2-1 Midpoint of a Line Segment Name: ____________________

Midpoint is a point that divides a line segment into two equal line segments.

Plot each pair of points on the set of axis and then find the midpoint of each line
segment by using your ruler (or using common sense).

By looking at the pattern, try to find a formula that calculates the midpoint of a line
segment by just using the coordinates of the end points. Place this formula in the last
cell of the table.

Points Points Midpoint (M)

A(0. 0) B(8, 10) M AB =

C(2, 2) D(8, 4) M CD =

E(–8, 4) F(2, –6) M EF =

G(–3, –5) H(–5, 7) M GH =

P( x1, y1 ) Q( x2 , y2 ) M PQ =

Each coordinate of the midpoint of a line segment is the

mean of the corresponding coordinates of the endpoints.

It also can be found by adding half of the run and half of

the rise to the coordinates of the first endpoint.

The midpoint of a line segment with endpoints A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 ) has coordinates

æ x + x y + y2 ö
M AB = ç 1 2 , 1 ÷
è 2 2 ø

Page 1 of 25
Example 1:
Determine the coordinates of the midpoint, M, of the
line segment with endpoints A(–2, –3) and B(4, 7).

Example 2:
The point J(–7, –4) lies on the circumference of a circle.
The centre of the circle is given by point K(–4, 3). If the
diameter of this circle passes through both points J and
K, determine the other endpoint of the diameter L.

Example 3:
æ 1 1ö
Line segment EF has an endpoint at E ç 2 , -3 ÷ . Its
è 8 4ø
æ1 1ö
midpoint is located at M ç , -1 ÷ . Determine the
è2 2ø
coordinates of endpoint F.

Page 2 of 25
2-2 Centroid, Circumcentre and Orthocentre Name: ____________________

Centroid: the point where the three median lines of a triangle intersect.
Median: a line joining a vertex of a triangle to the midpoint of the
opposite side
• Properties:
o The centroid of a physical object is its centre of mass.
o The centroid divides each of the medians in the ratio
2:1, that is AP : PL = 2 :1 .
o Each median divides the triangles into two smaller
triangles which have the same area.
o The three medians divide the triangle into six smaller
triangles which each also have the same area.
• Location:
o Centroid always lies inside the triangle.

Circumcentre: the point where the three perpendicular bisectors of a triangle intersect.
Perpendicular bisector: a line drawn perpendicular to a line
segment and dividing it into two equal parts.
• Properties:
o If a circle was drawn so that all vertices of the
triangle lie on the circle, then the centre of the
circle would be the circumcentre of the triangle.
o All the vertices of a triangle are equidistant
(same distance) from the circumcenter.
• Location:
• In an acute-angled triangle, circumcenter lies inside the triangle.
• In an obtuse-angled triangle, circumcenter lies outside of the triangle.
• In a right-angled triangle, circumcenter lies on the triangle.

Orthocentre: the point where the three altitudes of a triangle intersect.

Altitude: a line segment drawn from one vertex perpendicular to an
opposite side.
• Properties:
HD HE HF
o + + =1
AD BE CF

AH BH CH
o + + =2
AD BE CF
• Location:
• In an acute-angled triangle, orthocenter lies inside the triangle.
• In an obtuse-angled triangle, orthocenter lies outside of the triangle.
• In a right-angled triangle, orthocenter lies on the triangle.

Page 3 of 25
 Properties of Special Lines of Triangles
Special Line Diagram Properties
• Connect the vertex and the midpoint of the
opposite side
Median
• Always passes through the midpoint of a side
• Always passes through the vertex
• Is the shortest distance between the vertex and
the opposite side
Altitude • Always passes through the vertex
• Is perpendicular to the side opposite to the
selected vertex
Perpendicular • Always passes through the midpoint of a side
Bisector • Always perpendicular to the side
(Right • Does not pass through the vertex (only some
Bisector) special cases)

Centroid
The centroid of a triangle is always located __________ the triangle.

Circumcentre

For a ____________ triangle,

the circumcentre is located ______________ the triangle.

For an ____________ triangle,

the circumcentre is located ______________ the triangle.

For an ____________ triangle,

the circumcentre is located ______________ the triangle.

Page 4 of 25
Orthocentre

For a ____________ triangle,

the orthocentre is located ______________ the triangle.

For an ____________ triangle,

the orthocentre is located ______________ the triangle.

For an ____________ triangle,

the orthocentre is located ______________ the triangle.

The circumcentre, centroid and orthocentre of a triangle always lie on the same line.
This line is known as Euler’s line, names after Leonhard Euler. Euler showed that in
any triangle, the orthocenter, circumcentre, centroid are collinear. In equilateral
triangles, these three points coincide, but in any other triangle they do not, and the Euler
line is determine by any two of them. The distance from the centroid to the circumcentre
is half that from the centroid to the orthocentre.

Refer to the site [Link] for a set of

interactive triangles.
Page 5 of 25
Example 1:
Find the coordinates of the centroid of a triangular metal part with vertices at A(12, 18),
B(18, 6) and C(3, 12)
Find the equation of the Find the equation of the Find the equation of the
median from A median from B median from C
Midpoint of BC Midpoint of AC Midpoint of AB
æ x + x y + y2 ö
M BC = ç 1 2 , 1 ÷
è 2 2 ø
æ 18 + 3 6 + 12 ö
M BC = ç , ÷
è 2 2 ø
æ 21 ö
= ç ,9 ÷
è 2 ø

Slope of median from A Slope of median from B Slope of median from C

y - y1
m AM = 2
x2 - x1
9 - 18
m AM =
21
- 12
2
-9
=
3
-
2
æ 2ö
= ( -9 ) ç - ÷
è 3ø
=6

y-int of median from A y-int of median from B y-int of median from C

Sub A(12, 18) and m = 6 into

y = mx + b
18 = (6)(12) + b
18 = 72 + b
18 - 72 = b
- 54 = b
b = -54

Equation: Equation: Equation:

y = 6 x - 54

Page 6 of 25
Using the equations of the medians from A and B to find the point of intersection, centroid.

Page 7 of 25
Example 2:
Find the coordinates of the circumcentre of a triangle defined by D(5, 1), E(-2, 0) and
F(4, 8).
Find the equation of the Find the equation of the Find the equation of the
perpendicular bisector of EF perpendicular bisector of DF perpendicular bisector of DE
Midpoint of EF Midpoint of DF Midpoint of DE
æ x + x y + y2 ö
M EF = ç 1 2 , 1 ÷
è 2 2 ø
æ -2 + 4 0 + 8 ö
M EF = ç , ÷
è 2 2 ø
= (1, 4)

Slope of EF Slope of DF Slope of DE

y - y1
mEF = 2
x2 - x1
8-0
mEF =
4 - ( -2)
8
=
6
4
=
3

Slope of P.B. Slope of P.B. Slope of P.B.

3
m^ = -
4
y-int of P.B of EF y-int of P.B of DF y-int of P.B of DE

3
sub M EF = (1, 4) & m^ = -
4
into y = mx + b
æ 3ö
4 = ç - ÷ (1) + b
è 4ø
3
4= - +b
4
3
4+ =b
4
19
=b
4
19
b=
4
Equation: Equation: Equation:
3 19
y =- x+
4 4
Page 8 of 25
Using the equations of perpendicular bisectors of EF and DF to find the point of
intersection, circumcentre.

Page 9 of 25
Example 3:
Find the orthocenter of the triangle defined by P(-1, 5), Q(7, 2) and R(-1, -4).
Find the equation of the Find the equation of the Find the equation of the
altitude from P altitude from Q altitude from R
Slope of QR Slope of PR Slope of PQ

y2 - y1
mQR =
x2 - x1
-4 - 2
mQR =
-1 - 7
-6
=
-8
3
=
4

Slope of altitude Slope of altitude Slope of altitude

4
m^ = -
3

y-int of altitude y-int of altitude y-int of altitude

4
sub P( -1,5) & m^ = - into
3
y = mx + b
æ 4ö
5 = ç - ÷ ( -1) + b
è 3ø
4
5= +b
3
4
5- = b
3
11
=b
3
11
b=
3

Equation: Equation: Equation:

4 11
y =- x+
3 3

Page 10 of 25
Using the equations of altitudes from P and from Q to find the point of intersection,
orthocenter.

Page 11 of 25
2-3 Reduce Square Roots and Other Radicals Name: ____________________

Radicals, or roots, are the opposite operation of applying exponents. A power can be
undone with a radical and a radical can be undone with a power.

22 = 4 , so 4 = 2 (is read as “root 4”, “radical 4”, or “the square root of 4”)
32 = 9 , so 9 = 3 (is read as “root 9”, “radical 9”, or “the square root of 9”)

The symbol is called the radical symbol. Technically, just the check mark part of the
symbol is the radical, the line across the top is called the vinculum.

To indicate some root other than a square root, you use the same radical symbol, but
you insert a number into the radical, tucking it into the check mark part.
For example: 23 = 8 , so 3
8=2

The “3” inside the check mark is the “index” of the radical. The “8” is “the argument of
the radical”, also called “the radicand”. Since most radicals you see are square roots,
the index is not included on square roots. While “ 2 ” would be technically correct, it is
not used.

23 = 8 , so 3
8 = 2 (is read as “the cube root of 8” or “the third root of 8”)
24 = 16 , so 4 16 = 2 (is read as “the fourth root of 16”)
25 = 32 , so 5
32 = 2 (is read as “the fifth root of 32”)

Simplification of Radicals
Example 1: Simplify the following radicals
a) 144 b) 75 c) 2592 d) 3
2592

Page 12 of 25
 Simplification of Square Roots Worksheet

1. 72 6. 250

2. 80 7. 180

3. 300 8. 600

4. 200 9. 320

5. 504 10. 882

Page 13 of 25
2-4 Length of a Line Segment Name: ____________________

Example 1:
Find the distance from P(3, –5) to the origin.

Example 2:
Determine the length of the line segment joining points A(3, 1) and B(6, 9).
Express your answer as an exact solution.

The Pythagorean Theorem is used to develop the distance formula, by calculating the
straight-line distance between two points.

The distance, d, from the origin (0, 0) to any point P ( x, y ) is

d = x 2 + y 2 or OP = x 2 + y 2
The distance, d, between two points, A( x1 , y1 ) and B( x2 , y2 ) is

d = ( x2 - x1 )2 + ( y2 - y1 )2
or
AB = ( x2 - x1 )2 + ( y2 - y1 )2

Page 14 of 25
Example 3: Determine the length of each line segment.

d = ( x2 - x1 )2 + ( y2 - y1 )2 d = ( x2 - x1 )2 + ( y2 - y1 )2 d = ( x2 - x1 )2 + ( y2 - y1 )2

Example 4:
A boat’s engine fails at sea. Coast guard ships are at (44, –22) and at (16, –49), where
the first coordinate is the distance in nautical miles due east from the boat, and the
second coordinate is the distance due south from the boat. If the boat is at the origin,
which Coast Guard ship is closer to it?

Note: A nautical mile (nm) is a unit of distance used in navigation. One nautical mile
equals 1852 m. It is longer than a standard mile because it takes the curvature of the
Earth into account.

Page 15 of 25
Example 5:
An airplane at coordinates (150, 136), which is heading for Sudbury (0, 0), has to be
diverted because of poor weather conditions either to North Bay (85, –10) or
Timmins (–10, 155). If the airplane is carrying enough fuel to get to Sudbury, which
alternate airport would it be safe to head to?

Example 6:
Calculate the shortest distance from point A(6, 5) to the line y = 2 x + 3 .

The shortest distance between a point and a line is measured on a

perpendicular line from the point to the line.

Page 16 of 25
2-5 Equation of a Circle Name: ____________________

Using the distance between 2 points formula (which is also from Pythagorean
Theorem), let’s find the equation of a circle.

If the centre of the circle is at the origin (0, 0) of the

Cartesian Plane, and (x, y) is any point that is on the
circumference of the circle, and the radius r is the distance
between those two points,

Then we can write:

Therefore, the equation of the circle with centre (0, 0) and radius r is

If the centre of the circle is at any point (h, k) of the

Cartesian Plane, and (x, y) is any point that is on the
circumference of the circle, and the radius r is the
distance between those two points,

Then we can write:

Therefore, the equation of the circle with centre (h, k) and radius r is

Page 17 of 25
Example 1: Find the equation of the circle with
1
a. centre (0, 0) and radius units b. centre (0, 0) and radius 2 units
3

c. centre (2, 4) and radius 3 units d. centre (5, 3) and radius 2 units

Example 2: Sketch the graph of the following circles.

a. x 2 + y 2 = 16 b. ( x - 2)2 + ( y - 3)2 = 16

Example 3:
Write an equation of the circle that passes through the point (–4, 3), centre (0, 0). What
are the coordinates of the other endpoint of the diameter that passes through (–4, 3)?

Page 18 of 25
Example 4:
Find the equation of a circle that has a diameter with endpoints (–8, 15) and (8, –15).

Example 5:
A ripple tank sends out circular ripples whose radius increase by 3 cm/s. Find the
equation of the circle after the tank has been operated for 10 seconds?

Example 6:
Chanelle is creating a design for vinyl flooring. She uses circles
and squares to create the design, as shown. If the equation of
the small circle is x 2 + y 2 = 16 , what are the dimensions of the
large square?

Page 19 of 25
2-6 Classifying Figures on a Coordinate Grid Name: ____________________
y - y1
Slope of a Line Segment: m = 2
x2 - x1
Slope of Parallel Lines are Equal Slope of Perpendicular Lines
are negative Reciprocals

Geometric Properties of Quadrilaterals

Shape Name Lengths Slope
Parallelogram Opposite sides are Opposite sides have
equal equal slopes
AB = DC AB ! DC
AD = BC AD ! BC

Rectangle Opposite sides are Opposite sides have

equal equal slopes
AB = DC AB ! DC
AD = BC AD ! BC

Adjacent sides have

negative reciprocal
slopes
AB ^ BC
BC ^ DC
Square All 4 sides are equal Opposite sides have
AB = BC = CD = DA equal slopes
AB ! DC
AD ! BC

Adjacent sides have

negative reciprocal
slopes AB ^ BC
BC ^ DC
Rhombus All 4 sides are equal Opposite sides have
AB = BC = CD = DA equal slopes
AB ! DC
AD ! BC

Page 20 of 25
 Geometric Properties of Triangles
Shape Name Lengths Slope
Scalene No equal sides No equal or
negative reciprocal

Isosceles 2 sides are equal No equal or

AB = AC negative reciprocal

Isosceles Right 2 sides are equal Slopes of 2 sides

AB = BC are negative
reciprocal
AB ^ BC

Equilateral All 3 sides are No equal or

equal negative reciprocal
AB = BC = CA

Example 1:
A triangle has vertices at points A(–1, –1), B(2, 0), and C(1, 3).
Determine what type of triangle is formed.
You may sketch the figure on a Cartesian Plane to have a visual.

Step 1: Find the length of all sides.

AB = BC = CA =

Step 2: Find the slope of all sides.

m AB = mBC = mCA =

Step 3: Conclusion.

Page 21 of 25
Example 2:
Determine the type of figure made by the set of vertices
A(–4, 3), B(0, 4), and C(–1, 0) and D(–5, –1).
You may sketch the figure on a Cartesian Plane.
Step 1: Find the length of all sides.
Step 2: Find the slope of all sides.
Step 3: Conclusion.

Example 3:
An engineer needs to check the “setting out” of the base of a rectangular building before
construction work on the foundation begins. Junior engineers have marked out the
corners of the building at coordinates P(6, 36), Q(–30, 9), R(–12, –15), and S(24, 12),
where each unit represents 1 m. The building is to be 45 m long and 30 m wide. Check
that the given coordinates do mark out a rectangle with dimensions 45 m x 30 m.

Page 22 of 25
 Unit 2 Analytic Geometry Review
1. Find the equation of the line though
3 3
a. the point (2, –1) with slope b. the point (–7, 2) with slope
2 4
c. the points (3, –5) and (–4, 6) d. the points (1, –2) and (3, 2)
2. Give the equation of the line parallel to 3x - y = 8 and passing through (–1, 4).
3. Give the equation of the line parallel to x - 3 y = 12 and passing through (1, –2).
1
4. Given the equation of the line perpendicular to y = - x + 3 and passing through (2, 2).
2
5. Given the equation of the line perpendicular to y = x + 5 and passing through (–1, 5).
6. Find the distance between the given two points
a. A(–6, –4) and B(–6, 4) b. M(5, 3) and N(1, –2)
7. Find the midpoint of the line segment between
a. P(–6, –4) and Q(3, 4) b. E(–5, 4) and F(6, –1)
8. Find the equation of the circle that the centre is at (0, 0) and radius is 4.
9. Find the equation of the circle that the centre is at (2, –5) and radius is 6.
10. Determine an equation for the circle that has a diameter with endpoints A(–4, 3) and
B(4, –3).
11. A line segment with one end at C(6, 5) has midpoint M (4, 2). Determine the
coordinates of the other endpoint, D.
12. The end points of the diameter of a circle are M(–2, –5) and N(–4, –3). Determine
the radius of the circle.
13. A triangle has vertices at points A(1, 1), B(–2, 0), and C(–1, –3). Determine the type
of triangle that is formed.
14. Given the ΔABC, A(3, 6), B(–2, –8) and C(–4, –2).
a. Find the midpoint M of line segment BC.
b. Find the equation of the median line from vertex A.
c. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment AM.
15. The points P(5, –3), Q(–2, 4), R(–1, 7) and S are the vertices of a parallelogram
PQRS. Find
a. the coordinates of the midpoint of diagonal PR
b. the coordinates of S
Hint: how can you use the coordinates of the midpoint of PR to help you find
the coordinates of S?
16. Find the equations of the medians of the triangle with vertex coordinates
J(2, 5), K(4, –1), and L(–2, –5).
17. Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line segment with endpoints
A(–2, 0) and B(4, –4).

Page 23 of 25
 Unit 2 Analytic Geometry Review Answers
3 3 29 11 2
1. a) y = x-4 b) y = x+ c) y = - x- d) y = 2 x - 4
2 4 4 7 7
2. y = 3x + 7

1 7
3. y = x-
3 3
4. y = 2 x - 2

5. y = - x + 4

6. a) 8 b) 41
æ 3 ö æ 1 3ö
7. a) ç - , 0 ÷ b) ç , ÷
è 2 ø è2 2ø
8. x 2 + y 2 = 16

9. ( x - 2)2 + ( y + 5)2 = 36

10. x 2 + y 2 = 25

11. D(2, –1)

12. 8=2 2
13. Isosceles right Δ
11 1 6 1
14. a) M(–3, –5) b) y = x+ c) y = - x+
6 2 11 2
15. a) M(2, 2) b) S(6, 0)
1 7 11
16. From J: y = 8 x - 11 From K: y = - x From L: y = x-
4 5 5
3 7
17. y = x-
2 2

Page 24 of 25
 Unit 2 Analytic Geometry Word Problems
1. Find the equation of the circle with centre at the origin that passes through the point
(5, 12)
2. The Titanic gives out a distress signal giving its location by the grid reference (–50,
175). A freighter at (100, –400) and the steamship the Carpathia at (225, 100) hear
and respond. If the freight travels twice as fast as the Carpathia, which ship arrives
first?
3. A line segment has endpoints A(–12, –11) and B(6, 19). Find the 3 points that divide
####
𝐴𝐵 into 4 equal pieces.
4. Given points A(5, 3) and B(3, –5).
a) Show that the line segment with endpoints A(5, 3) and B(3, –5) is a chord of the
circle 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 34.
b) Find the equation of the perpendicular bisector of 𝐴𝐵 ####.
c) Show that the line in 4b) passes through the centre of the circle.
5. A is the point (6, 2) and B is a point on the y-axis. If the midpoint M of ####
𝐴𝐵 is on the x-
axis, find the coordinates of B and M.
6. Find the equation of the circle that has a diameter with the endpoints A(–3, 6) an
B(3, –6).
7. Line segment AB is trisected by points M and N, which lie on the coordinate axes. If
the coordinates of A are (12, 8), find the possible coordinates of B.
8. Find the point on the y-axis that is equidistant from the points A(–5, 2) and B(3, 4).
9. A line segment has endpoints A(–7, –3) and B(13, 4). Find the coordinates of the
!
point P that divides it in the ratio ". Check your answer by calculating the lengths of
#### and 𝑃𝐵
𝐴𝑃 #### using the distance formula.
10. A circle has centre (3, 0) and radius 5.
a) Find the equation of the circle.
b) Find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the circle and the x-axis.
11. A circle has radius √13 and passes through point A(3, 1). Find its equation if the
centre lies on the y-axis.

Answers:
1. 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 169
2. Carpathia
3. A(–12, –11), (–7.5, –3.5), (–3,4), (1.5,11.5), B(6, 19)
# #
4. b) 𝑦 = − $ 𝑥 c) Centre of the circle is (0, 0) which is also on the line 𝑦 = − $ 𝑥
5. B(0, –2) and M(3, 0).
6. 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 45
7. B(–6, –16)
8. (0, –1)
#% %
9. 𝑃 37, #&6 𝑜𝑟 𝑃 3−1, − #&6
10. a) (𝑥 − 3)2 + 𝑦2 = 25 b) (8, 0) and (–2, 0)
11. 𝑥 + (𝑦 − 3) = 13 or 𝑥 + (𝑦 + 1)2 = 13
2 2 2

Page 25 of 25