Name:
_________________________________________
AMSCO Unit 2-Ch.4 Reading Guide
Population Change: pages 75-103 Date:
Topic 2.4 Population Dynamics
Essential Question:
1. In ______ the world population reached 1 billion. Today it is around ________.
Population Change
2. What is the demographic balancing equation used for?
3. What are immigrants and emigrants?
4. The challenge for geographers is to ______________ and predict births, _________, ____________ & ________________.
Measuring the Number of Births
5. Name and describe what the two ways Geographers measure birth rate.
6. Why was the TFR for the world higher before the 1800's?
Life Expectancy/Global Population Increase
7. Define Life Expectancy.
8. In Europe most of the life expectancy is _________________
9. What is the most important factor that affects increasing life expectancy?
10. What three things can explain the drop-in infant mortality rates and increase in life expectancy rates?
Better Food Production and Nutrition
11. In the past 250 years advances in agriculture have helped increase life expectancy. What are they?
12. In the U.S. in 1800 most people farmed, today farmers make up ____ percent of the population
Advances in Public Sanitation
13. What was one of the most important advances in reducing mortality(death)?
14. Before the industrial revolution how did people dump their human waste?_____________, _____________
15. Communities began to install ___________ ______________ plants that transported clean water to the homes in the
cities.
Improvements in Healthcare
16. What three things boosted life expectancy? Describe them too.
Rate of Population Increase
17. Measurements are used to measure increases in population along with CBR
Crude Death Rate
(CDR)
Rate of Natural
Increase (RNI)
Population Doubling Time
18. Define Population Doubling time and how it is calculated.
Topic 2.5 The Demographic Transition Model
Essential Question:
The Demographic Transition Model
Birth Rate high low, falls below death
rate
Death high b/c of disease Low, sometimes
Rate and poor sanitation increases due to old
folk
Pop rapid but slowing
Change growth as birth
declines
Pop Lots of young people
Structure
Examples isolated Amazon U.S.A.
tribes
Economy subsistence urban service economy
agriculture, hunter very developed
gathers
Demographic Transition and Population Pyramids -- complete the descriptions of the stages
*Note: A Stage 1 pyramid is not listed above. Why is that? Look at the first paragraph of this section.
Policy Implications
19. A country in Stage 2 or 3 lacks...________________________________
20. A country in State 4 or 5 faces problems...___________________________________
DTM at Different Scales of Analysis
21. Is the DTM model only good to analyze at the state (country) scale?
Evaluation of the DTM
22. The DTM helps explain, __________, and _________ spatial activity and phenomena related to population increase and
____________.
23. What does the DTM assume?
Epidemiological Transition Model: what is it?
Complete the chart
Stage Description Effects on Population
[Link] & Famine Parasitic or _________ diseases, accidents,animal attacks, or human high death rate & low life
conflicts cause most ___________. Food insecurity makes ________more expectancy
common and more devastating.
2. Receding Pandemics The number of ________ (widespread diseases that affect large populations)
declines as a result of improved sanitation,nutrition, and medicine.
3. Degenerative and Infectious and _______ diseases continue to decrease, but diseases death rate stabilizes at a low level
Human Created associated with aging—such as heart disease and types of cancer— and life expectancy increases
diseases increase as people live___________.
Stage 4 is an extension of Stage 3, but the age-related _________ are put
off as ______________ procedures delay the onset of these diseases
through advanced procedures. Diseases such as Alzheimer’s and dementia
________________.
Life expectancy decreases
24. What is a criticism of the model?
25. In some regions of the world, _________ ________ of industrial pollution or exposure to ________ and ________________
has resulted in localized higher death rates that are not captured on the model.
Topic 2.6 Malthusian Theory
Essential Question:
Food Production and Population Growth
26. What is the Malthusian Theory? Was he correct?
Alternative Views
27. What is the Boserup theory? How does it contradict Maltusian's Theory?
Malthusian Theory Today
28. What do neo-Malthusians argue?
Topic 2.7 Population Policies
Essential Question:
Government Programs to Reduce Population Growth
29. Define antinatalist policies
30. What is China's One Child Policy?
31. How did gender preferences affect China?
32. What other Asian country also has gender preferences?
33. According to the WHO changing structural elements of __________ inequality by promoting equal ___________ and pay,
allowing ________ to own property, and changing attitudes about gender roles are essential to increase the
___________ value of _______.
Policies to Encourage Population Growth
34. Define pronatalist policies and provide examples
35. What is special about the city-state of Singapore?
Topic 2.8 Women and Demographic Change
Essential Question:
Changes in Fertility
36. People migrated from _______________ to ________________.
37. Define Total Fertility Rate
Role of Women in Society
38. Where did women find work?
39. The longer women stayed in school, the ___________ _________ they had.
40. As of 2010 what was the average marriage age for women in the U.S.?
Family Planning
41. The spread of family planning information and changes in technology aided people who wanted to choose the
__________ of children they had.
42. ________________ and _____________ value also shape attitudes toward having children. Some religious traditions
oppose certain forms of family planning.
Political changes
43. Women have a greater role and influence in…
Topic 2.9 Aging Populations
Essential Question:
Causes of Aging Populations
44. What are the two reasons for increasing average ages in population?
45. Improvements in ________________ and ________ have allowed for increased life expectancies.
46. Why are CBRs dropping?
Effects of Aging Populations
47. What is the difference in the average age of Japan and Iraq?
Political Impacts
48. What is the difference in old people voting and young?
Social Impacts
49. Name one social or economic impact?
Economic Impact
50. What is the economic cost?
Dependency Ratio
51. Define dependency ratio
52. What is the age group of 15-64 considered?
Geographic Perspective - Changing the perception of girls
53. Using the image from China, describe one benefit to having a girl.
54. Using the image from Jordan, describe why showing young girls reading is an effective strategy to improve the value
of girls in society?
Think as a geographer: Predicting Population change
55. How does the evidence in this chart
disprove Malthus's Theory?
56. According to the charge - the world birth
rate has _______________