ETHICS 4.
Individual must be in constant dialogue
with the community
Week 6
Feelings
Will
- An emotional state or reaction
- 90% actions are based on emotions - Moral person is endowed with an
- Instinctive intellect and will
- trained response to moral dilemma - Will is what disposes
- Intellect proposes
Emotional Decision
- Faculty of the mind associated with
1. fast decision making
2. reactive
“Strengthening of the will calls for courage which
3. subconscious
is self-affirmation in spite of non-being” – Paul
4. useful when face with immediate danger
Tilich
5. provide way of coding
6. enables final selection “purity of heart is to will one being” – S.
7. drives people to directions conflicting Kierkegaard
with self interest
Week 7
Feelings negative effect on decision making
Virtue Ethics of Aristotle
1. override rational decision making
Virtue ethics
2. quick decisions without knowing why
3. can create mistakes, biased judgement, - Concerned with understanding the good
and reckless actions as a matter of developing virtuous
4. lead to errors character
Morality “No action is done without purpose or aim
(telos)” -Aristotle
- Minimum requirements are reason and
impartiality - Asks who is the ethical person
- Provides guidance as to the sort of
Scott Rae’s 7 steps of moral reasoning
characteristics and behaviors a good
1. Gather facts person will seek to achieve
2. Determine ethical issues - Rightness or wrongness of action
3. Determine what virtues have bearing in - Goal is to determine what is essential to
the case being a well-functioning or flourishing
4. List the alternatives human person
5. Compare the alternative with the virtues - Happiness is the ultimate goal
6. Consider the consequences - Path to happiness is self-realization
7. Make a decision - Virtue is excellence
Creative Responsibility Happiness (Aristotle)
1. Involves positive human action - Final and self-sufficient end of a person
2. Creates a response
Two kinds of virtue
3. Means to choose from among many
possible fitting responses
ETHICS | By: Pama
1. Moral virtue – ability to understand,
reason, and judge well
Principal virtues and vices
2. Intellectual virtue – ones ability to
harness reason
Virtue is the golden mean (mesotes) between two
extremes; excess and deficiency.
Virtue ethics in other tradition
Confucius
- Emphasized two virtues
o Jen or ren – humaneness and
Ethical Framework – or moral standards. Set of
compassion
codes that an individual
o Li – propriety, manners, or
culture
Hinduism Natural Law – ordinance of divine wisdom, does
not depend upon the free will of God
a. Moral virtues – non-violence,
truthfulness, honesty, etc. Eternal law – all that God necessarily decrees
b. Mental virtues – calmness, self-control, from eternity
self settledness, etc
Buddhism
Natural Law
a. Intellectual virtues – right understanding
and right mindfulness, excellence of the 1. does not depend upon the free will of
mind, God
b. Moral virtues – right speech, action, and 2. same at all times
livelihood 3. emanates from God Alone
4. promulgated through the light of reason
St. Thomas Aquinas
Kant’s Theory of right
a. Faith
b. Hope Universal principle of right – an action is right if
c. Love it can coexist with everyone’s freedom
Christian Tradition Good faith or good will – exercise of a right
bearing in mind the obligation to respect the right
a. Prudence of others
b. Justice
c. Temperance Good Will
d. Fortitude - Kant’s idea of what is right or wrong
Formation of moral virtue Categorical Imperative
1. Role of practice – you become just by 1. “I never act other than so that I could will
doing just that my maxim should become a
2. Habit universal law"
2. “always treat humanity whether in your
own person or that of another, never
ETHICS | By: Pama
simply as a means but always at the same Distributing Justice – concerned with
time as an end” distribution/allotment of goods
Utilitarianism - Egalitarianism – doctrine of political
and social equality.
Original Advocates of Utilitarianism
- Capitalist and free market system – let
Jeremy Bentham (founder) and John Stuart the law demand and supply follow its
Mill course
- Socialists’ rule – “from each according
Happiness – intended pleasure and absence of to his ability, to each according to his
pain needs”
Unhappiness – pain and privation of pleasure - Taxation – government’s getting part of
what people earn to have money to spend
Utilitarianism – form of consequentialism for public services
focusing on consequences of action - Protection and preservation of public
welfare
a. Act utilitarianism – consequences of
- Property of public use – government
some act as keeping or breaking ones
has power to take
promise
b. Rule utilitarianism – if they produce
good consequences, the act or practice of
the rule would be right Taxation
Ethical – gives pleasure and happiness as a Income tax – tax on a person’s income
consequence Who are required to file income tax returns?
Unethical – gives pain and unhappiness A. Individuals
Concepts of love a. Resident citizens
b. Employees deriving purely
1. Agape – charity compensation income
2. Erotic – passionate sexual encounter c. Self-employed individuals
3. Philia – affection between friends d. Individuals deriving other non-
business, non-professional
Love as moral framework is agapeic
related income
Agape – love principle preached and lived by e. Individuals receiving purely
Jesus Christ receiving compensation from a
single employer
Social Justice – equal access to wealth, B. Non-Individuals
opportunities, and privileges. a. Corporations including
Common good – those facilities that members of partnerships
community provide to all members to fulfill a b. Domestic corporations receiving
relational obligation income from sources within and
outside the Philippines
Justice – giving what is due by doing one’s own c. Foreign corporations “ “
function (Plato) d. Estates and trusts engaged in
trade or business
Justice – Minimum demand of love (William
C. Non-Resident citizens receiving income
Luijpen)
from sources within Philippines
ETHICS | By: Pama
D. Aliens receiving income from sources
within Philippines
Taxation and ethical conduct
Top 3 Reasons why we pay taxes in the
Philippines
1. Infrastructure development (ghost
project Malala)
a. Roads and bridges
b. Communication and power
facilities
2. Education and health services
3. Peace and order
a. Funding the police force,
military, and judiciary
Tax as a social responsibility
Pluralism
- Philosophical doctrine
- Various ways to arrive at universal truths
rather than just one consistent method
- “Doctrine of Multiplicity”
- Interpretation of social diversity
Socio-Political Pluralism
- Political pluralism is present when
various unique groups hare power to
foster compromise and alliances
- Social pluralism exists when
distinctions are made between individual
values for life and collective values for
social order
- Ethical pluralism holds that there be
contradictory moral opinions and stances
that deserve respect.
o also called moral pluralism
o holds that there are multiple
moral principles that are all
correct but conflict with one
another.
o Encourages diverse culture to
thoroughly analyze their
differences
ETHICS | By: Pama