disengaged the system from the secondary
winding. This control circuit again faculties the temperature of the transformer and on the off
chance that the temperature is normal then these circuits will associate the transformer to the
system. In this kind of overload protection, the working of the control circuit is programmed.
The action that takes place in the control circuit depends on the temperature of the
transformer. As demonstrated in the figure. 1 the protection system is associated with the
secondary winding of the transformer. The primary winding of the transformer is delta
connected and the auxiliary winding is star connected. The protection system is associated
with the neutral point of the auxiliary winding. The auxiliary winding is associated with the
three-phase contactor and this contactor is associated with the bimetallic switch. In these
kinds of a switch, the bimetallic strip is to change over a temperature change into mechanical
dislodging. The temperature is observed by this bimetallic switch. At the point when the
temperature of the transformer is raised the bimetallic switch observes the temperature and
changes its position. The switch is associated with the contractor. At this point, the switch
opens the contactor’s contact. Whilst the contacts are open the auxiliary winding of the
transformer is open and the system is isolated from the transformer.

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Fig -1: When transformer is overloaded.

Under normal working conditions, the contactor is connected and the transformer is associate
with the system. This is an automatic kind of protection for an overload condition.

Fig -2: When transformer is normal condition

3.2 Transformer Protection Using Differential Relay

A differential relay is a state that the relay working whiles the phase angular of two or extra
identical electric values exceeds a set value. The differential relay function on the concept of
differentiating with the phase angle and value of two or extra similar electrical values.
Differentiate two electric values in a circuit by utilizing differential relays is easy in utility
and high quality in action. Perhaps the best technique for protection to protect transformers is
the Differential protection approach with the aid of the use of differential relay circuits. This
method is primarily based on the standard that the power fed to the transformer under typical
conditions is equivalent to the power out. By legitimate association of the secondary’s of
current transformers (CT), under typical conditions, no current will stream into the relay coil.

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Whenever a fault takes place the current equilibrium will not exist and relay contacts will
close and fed a trip signal to Circuit Breakers (CB) to work to isolate the faulty equipment .
As shown in the figure. 3, the association of overcurrent relay. The dashed line shows the
segment which is utilized to be protected. The current transformer is associated at both ends
of the protection area. The auxiliary of the two transformers is associated in arrangement with
the assistance of the pilot wire. Consequently, the current actuates in the CTs flow in the
same direction. The working coil of the relay is connected at the auxiliary of the CTs.

Fig -3: Differential Protection of transformer.

In the typical working condition, the magnitude of current in the auxiliary of the CTs stays
the same. The zero current flows via the operating coil. On the incidence of the fault, the
extent of the current on the secondary CTs becomes inconsistent due to which the relay
begins working. Then, the relay fed the signal to the circuit breaker.

3.3 Monitoring & Controlling of Transformer Using GSM Module

Protection of transformer is very critical in addition to monitoring & controlling additionally

significant for the transformer. Numerous transformers are damaged because of overload or
fault conditions, henceforth by joining monitoring & controlling the life span of the
transformer may be elevated.

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Fig -4: Monitoring & Controlling of Transformer Using GSM Module

The online monitoring system includes an embedded system, GSM modem, portable-users,
and GSM networks and sensors attached at transformer site Sensors are set up on the
transformer side which peruses and measures the physical amount from the distribution
transformer and afterward it changes over it into the analog signal. The embedded module is
situated at the transformer site. It is used to procure measure, monitor, transmit and receive
the parameters to/ from the GSM modem. The second is the GSM module. It is the
connection between the embedded system and the general public GSM organization. The
third is a utility module that has a PCbased -server situated at the utility control center. The
server is linked with the GSM modem and collect SMS from the transformer site through the
GSM

3.4 Transformer Protection Using Arduino

Arduino is an open-source electronics stage that depends on simple to utilize equipment and
programming. Arduino boards are capable of examine inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a
button, or a message – and convert it into an output - initiating a motor, switch on an LED,
distributing something on the web. Arduino comprises of both an actual programmable
circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller) and a bit of programming, or IDE
(Integrated Development Environment) that runs to your pc, utilized to compose and transfer
pc code to the actual board. By programming, in Arduino, we can defend the transformer
from fault. Writing computer programs is very productive than differential relay mechanisms,
so it is smarter to utilized Arduino rather than a differential relay. The operating of the
transformer is proven with the aid of Arduino each time. It monitors the state of the

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transformer every second. Assuming it observed any fault then it sends instructions to the
circuit breakers to isolate the primary potential transformer. So it is the proficient and best
technique to ensure the transformers under faulty conditions.

Fig -5: Differential Protection of transformer.

The above figure shows the differential protection of the transformer utilizing Arduino
associate with a voice signal. Arduino is the fundamental part of this circuit. Arduino
differentiates the currents in both primary and secondary winding. Two rectifiers are utilizing
in this circuit to change over the AC voltage into DC voltage for the Arduino. Both current
transformers are likewise given on both the main and auxiliary sides to tap the currents on
both sides and to give adjusted voltage to the rectifier circuits. One relay circuit is associate
with the Arduino. A relay circuit is utilized to provide the command to the voice circuit, and
afterward, this voice circuit produces a voice signal. Under typical working conditions,
currents on each primary and secondary side are the same. Thus, the reasonable voltages
produced by the current transformers on the primary and auxiliary sides are equal. These two
voltages will provide to the Arduino. The decent voltages produced by current transformers
are rectified via the rectifiers in the circuit. Under typical working conditions, these voltages
will be equal in magnitude and the difference is null. Thus, the Arduino offers no command
to the relay. When a fault takes place within the transformer the currents visible employing
the CT on the primary and auxiliary side differs via equal amount. Accordingly, the voltage
detected by the Arduino from the essential and auxiliary sides contrasts. As there is a
distinction in the voltage detected by the Arduino i.e., contrast isn’t zero. Arduino fed a
signal to the relay. When the relay is activated via the Arduino the relay will turn on the voice
circuit. The voice circuit will deliver yield predefined voice as an alarm to the administrator.
After three consecutive voice alarms Arduino will provide an isolated sign to the relay board

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and which is associate in arrangement with the delivery will open its contacts as a
consequence the supply to the hardware arrangement will be disengaged.

3.5 Transformer Protection Using Fuzzy Set Approach

The Fuzzy Set principle idea is first off based by Zadeh scientist in 1965 for managing
questionable and vague properties of occasions. Also, for power system protection fuzzy set
idea was first and foremost utilized in 1979. In like manner, the fuzzy set principle can be
considered speculation of the standard set principles. In the fuzzy set principle, the
relationship of the component can be constantly modified. Since fuzzy logic utilized heuristic
knowledge, expert information, and experience, it’s miles a totally useful mathematical
medium to tackle decisionmaking hassle. So it’s far a completely effective weapon to
communicate quantitatively unsure values and the connection between them. The transformer
is a crucial factor in the electrical power system. To amplify the fault identification
affectability of conventional percentage differential current relay calculation, fuzzy logic
techniques are utilized. The fuzzy derivation is a strategy that settles a choice in parallel. Due
to these assets, there’s no statistics destruction at some point of the method and so resultant
fault identification will be far unique than that of conventional relaying strategies. Fuzzy
logic utilized phonetic factors as opposed to mathematical factors. The way toward changing
over a mathematical variable into a semantic variable (fuzzy number) is called Fuzzification.
Fuzzification plays out a remarkable part in managing dubious data, which may be unbiased
or emotional. Researchers advanced on the protection of differential power transformers after
1990 utilizing a fuzzy logic idea. The fuzzy logic method can additionally with the traditional
DGA strategy for fault identify and choice making. So this thesis additionally indicates an
improved approach for fault identification of transformer parallel with the conventional
approach. This approach offers the self-adjusting feature and this could allow in the
identification of faults within the transformer. It has been guaranteed that the strategies can
recognize incipient faults. To make extra effective a blended technique of multi-criteria,
fuzzy set and wavelet-based method were moderators by Jiao et al. This article sums up a
fuzzybased algorithm consisting of flux-differential current spinoff curve, harmonic
limitation, and percentage differential feature curve.

3.6 Transformer Protection Using Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)

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A programmable logic controller (PLC) is an industrial virtual computer that has been tough
and adjusted for the manipulate of production approaches, for example, sequential
construction systems, robotization, or automated devices, or any action that calls for more
reliability manipulate and simplicity of command and process fault analysis. These
controllers are in particular designed to continue to exist in harsh conditions and protected
from warmth, cold, residue, and dampness, and so forth PLC includes a microprocessor that’s
programmed using the pc language. The program is composed on a pc and is downloaded to
the PLC through cable. These stacked commands are stored in the permanent storage of the
PLC. Because of the wide scope of PLC robotization, the different sorts of shortcomings in
the power transformer can be diagnosed and analyzed by utilizing a PLC device. As shown in
the figure. 6, the fault sense and protection of the transformer utilizing a PLC system. In this
framework, three sensors are utilized. One sensor is utilized for the relay circuit, another one
for the transformer, and the third one is utilized for temperature detecting.

Fig -5: Transformer Protection using PLC.

All the sensors detect the fault and provide a signal to the PLC system. This PLC system fed
a command to the relay. At the point when the PLC perceives any increment or abatement in
the magnitude of voltage, current, or temperature esteems the unit has been caused closure to
keep away it from additional harm with the assistance of relay.

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CHAPTER-4
HARDWARE DESCRIPTION
The protection techniques for transformers reviewed in this study involve several important
hardware components, including:

1. Transformer: The primary equipment under protection. Transfers electrical energy

between circuits, requiring protection against overheating, short circuits, overloads, and
internal faults.

2. Current Transformers (CTs) and Potential Transformers (PTs): CTs measure the
current on both the primary and secondary sides for differential protection. PTs are used for
measuring and monitoring voltages. They provide scaled-down signals suitable for
monitoring and control devices.

3. Bimetallic Thermal Switch: Used for thermal overload protection. Detects overheating by
bending due to temperature rise and triggers disconnect circuits.

4. Differential Relays: Used for internal fault detection. Operate based on the difference
between primary and secondary currents measured through CTs.

5. Arduino Microcontroller: Used for automatic monitoring and protection. Receives input
from sensors (current, voltage, temperature), processes it, and controls relays for isolation and
alarms.

6. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC): Industrial digital computer used to monitor

transformer parameters and control relays based on programmed logic. Highly reliable and
suitable for automation and harsh environments.

7. GSM Module: Used for remote communication. Sends SMS alerts to maintenance
personnel when faults or abnormal conditions are detected.

8. Relay Circuits: Electromechanical or solid-state switches controlled by Arduino or PLCs

to trip circuit breakers or initiate alarms based on fault signals.

9. Voice Alert Circuit (Optional in Arduino Systems): Provides audio alarms during fault
detection for quick human response.

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10. Sensors: Temperature sensors, voltage sensors, and current sensors are connected to
Arduino or PLC systems to monitor operational parameters in real-time.

11. Rectifiers and Power Supply Units: Convert AC to DC for powering control circuits
like Arduino, PLC, GSM modules, and relays.

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CHAPTER-5
RESULT AND ANALYSIS

Result and Analysis:

 Thermal Overload Protection ensures simple, automatic transformer isolation under

overtemperature conditions, but may not detect electrical faults.
 Differential Protection Using Relays is highly reliable and fast for internal faults but
can be affected by external disturbances and CT mismatches.
 GSM-based Monitoring Systems enable remote supervision of transformer health,
providing quick fault alerts via SMS.
 Arduino-based Systems offer a programmable, intelligent, and cost-effective solution
for monitoring and automatic fault isolation compared to traditional methods.
 Fuzzy Logic Controllers enhance sensitivity and decision-making under uncertain
fault conditions compared to conventional threshold-based relays.
 PLC-based Protection enables automation and real-time monitoring of transformer
parameters, improving the reliability and lifespan of transformers.

Overall, combining advanced electronics (Arduino, PLC, GSM, fuzzy logic) with traditional
protection relays results in a more efficient, intelligent, and reliable protection system for
modern transformers.

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CHAPTER -6

ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

ADVANTAGES:

1. Thermal Overload Protection:

 Simple and automatic operation (no manual intervention required).

 Cost-effective solution for basic transformer overheating [Link] for long-
term operation under thermal stress conditions.

2. Differential Relay Protection:

 Highly sensitive to internal faults within the transformer.

 Fast tripping during fault conditions, minimizing damage.
 Selective protection (only trips during internal faults, ignores external faults).

3. GSM-Based Monitoring and Controlling:

 Remote monitoring reduces the need for constant physical inspection.

 Instant fault notifications via SMS to maintenance personnel.
 Enhances system reliability by allowing faster corrective action.

4. Arduino-Based Protection:

 Low-cost and flexible compared to traditional relay systems.

 Easy to program and modify protection logic.
 Real-time monitoring and intelligent fault handling (e.g., voice alerts, automatic
tripping).

5. Fuzzy Logic-Based Protection:

 Better decision-making under uncertain conditions (e.g., incipient faults).

 Higher fault detection accuracy compared to traditional threshold-based methods.
 Self-adjusting capabilities allow it to adapt to varying operating conditions.

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6. PLC-Based Protection:

 Highly reliable for industrial environments (can withstand heat, dust, and vibration).
 Multifunctional (can monitor, protect, control, and log data simultaneously).
 Automation-ready, making transformers part of smart grids or smart substations.

DISADVANTAGES:

1. Thermal Overload Protection:

 Only detects overheating, not electrical faults like short circuits or earth faults.
 Slow response compared to electrical fault detection methods.
 Limited to temperature protection; cannot protect against all fault types.

2. Differential Relay Protection:

 Expensive installation due to multiple CTs and relay setups.

 Sensitive to external disturbances (CT saturation, external faults, magnetizing inrush
currents) — may cause unwanted tripping.
 Requires proper CT matching and calibration for accurate protection.

3. GSM-Based Monitoring and Controlling:

 Depends on mobile network availability — GSM failure can delay fault reporting.
 Limited bandwidth — cannot transmit large or continuous data (only SMS alerts).
 Security risks if unauthorized access to the GSM system is not properly managed.

4. Arduino-Based Protection:

 Not industrial grade — Arduino boards are not rugged enough for very harsh or high-
voltage environments unless specially designed.
 Limited input/output capacity compared to PLCs.
 Requires additional shielding and protection circuits when interfaced with high-power
devices.

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5. Fuzzy Logic-Based Protection:

 Complexity in design — creating accurate fuzzy rules and membership functions can
be difficult.
 Requires expert knowledge to define the fuzzy logic control parameters.
 Higher initial development effort compared to conventional relay settings.

6. PLC-Based Protection:

 Higher cost for small or simple transformer systems.

 Programming complexity — skilled programmers are needed for setup and
maintenance.
 Hardware upgrades may be required when scaling up to handle more transformers or
advanced monitoring features.

APPLICATIONS:

1. Thermal Overload Protection:

 Used in distribution transformers to protect against overheating due to overloads.

 Suitable for residential and commercial power distribution systems.

2. Differential Relay Protection:

 Essential for power transformers in substations and grid stations.

 Used for critical industrial transformers where internal fault detection must be quick
and accurate.
 Suitable for generator-transformer units in power plants.

3. GSM-Based Monitoring and Controlling:

 Remote monitoring of transformers located in isolated or rural areas.

 Useful for small substations and solar/wind power farms where physical monitoring is
difficult.
 Helps utility companies receive real-time fault alerts without visiting the transformer
location.

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4. Arduino-Based Protection:

 Ideal for small-scale industrial transformers and educational/training models.

 Useful for low-budget or customized monitoring systems.
 for pilot projects and academic research.

5. Fuzzy Logic-Based Protection:

 Applied in smart grid systems for intelligent fault diagnosis.

 Used in high-value transformers where sensitive and adaptive protection is necessary.
 Suitable for early fault detection systems in critical infrastructure (airports, hospitals,
data centers).

6. PLC-Based Protection:

 Commonly used in large-scale industrial plants for automated transformer control and
protection.
 Applied in SCADA-controlled substations for continuous monitoring and automatic
fault clearing.
 Suitable for power utilities to manage multiple transformers centrally.

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CONCLUSION
In this paper distinctive kinds of techniques for the transformer, protection is mentioned, &
controlling and observing of transformer is also likewise talked about. In this paper, five
techniques of transformer protection are talked about like transformer protection by utilizing
thermal overload protection using a bimetallic switch, differential relay, Arduino, Fuzzy
logic, and PLC systems. Initially, thermal overload protection portrays the protection
techniques of the transformer from the overheating of the transformer. The advantage of this
technique is, it is miles automated protection approach no manual operation is required. The
second is transformer protection by utilizing Arduino.

This protection conspires works proficiently. The affectability and dependability of this
technique are exceptionally high for faulty conditions. In the future, this work can likewise be
expanded by utilizing PLC. The third is transformer protection using PLC. PLC is utilized to
control and observed the magnitude of temperature degree, current, and voltage of the
transformer. PLC system makes the transformer stronger against different issues. This
technique makes the transformer more dependable, protected, and effective. Fourth is
transformer protection utilizing a differential relay.

This is the best technique to protect the transformer from fault. This relay has the unique
benefit of lessening the hour of activity to a minimum for faults near the source wherein the
fault current is the more. More exploration in fault evaluation and relay will bring about
better execution in transformer protection. If circuit counter and GSM circuit, IoT, SCADA
with PLC are associated then we will observe the transformer from a remote location.

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FUTURE SCOPE

1. Integration with IoT and SCADA: Future systems can combine Internet of Things (IoT)
and SCADA technologies with transformer protection. This will enable real-time remote
monitoring, fault detection, and control from any location, increasing system reliability.

2. Advanced GSM and Cloud-Based Monitoring: Upgrading GSM-based monitoring to

cloud-based platforms can allow data storage, trend analysis, predictive maintenance, and
mobile app alerts.

3. Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning: Use of AI/ML algorithms to predict faults
based on historical and real-time data can greatly enhance transformer protection and
minimize downtime.

4. Enhanced Fuzzy Logic and Hybrid Techniques: Combining fuzzy logic with other
intelligent methods like neural networks or wavelet transforms for even more accurate and
faster fault identification.

5. Smart PLC and Embedded Systems: Next-generation PLCs and high-speed

microcontrollers can process fault information faster and handle more complex protection
logic.

6. Voice and Visual Alerts: Development of multimedia alert systems like voice
announcements, SMS, email, and visual alarms in control rooms to enhance operator
response.

7. Energy Efficiency and Self-Healing Networks: Future protection systems may help
transformers become part of smart grids with self-healing capabilities, automatically re-
routing power and isolating faults without manual intervention.

8. Cost Reduction and Compact Systems: By using low-cost embedded hardware

(Arduino, Raspberry Pi) and compact sensor units, future designs can be made economical
and scalable for rural and urban networks alike.

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REFERENCES
[1] Kevel B Trivedi, Dr. Chirag Vibhakar, Prof. Ravi Sardhara, ―Differential protection of
transformer using Arduino with GSM and voice alert‖, V.V.P. Engineering College, Rajkot,
2017 IJNRD.

[2] Chetan S. Patil, Prashant A. Gite, Pooja B. Pawar, ―Thermal overload protection of
distribution transformer‖, UCOER, Pune, 2014 IJEDR PP 55-58.

[3] Adel Aktaibi and M. Aziur Rahman., ―Digital differential protection of power transformer
using Matlab‖ Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada. 2012 MATLAB – A
Fundamental Tool for Scientific Computing and Engineering Applications – Volume 1.

[4] Rashmi Ashok Panherkar and Prajakta Vaidya., ―Transformer parameter monitor using
GSM module‖, 2017 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET).

[5] K. Ramesh, M. Sushama, "Power Transformer Protection using Fuzzy Logic Based-
Relaying", International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering, 2014

[6] S. Bharathidasan1& N. Balamurugan., ―Automatic transformer cooling system using

PLC‖, 2019 AJES.

[7] L. A. Bryan, E. A. Bryan, Programmable Controllers: theory and implementation,

Industrial Text Company, 1997.

[8] Electric Power Transformer Engineering, Third Edition (The Electric Power Engineering
Handbook) by James H. Harlow Hardcover.

[9] Indera ARIFIANTO, Bambang CAHYONO, ―Power transformer cooling system

optimization,‖ Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Properties and
Applications of Dielectric Materials July 19-23, 009, H2arbin, China.

[10] B. Kasztenny and E. Rosolowski, ―A self-organizing fuzzy logic based protective relay
an application to power transformer protection,‖ IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, July 1997

[11] Dr. Abbas H. Abbas, ―Power Transformer protection by using Fuzzy Logic‖, University
of Basrah, Iraq, 2009 IEEE

[12] M. Gomez-Morante and D. W. Nicoletti, "A waveletbased differential transformer

protection," IEEE Trans. on PWRD, October 1999

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