X-ray machine
This presentation talk about
X-ray machine Components
Function of each component
Radiation production
Types of X-ray machine
X-Ray Machine either:
1. Fixed
Wall mounted
Ceiling mounted
Types of X-ray machine
2. Mobile
Types of X-ray machine
3. Portable
X-ray machine components
All X-ray machines consist of:
1. Head
X-ray machine components
2. Extension arms
X-ray machine components
3. Control panel and circuitry
Head of X-ray machine
It consists of:
1. Tube
2. Accessories
3. Housing metal and Oil
X-ray tube
The major components of the modern X-ray
tube are:
1. glass/metal envelope (vacuum tube)
2. cathode (electron source)
3. anode (acceleration potential)
4. target device
X-ray tube
X-ray tube
Glass/metal envelope (vacuum tube)
The tube is evacuated for two reasons:
1. To prevent collision of the moving electrons with
the molecules of air .
2. To prevent oxidation and burn out of the
filaments .
X-ray tube
Cathode;- It is the negative electrode of the
tube, which serves as the source of electrons .
It consists of two parts:
1. Filament.
2. Focusing cup.
X-ray tube
Filament;- It is a coil made of tungsten, which is
2mm in diameter and 1cm or less in length.
Tungsten is used because:
1. It has a very high melting point to withstand the
high temperature accompanied with the
process of X-ray production.
2. It has a high atomic number (high number of
electrons).
X-ray tube
Focusing cup:- It is a concave reflector cup
made of molybdenum, to focusing the electrons
toward the target.
Anode:- It consisting of two main parts
1. Target.
2. Copper head.
X-ray tube
Target:- It made up of tungsten due to:
1. It has a high melting point.
2. It has a very high atomic number (large number
of electrons).
Copper head:- Ii is a good thermal conductor so
it allows proper dissipation of heat which
accompanies the process of X-ray production.
X-ray tube
Accessories
Filters
Collimator
Cones, Position identifying device (PID)
Accessories
Filters:- A thin sheet of pure aluminum placed in
the way of the X-ray beam to remove harmful
low energy (longer wavelength) x-rays.
The thickness of the filters varies according to
the Kvp of the machine being used,
2mm Al thickness below 70Kvp
2.5mm over 70Kvp.
Accessories
Types of filters
1. Added filters
2. Inherent filters
3. Total filters
filter
filter
Accessories
Collimator:- A metal disc or cylinder with central
aperture made from lead designed to shape
and limit the beam size just to cover the film.
Types of collimators
1. Diaphragm collimator
2. Tubular collimator
3. Rectangular collimators
Accessories
Cones, Position identifying device (PID)
It is a device used to:
1. Identify the point of the entry
2. Fix the target film distance
It may be:
1. Plastic
2. Glass
3. Metal (lead)
cone
It may be:
1. Opened end
2. Pointed end
It may be:
1. short one 8”
2. long one 16”
Control panel
Control panel
The mains on/off switch and warning light.
The timer, of which there are three main types:
1. Automatic (electronic)
2. Manual (clockwork)
Control panel
Automatic timers
Control panel
Manual (clockwork)
Circuitry
Step-up transformer:- Step-up transformer is required
to increase the main voltage (220v) to the high
voltage (70 kV).
Step-down transformer:- Step-down transformer is
required to decrease the main voltage (220v) to the
low voltage required to heat the filament (10-12v).
Sequence of X-rays production:
The filament is electrically heated and a cloud of
electrons is produced around the filament.
The high-voltage (potential difference) across the
tube accelerates the electrons at very high speed
towards the anode.
The focusing device aims the electron stream at the
focal spot on the target.
The electrons bombard the target and are brought
suddenly to rest.
Sequence of X-rays production:
The energy lost by the electrons is transferred into
heat (about 99%) and X-rays (about 1%).
The heat produced is removed and dissipated by
the copper block and the surrounding oil.
The X-rays are emitted in all directions from the
target.
Those emitted through the small window in the lead
casing constitute the beam used for diagnostic
purposes.
Image receptors
(Dental X-ray films)
Types of image receptors
Direct-action or non-screen film:- This type of film is
sensitive primarily to X-ray photons.
Indirect-action or screen film it is used in
combination with intensifying screens in a cassette.
Digital film
Direct-action or non-screen film
The contents of a film packet
1. Outer packet wrapping or envelope.
2. The film.
3. The protective black paper.
4. Lead foil sheet
Direct-action or non-screen film
The contents of a film packet
1. Outer packet wrapping or envelope:
It is a soft plastic wrapper to protect the film
completely from the light and saliva.
It has two sides; white smooth side (tube side), which
has a raised bump on one corner, corresponds to
the identification dot on the film.
The other side (the label side) has a flap used to
open the film packet during processing.
The contents of a film packet
2. The film
It is a thin, transparent sheet of plastic material
coated on both sides with an emulsion sensitive to
radiation and light .
The packet may contain one or two films.
At one of the film corners there is a small raised dot
(identification dot). It used after film processing to
distinguish between the left and right side of the
patient mouth during reading of radiograph
(interpretation).
The film
The X-ray film basically consists of four components:
Film base;
Adhesive layer
Film emulsion
Protective layer
The film
Film base;
A flexible piece of plastic, about 0.008 inches thick
to provide the desired degree of stiffness and
flatness for handling.
It is transparent and has a slight blue tint to make it
easier to visualize the image.
Film base serve as a stable support for the emulsion .
The film
Adhesive layer
It is a thin layer of adhesive material to act as
attachment between the base and emulsion from
both sides.
The film
Film emulsion
This is the most important constituent of the film .
It is a homogeneous mixture of gelatin and silver halide
crystals coated on both sides of the film base to provide
maximum speed to the film (sensitivity.)
Gelatin is used to suspend and evenly disperse the silver
halide crystals .
Halide crystal is a chemical compound that is sensitive to
radiation or light.
The halides used in a dental X-ray film are silver bromide
and to a lesser extent silver iodide.
The film
Protective layer
It is a thin, transparent, clear layer of gelatin
covers the emulsion to protect it from
mechanical damage.
The contents of a film packet
3. The protective black paper:
Are two black papers enclose the film between
them and further protect it from light.
The contents of a film packet
4. Lead foil sheet
Placed back to the film away from the smooth
side of the film packet (back side).
Its function is to absorb the back scattered
radiation and thus protects the film from
fogging.
It also adds to the rigidity of the film packets.
Direct-action or non-screen film
Indirect-action or screen film
The silver halide emulsion is designed to be
sensitive primarily to light rather than X-rays.
Different emulsions are manufactured which are
sensitive to the different colours of light emitted
by different types of intensifying screens
There is no orientation dot embossed in the film
so some form of additional identification is
required
Indirect-action or screen film
Intensifying screens
Intensifying screens consist of fluorescent
phosphors, which emit light when excited by X-
rays, embedded in a plastic matrix.
Indirect-action or screen film
Action
Two intensifying screens are used — one in front of
the film and the other at the back. The front screen
absorbs the low-energy X-ray photons and the back
screen absorbs the high-energy photons
One X-ray photon will produce many light photons
which will affect a relatively large area of film
emulsion.
the amount of radiation needed to expose the film
is reduced but at the cost of fine detail; resolution is
decreased
Indirect-action or screen film
Indirect-action or screen film
Cassettes
Cassettes are made in a variety of
shapes and sizes for different projections.
It Hold intensifying screens in tight
contact with film and may be Rigid
(metal) or soft (vinyl).
Digital imaging
Digital images are acquired either;
1. Directly using a sensor or imaging plate replacing
conventional film or
2. Indirectly by scanning and digitizing a film-
captured image.
Digital imaging
Digital imaging
Direct digital imaging systems are divided into two types:
Real time or corded
Photostimulable phosphor storage plate or cordless.
Digital imaging
Real-time or corded systems
These systems employ conventional X-ray-generating
equipment but conventional film is replaced sensor
which is connected to the computer via a cable (or
cord).
The X-ray photons that reach the sensor are converted
to light, by an intensifying screen, which is picked by the
sensor and converted into an electrical charge which,
once relayed to the computer, produces digital image
on the monitor (hence the term real time).
Digital imaging
Digital imaging
Photostimulable phosphor imaging or cordless systems
These systems employ re-usable photostimulable
phosphor imaging plates (PSPP) instead of film.
The plates contain a layer of barium fluorohalide
Phosphor.
The phosphor layer absorbs and stores the X-ray energy
that has not been attenuated by the patient.
The image plate is then placed in a reader where it is
scanned by a laser beam.
Digital imaging
Digital imaging
Advantages of digital over conventional film-based
radiography
1. Lower dose of radiation
2. No need for conventional processing,
3. Easy storage and archiving of patient information
4. Easy transfer of images electronically
5. Image enhancement.