-In class quizzes pass fail
-Proposal Pass fail
-Graded on initial submission, however final submission will be regarded
What does Early Modern Europe Mean
-Europe (Mainly)
-1500-1800(approximately)
Talk about the lead up to the period
-1350-later middle ages, Time of chaos,crisis,creativity
-This period in history should not be given “The Dark Ages”
Early Modern period:
Uniform and Powerful church(Catholic church) led to heretics, which was different from the
teachings of the catholic church, this started to create religious fragmentation.
-Still believe in god but they are not catholics, protestants.
- Christian but not catholic
-Feudal society leads to states
Lords have sovereignty over an area
feudalism=a difficult concept.
-Kings fight to achieve full sovereignty of their land however this causes social upheaval.
The renaissance
The Reformation
-Religious Warfare
-counter reformation
-Seperation of church and state
-Colonization
Scientific revolution
-Political enlightenment
-Challenge to authorities
-Agricultural improvement
-Experimentation
Religious warfare
-Theirty years war
-Religious tolerance
Taxation and centralization
-Military revolution
Overseas expansion
Zero Stone game, in order for one side to gain they have to take resources from something
Slavery, Finite resources so take something from another land
-Mercantilism
-Colonolism
-Naval warfare
-Slavery
-competitive economic development
The Enlightenment
-Political revolution
-Human rights
Reading 1
CHRISTENDOM
-All christian Europeans were part of one group called Christendom.
-This entity had three dimensions, religious,political and intellectual
-Was united by the church of rome, however ended up separate after the collapse of the
roman empire finalising the separation in 1054
-Afte the fall of the roman empire, there had been expressions of feudalism in relation to
politics.
-Although people fight to restore the idea that it was one single entity.
CHRISTIANITY AND THE CHURCH.
-Chrustendom eventually became the Roman catholic church.
-Jews begrudgingly treated like outliers.
-Criticinity had introduced women into everyday life, as it appeared in multiple rituals such as
seasons changing as well as birth and death.
-Baptism,
Conformation
-Ordination,
-Extreme unction
-Confession and Mass repeated through life
-Religious festivals marked important passage of the seasons,
-many rituals could be done to prevent famine,disease or bring rain
-THE VILLAGE CHURCH ADAPTED WELL TO VILLAGE ILLITERATES
-Christianity made the only legal religion of the Roman empire
-After the church began to gain immense political power and wealth
-The Church became the biggest landowner, and started collecting tax, called the TITHE
-By later middle ages there were two types of monastic orders, such as nuns and monks
which devoted their life to prayer, while the friars or brothers, lived and worked among the
laypeople
-lived by begging for alms which also made them mendicants “Beggars”
-The power of feudal monarchies proved a threat to the pre-eminence claimed by the popes.
-Late 13th century king Phili IV of France took Pope Boniface to prison over disputes
regarding the Church's land and wealth
-He died soon after
-His successor pope Clement relocated the papacy to Avignon
-When the papacy left rome the church lost their top money maker leading them to exploit
By doing papal reservations and provisions which gave the pope the right to overrule any
choices of local priests or monks positions, which he would sell to the highest bidder.
-Pope Gregory moved the papacy back to Rome,
-Then pope Urban alienated all of the cardinals, as many called it invalid.
-Elected a new pope Clement
-Him and his supporters moved to Avignon, and the great schism lasted until 1414
-three popes at the time claimed to be the rightful ruler.
-Council of Constance claimed two true popes.
-The council having more power than the pope was called conciliarism, which was deemed
heretical in 1460.
-More people at the time had grown aware of the churches corruption and short coming due
to increased educations
-Protestant reformers in the 16th century rejected its authority and focused on scriptures;
however , they were executed as heretics.
POLITICS FEUDILISM AND FEUDAL MONARCHY
-After the collapse of the Roman empire power was executed on a very local level often by
warlords and kings with no real influence
-To gain influence over the strongmen and warlords Kings would grant them land and certain
powers,
-Feduilism represented a privatization of the king's job as defender of the land
Vassal needs protection Lord protector
- Royal Authority was often fiction and there was a power grab employed by war lords
and strong men
-THE ENDURING IMPERIAL IDEAL
-The First attempt to bing back the ROman empire was by Charlemagne,
He expanded his kingdom all into Western Europe,
-He was believed ot be so powerful that he brought the ROman empire back
-when he died in 814 his empire began to crumble,
-His kingdom had split into two sections West Franks and east Franks, which were the
embryos of France and Germany
-Their power dissipated as they tried to stretch out their rage over small cities thus running
out of resources.
-Empires had no lasting heirs to claim their empire
FEUDAL MONARCHY
-Many rules tried to tame monarchy, which ended up being called Feudal monarchy
-People wanted stability from a real strong man government, and due to the expansion of
commerce people were willing to pay taxes for this to happen.
-Thus giving France greater resources to attack.
-Roman rules ha given way to Germanic ANGLO-saxon invaders
- they were invaded by the vikings and Alfred the Great ended up founding England.
-However in 1066, Duke William of Normandy conquered it, and incorporated it into a
territory that stretched through the channel.
-DEnamark, Sweden And Norway began to merge around 1000
-when a number of chieftains established themselves as kings and people converted to
christianity.
–The Union of Kalmar brought them together in 1397 under the Danish monarch, however
this was fraught with tension until 1814 when Sweden and Denmark left.
-swedes left in the early 16th century and elected their own king.
-Although disappearing in the west the roman empire existed in the east Istanbul
-Refer to this empire as the Byzantine empire,
-became increasingly concerned with the Sassanid empire of Persia and the Muslim
Caliphate.
-14th Century the Ottoman empire was created with traces of the Byzantine empire.
-1453 ottomans arrive and lay to rest in the Roman Empire.
THE DISORDER OF THE LATER MIDDLE AGES.
-1337-1453 wars fought almost entirely in France,
-France was impacted heavily with the majority of the country turning to lawlessness, making
portions of the country terrorized by bandits.
-Affter England finally left France, they got impacted by major civil wars against the royal
family.
-And battle for the imperial crown coincided with the black death from 1348-1350
-Although peasants should have benefited from the plague, landlords artificially inflated rent
-this caused major peasant revolts across the 1400s.
-In central Europe the Roman empire was losing pieces to the Ottomans9Greece Balkans
gone)
CULTURE AND INTELLECTUAL LIFE
-Church was the only entity who wanted to preserve learning and literature.
-Schools only made for monks attached to monasteries had to expand, thus creating the first
universities.
-They benefited greatly from the work of Aristotle, who had been the most complex and
thoughtful philosopher they had ever read.
-However Aristotle was a Pagan and they needed to reconcile his work.
-Scholastism as new to way to discover something A=B B=C A=B
THE PRINTING PRESS
-The growth in demand of the printing press was the reason for the great expansion of
cultural and intellectual life in the late middle ages,
-before this books were rare and hard to come by
-by 1500 a majority of cities in Europe had a printing press,
-used to advance protestant ideals throughout Europe.
-
Lecture 2
-Religious,Avignon papacy, Great Schism
Political wars,Political changes(Next week)
Social,Black Death,rebellions(Next week)
Social structure,
Those who pray (Oratores)
The preachers,the clergy, all the way up to the pope
forbidden to shed blood
Trouble regarding their masculinity as they were not able to defend/fight
Don't have sex (celibite)
Those who fight (ballatores)
The warriors
From nobility
To protect the other two groups, clergy and peasants
Lords and their men. Fideles=faithfull Homines=men
People are tied to a lord for protection, knights are tied to a lord for service.
Very hierarchical, hard to move from the class you're born into
Vassal/vassalage, acts of homage/fealty to the lord.
King of France only has a small part of land around Paris, that means other lords have to
pay homage to the king as they recognize him as the top Banana
Lord servant relationships, example of feudalism
Fief, land who is given to warriors for the vassal to be able to provide for himself.
Subinfeedunation, a lord and their vassals creates Feudalism
Obligations(vassal to lord)
Fight in Army
Appear at court
Provide hospitality
Provide financial assistance
Obligations(Lord to Vassal)
Protection
Maintenance
Those who work (Laboratores)
Make up 90% of the population
Peasants, serfs, people who are owned as property.
Very few bread,Very few right
Kings
Lords( those who fight)
Vassals(minor versions of those who fight)
Vassals to vassals
workers
Europe in the late middle ages
-Three religions
Judaism
Christianity
Islam
Early middle ages
-CHristianity legalized 4th century
-The church got increasingly wealthy
-Donations from private people and from kings and emperors
-exercise substantial political power
Monastery of Cluny founded 909-910
-Cluniacs
To give a son to a monastery was seen as a great gift
-churches would also grant a king a divorce if she went into the monastery.
Nicolatism-clerical marriage was being demanded more from the people of the middle ages.
Through chastity priests could claim that they were better than other men.
Simony
-Purchase clerical offices, rather than work your way up, you can just buy your way into the
clergy.
Both of these reforms led to widespread confusion in the church
They highlight the problems that the church goes up against.
Avignon papacy
-sale of church offices
Sale of indulgences
Letter of indulgence>instead of doing penance
The Pope and the French king got into an argument over taxation, and he died on the spot of
shock. The French king decided he wants a new pope(Clement) that will obey his rule, so he
moves the papacy to France just across the river.
-Pope is the bishop of rome
-Papacy has become political
-Became incredibly rich, by selling offices and selling indulgences
-reducing time in purgatory is done by selling indulgences, which is how you end up in
heaven
-Purgatory is meant for you to regret your sins and repent, however this removes the
concept.
John Wycliffe
-Priests needed to be worthy
-Indulgences are useless\
-Lollards
Avignon papacy (1309-1378)
The great Schism (1378-1417)
Two popes Avignon and Rome
Councils-Conciliarism
Councils in pisa tried to depose both papes
1409 three popes
Failed miserably
Council of Constance 1414-18
Deposed all three popes
Elected a new Martin V (in 1417)
Church lost authority and credibility
Needed the holy Roman empire to come and correct this issue.
-Ideological model of society, how mediaeval people saw society.
History reading 2 15-47
Lecture September 15th
The black death,invaded europe in 1348
The great plague,
The bubonic plague,
All under the same name
Demographic disasters,
Population growth in medieval Europe,
-Famine in 1315-22, had used all land for agriculture at the time, no surplus. Created a
subsistence economy. Barely enough food, if something happens to the food supply it's a
disaster.
-1315 crops all over Europe start to fail, because of bad weather, rainy summers and cold
winters.
-”The usual kind of meat for eating were to scarce, horse meat hoarded, plump dogs stolen
and people were eating their own children”
-physical and mental population was rattled, wondering if there was perhaps a cosmic
meaning to it.
Weakened population
Background:
Trade networks.
-The plague is evidence of how connected Europe had gotten at this point.
What?
Yersinia pestis
Bacteria
O fleas jumped on ships and cloth and when cargo ships landed it spread.
Spread at 5km per day
Symptoms
-Bubonic plague, Buboes(Swelling), dealt with these by lancing which would lead to
infection.
-Dislocaterations of the skin, skin would turn black or gray.
-coughing
How many died
-⅓-½ of europes population died, regional variations.
-if you lived in the city or a trade hub you could see around 70% of your population dying.
Why so Bad,
-Weakened population due to starvation and poor hygiene
-Poor sanitary conditions in many cities
-no medical cure.
-population density of cities made it easier to spread.
Explanations for the plague
-corrupt air/poisonous fumes, volcano burst open.
-poison in wells
-wrath of god
Reactions,
Jews, severe persecutions
-repent,repent,repent, flaggelents the most extreme, traveled around Europe as a way to
atone for the sins of christian Europe.
-give up trying to please god, increase consumption (Party time!)
-priests could not explain the problem.
Consequences
-lack of faith in religious authority
-Avignon papacy(1309-1378)
-population decrease drastically
Result?
-fewer worker,
-increased wages,
-increased social mobility,
Peasant movement rebellions
-1358 The Jacquerie (France) against nobles
-1378 Clompi rebellion (Florence,Italy) ran the city
-1381 Wat Tyler's Rebellion (England)
-inaffective for the most part
Hundred Years war
-1337-1453
France V England
-take place during the plague, renaissance
Causes
-gascony area of France, Rulers of England held it, making him a vassal of the French king.
-Revolts of Flemish clothmakers, primary customers of English wools, revolt against the
people who control their supply.
French Succession
-Ome french king dead without an heir
-Nearest heir was technically the king of England
-another Frenchman offered the throne.
-lied and said the French crown cannot pass through a woman, and make King Phillip.
-England originally had no issues with the French king.
-Strict code, cult of chivalry,
Kings, members of the aristocracy maintain honor through violence.
And cultivate violence to increase that honor.
-Because of Philip's election to the crown, he did not want to force nobles for money to war,
if you wanted to compare kingdoms, you would think France would smoke them in a war.
-France
-Largets kingdom of Europe
-produced grains,wine cloth
England
-Fewer than 5 million
-saller kingdom
-smaller economy
-due to centuries of fighting England had been able to hone their skills.
-Secret weapons pikes,longbows
-France had been fighting with the same tactics from 200 years ago.
-English won first battle, then second battle at pottiers, where the king is captured.
-French got constantly raided and destroyed by the English.
-Salvation to the French army by Joan of Arc
-said she would save the town of Orleans, if English got this town the war would be over.
-they beat the English, and she was the reason
-Charles VII crowned at Rheims
-Joan is captured and sold to the English she is then burned at the stake because she was
deemed a heretic 1431.
-War turns in French favor, pushing them back to the coast
-The French use gunpowder to push the English back and gain land.
Consequences
-Curch loses authority
-The nobility weakened
-Kings gained greater control
-centralization of power
Document study, sept 17th.
-Primary sources
-Documents(Treaties, baptismal records,court records,letters)
Pictures(Maps,photographs,paintings)
Artifacts(Clothing,weapons,architecture)
-allow scholars to get as close as possible to what actually happened during the time period
they study.
-Look at different primary sources that show us a whole complete view of the time period
Secondary sources
-take other primary sources and secondary sources to bring it into one big picture.
Organization of society
-Head of state
-hiearchy
-each part dependent on others.
Body politic
-Head of state
-hhiearchy
-Each part dependent on others
-introduction to middle class (townspeople)
-King will seek out these rich middle class people to try and move them, they are crucially
important.
Household
-economic and social units, economically each kid would work.
-Patriarchal, headed by a man responsible for everyone else in his household, important to
be seen as a man in a household. Commands respect and indicated place in community.
The Witch hunts
Forms of Magic:
Alchemists-rocks and minerals
Astrologers-stars
Herbalists-Herbal remedies
Witches-animals
Alchemists and astrologers were seen as high magic, kings would consult them and have
them make decisions.
-Herbalists and witches are seen as lower magic.
-Medieval magic was seen as good or bad, there was white magic and black magic.
-satanic nature of witchcraft
-pact with the devil.
In the late middle ages it was believed that demons could interact with people through,
-written contracts
-nocturnal assembles allied abbats or sabbath
-sexil
-And gave humans the ability to fly.
1437
Johhan Nider
The Anthill
Linked devil worship with sorcery.
The Hammer of witches,
Heinrich Kramer
-heavily misogynist, sees women as susceptible to contact with the devil.
Qs when reading primary sources
-Why are you reading, what do you hope to learn?
-why did the author write this document and who was the original audience?
Lecture Sep 22
Renaissance, rebirth
-bringing something back to life that had been dead.
-mediaeval scholars had maintained knowledge particularly in the 12th century,
-saw the renaissance as a time when they were bringing back knowledge.
Petrarch
Father of humanism
Collected latin manuscripts
Wrote in italian
His death began the renaissance
-He travelled out of curiosity, and was the first tourist.
-I enjoyed reading classical authors, and compared the readings of Latin to the readings of
Greek and Roman and looked down upon everyone else.
-writing in vernacular
Boccaccio(1312-75)
Decameron
Book described 10 people fleeing from the plague,
-Every night we would tell each other stories every night, these ten stories would make up
the book.
-renaissance, italian and urban
Holy Roman Empire
Cities of any size are all inside Italy, urbanised regions in Italy are a minority but extremely
powerful.
-25% of Italy's population lived in cities compared to Europe's 10%
Big Five
Rome(Papal state)
Republic of venice
The duchy of Milan
Kingdom of Naples
Republic of florence
Italian urban economics
Production and manufacture
Guilds and monopolies, guilds determine who makes a product, don't accept
everyone.
Control trade in a city, how much someone can produce and how much someone can
sell. No free competition
Trade
Start in constantinople
central place for the catholic religion
Venice, special relationship with venice
‘Republic’
The doge
Oligarchy very few wealthy families ran Venice
Sea borne [Link] most from east to west trade.
Give the Byzantine empire military protection for different trade deals.
Ottoman empire
Ottomans started capturing venice trade posts,
In 1453, the same year the 100 year war ended, the Ottoman empire captured
constantinople
-Mehmed II-the conqueror only 21
Venice expands
-venice had been hurt the most by the fall of the empire collapsing
-started going West
-income came from taxation of these new lands.
Florence
“Rennesiance Central”
Wealth came from baking and the wool trade
The venetian ducat
The florentine florin
Gold coin
Social and economic differences
-Grand-nobles and very rich merchants
-popolo grosso, merchants,bankers,masters,business people, middle class
-popolo minuto-the poor
Ciompi revolt, lowest class able to take power for four years.
Cosimo de medici(1389-1464)
Came to power in 1434 of the signoria, nine guild members
-gain support from the public, gain power over counsels, made to limit chaos but only caused
it.
-keen to show power, to create architecture.
Italian city-states
Money to spend on art
Rulers willing to sponsor art
Civic architecture
Public buildings
The dome of florence cathedral
Filippo Brunelleschi
Civic pride in patriotism
city=civilization
Citizens
Education
Well functioning citizens
Living in a city=being civilized
Sought learning and practical education
Civic humains
Humanism
Secular
Focus on belief in humanity
Still believe in god, but more of belief in humanity and full of potential.
Casiglione
The courtier
State servant
Soldier
Educated
Renaissance man
Leonardo da vinci(1452-1519)
Paintor
Sculptor
Musician
Engineer
Mathemitican
Inventor,etc
Had sketches for fortification of a city, wanted to learn for the sake of learning
Donatello
Revised three standing sculptures
Botticelli
-painting,fusion of something old and new
Michelangelo 1475-1564
The Pieta 1498-99, meant to focus on humanism and portray human emotions through art.
David(1501-04) , full of naturalism and emotion
Sistine Chapel
The school of Athens, Raphael
Made easter eggs, honoring the ancients before them and bringing to life the
contemporaries.
-when searching omni university or education
-asterisk, university* or educate* searches everything before that, expands search, finding
the word in any context
- “looks for exact text”
-Use search terms Ex. How did the local church response to the black death contribute to
the emergence of reformation ideas?
Black death, plague,diseases
Church,clergy christian
-if doesnt work, try synonyms, “Black death” “plague”
-broader terms, church,religion
-narrower terms, church clergy
-related terms, prayer
-spelling variations and different word forms.
Lecture Sept 29th
Avignon papacy (1309-1378)
Pope moved to avignon
The great Schism (1378-1417)
Two popes (avignon and rome)
Three popes
Council of Constance
Corruption in the church:
Simony-selling of church offices
Nicolaitism-married priests(priests with openly recognized concubines)
Letter of indulgences
John Wycliffe 1330-13348
-priests need to be worthy
-jesus present only in spirit>eucharist
-indulgences were useless
-Encouraged people to read the bible
-Translated parts of the bible to English
Followers of Wycliffe were called Lollards
-Deemed heretical
-persecuted in the early 15th century
Bohemia(present day Czech)
-in the holy roman empire
-nationlist feeling
-mini nation-states
Jan Hus (1373-1415)
University of prague
His teachings get called heretical
Holy roman empire decided to use hus as an example: burnt at the stake in 1415
-Hussities
Lay piety, women remain virgins for their entire life, if virgin is seen as religious and holy,
however does not include widows.
Pious woman and men
Beguines lived in formal society. No formal vows, refusal of hierarchy, no guidance of priests.
No formal vows.
Christian Humanism
-Studied and published religious texts
-Translated religious texts
-Education>better christians
-moral and religious reform.
-studied ancient texts called palogism
Thomas More 1478-1535
-devout catholic
-education for both boys and girls
-utopia(1516)
-argues for a better world through the church
Erasmus of Rotterdam (1466-1536)
-Prince of humanists
-biblical criticism
-freedom of the will
-religious tolerance
Indulgences
Instead of penance’
Pope Leo X
Rebuild saint peters basilica in rome
Johann Tetzel>To preach and sell indulgences
-Indulgences are being deemed fake, however the church doesn't like this because of how
much money the church makes from it.
Martin Luther (1438-1546)
95 Theses
Criticised indulgences
Spread quickly
With printing press his ideas spread quickly
Excommunicated by the pope 1521
Recalled to recant his beliefs, banned by the secular power by the empire
Diet (assembly) of worms
Reason he wasn't executed was because of his powerful backing
Luther's beliefs
-Justification by faith
-sola fide -faith alone
-Bible as authority
-challenged the role of the clergy
-opposed to clerical celibacy
-believing in good goodness would send you to heaven.
-believed Christians should do good things because of their christians.
-Luthers Ideas spread
Zwingli (1484-1531)-Zurich
Integration of church and Senate
John Calvin 1509-1564-Geneva
Church structure,different leaders, different aspects of church, creation of the elders. Elected
from the city elite and able to discipline those beneath them, judged morality.
Discipline
Calvinism
-predestination, if you act good its in your nature so you go to heaven
Reformation in England
Henry VIII 1509-1547
Married to Catherine of Aragorn
The king=head of the church in England
-When Arthur die his brother marries him, it was problem a she believed they were related
because she had sex with his brother
-had multiple miscarriages, Henry believed that god was against their marriage
-the pope would not let Henry divorce his Wife, so he decided to divorce from Rome making
King in England head of religion
Edward VI
-Church service in English
-English prayer books
-came to power at 10, so his decisions were by his government
-dies at 16, made the English practice religion n ENglish
MAry I
Restored Catholicism
-made the pope the head of the church again
Persecuted Protestants
“Bloody mary”
Elizabeth I 1558-1603
Return to Protestantism
Anglican Church
Elizabeth's return to protestantism does not go far enough.
-religious persecution and warfare
-The PEace of Augsburg 1555
The ruler decided which religion
Lecture/document study Oct 01
Why did Protestantism spread?
-printing press
-supported by princes and city rulers.
-string anti-clericalism
Catholic reactions
-renewal
-counter reformation
-prior if you were Christian in Europe you were catholic.
-reformation came from papacy and regular catholic believers.
Catholic renewal
-The fifth lateran council 1513-1517
-way to deal with the problems and understand the problems before the reformation
kicks off.
-protestant reformation could have been avoided if the council was more effective.
-spiritual movement-new piety
-mysticism
-new religious orders
Saint Theresa of Avila, 1515-1582
-The carmelites, restructured the carmelites, enforced poverty.
-doctor of the church 36 doctors only 4 woman ever
The ursulines, women who saved their families, and sent their life to prayers and
contemplation.
Saint Ignatius of Loyola (1491-1556)
Heroic saint-activist piety
-spiritual exercises
Obedience and discipline
1540-society of Jesus.
-can be seen as a counter against the protestant revolution, and against non belief
The jesuits
-founded colleges, Boston College
-soldiers of god, focus on the local elite and educate people in the new faith
-served as missionaries
Counter reformation
-Council of Trent (1545-1563)
-Sale of indulgences limited
-regulation of parish priests
Educated priests
Mandatory to preach ones parish
-catholic and protestant reformers wanted to reunite the church, however where
outnumbered
Council of Trent (1545-1563)
No concessions to protestantism
Justification by faith and works
Truth of scripture and church traditions
Reaffirmed clerical celibacy
Reaffirmed the supremacy of the clergy
Sacraments
Catholic
Communion
Baptism
Conformation
Marriage
Penance
ordination(of priests)
unction(death rites)
Council of Trent= complete break between catholics and protestantism
Doc study q1, because of the document being written during the reformation. There is
Catholic propaganda in it.
Q2, if you have to actively engage yourself with the church to become holy. Re affirming the
catholic religion.
Q3. People can't save themselves if they're not predestined. The lazy would not be allowed
to receive a later and rope up. Reaffirmation being what a catholic vs what a protestant was.
Q4
Lecture oct 6
-Wars of italy
-Duke of Millan called for help from the king of France
-called for help from king Charles
Habsburg dynasty
Holy Roman emperor
Charles V
1506-Duke of Burgundy
1516-King of spain
1519-Holy Roman Emperor
-heir to more than one kingdom.
The Valois
Francis I (R.1515-1547)
Charles V(king of spain and holy roman empire)
Francis I (king of France)
Henry VIII (King of England)
-All relatively young and eager to prove themselves
-warfare is bound up in the nature of a person
-all wars are seen as an extension of the king.
-France and Spain claimed bankruptcy in 1557 because they had no money from the war.
The treaty of Cateau-camresis 1559
Phillip II of Spain (1556-1598)
Henry II of France (1547-1559)
-demonstrated Spanish supremacy and heralds in Spain's golden age
Peace of Augsburg
“Whos realm, his religion”
“One king one faith one law”
These wars are both Religious and political
-this made it increasingly hard to accept multiple faiths and faith tolerance.
French wars of religion (1562-1598)
-Henry II of France 1547-59
-Catherine de Medici 1519-89
-because of the treaty of chateau it sealed the fate of Spain being the most powerful,
although King Henry of was not happy
-French Wars of Religion 1562-98
Francis II 1559-1560
married,Mary,Queen of scots (house of guise)
-had died of sickness and died young
-ruled under Catherine de Medici after king Francis died.
Huguenots-french protestants
-Calvinists
-persecution of protestants in France during this area
-probably 2000 protestants in France and by 1562-2 million, 16 million catholics in France
-Catholics in France are majority calvinist.
-protestants are acceptable in France if it is practiced overtly, nobles fight over religion.
March 1562
Catholics supported by Spain
-Huguenots got supported by Swiss and German mercenaries & England.
-Catholics are winning the war, due to their backing and sheer numbers
-protestants aren't weak enough to be handedly defeated.
Margaret of Valois Married Henry of Navarra
-Henry,Bourbon,protestant
Paris in August 1572
believed the marriage would solve the war
marriage was not accepted by the catholics, however marriage went ahead.
St. Bartholomew's day massacre,1572
Massacre of Huguenots in Paris
-Must have been arranged by the queen mother
-however some people believed it gave catholics a chance to just fight the protestants.
-Because of massacre in Paris it happens all over France
Huguenots declare
-The right to rebel against a tyrant
Catholics joined the Huguenots, because they were horrified by the massacre.
-politiques, someone who prefers a middle way and not force either one way.
-moderates (either catholic or protestant)
-Peasants believe that this is a time for social quality,however Martin Luther did not believe
that and sent the peasants back.
Catherine de Medici's sons ( All 1500s)
Francis II 59-60
Charles IX 60-74
Henry III 74-89
-Henry tries to manage both Catholics and protestants and find a middle way.
1580s,
Three HEnrys
Henry III
Henry of Navarre
Henry of guise-Catholic league
-If Henry III dies Navarre becomes the king although he is protestant, which would only
make things worse.
-Guise says he will not let Navarre become the next king of France.
1599
-Henry III has Henry of Guise assassinated
-Henry III assassinated later by a priest.
-Henry of Navarre>
Henry IV 1589-1610
Converted to catholicism.
-Realizes France cannot be ruled by a protestant, so he converts to catholicism.
-presistants in France felt safer because Henry was a former protestant.
Edict of Nantes-1598
-limited religious freedom for Huguenots.
-gives them the right to self defence and the right to practice protestant in towns.
October 8th lecture
Charles the V
Philip II
Habsburg(Holy roman empire) lands included:
-spain naples,burgundy,Netherlands
Portugal
Ferdinand II
Austrian Habsburg lands
Low countries-Netherlands
-Bad harvests, this causes economic strain
-Taxation from Spain,
-political control,want political control held by local leaders
-centre for banking
-17 self governing provinces, centre in brussels
-believed because they fought in the habsburg valois, they deserved lower taxes however
did not get it.
Philip II (catholic ruler)
-Netherlands>calvinist
-persecution of heretics (protestants)
-jesuits established schools
-the calvinists rise up on the Spanish rulers, destroy religious statues and seize two cities in
1567
Calvinist reaction
-iconclasm
1567-raised two cities
-Duke of Alba indeed netherland
-revolt got worse
-Dutch privateers and pirates, to fight against Spanish ships
-English lets Dutch use their own ships
England and Spain
Francis Drake
1587-Elizabeth
-executed Mary,Queen of Scots
-because Mary wanted to kill Elizibeth to take the throne,held in prison for 20 years
The Spanish Armada 1588
-betting on Spanish Armada to win, meant to wipe out English force
-Phillip II easily had the strongest military
-1588 was defeated by the English fleet
-this signals a downfall for Spain
Spain and England>truce in 1604
Spain and Netherlands>truce in 1609
United provinces (Netherlands)
Thirty years war (1618-1648)
Peace of Augsburg( lets someone control religion in their state) 1555
-balance between protestants (Lutherans) and catholics
Then:
Calvinism increased
-Austrian Habsburg enforced catholicism.
For Ferdiand Maxmillian Rudolf, peace was most important to them
Rudolf and Matias are granted the right to prayer and worship.
Ferdinand II 1619-1637
King of Bohemia 1617
Devout catholic
Reduced protestants rights in bohemia
-doesnt maintain protestant rights, protestants cant build churches, and cant practice other
religions
Ferdinand did not honor his role of letting protestants practice freely
Defenestration of Prague 1618
Fenestra=window
Frederick V of the palatinate
King of Bohemia as Frederick I 1619-20
Calvinist
The palatinate, borders the Netherlands
Ferdinand strike snack and seeks support from spain
Spain and Netherlands
1609-Twelve year truce
Low countries
-United provinces
-Spanish Netherlands
Palatinate strategically important
Ferdinand
-Battle of White mountain, catholics win complete victory
-1620
Christian IV Denmark-Norway
Protestants join forces
Denmark-Norway
German states
Netherlands
England
France, isnt protestant but still doesnt like Spain
-France is scared because they were between Spain and Habsburg
-because of the fear of how powerful the catholics habsburg had become they joined forces
They are up against
Commander Albrecht Von Wallenstein
1626
Protestants defeated
His enormous army of 130000 defeated them
-King demands if you were catholic before the peace of Augsburg you must revert
Wallenstein met his match
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden 1611-32
Has an army of 100000 men
-german states joining the protestants
1632-The battle of Lutzen (dies)
Protestant gain but now they have no leader
Peace of Westphalia
-political and religious geography of Europe
-Calvinism was formally accepted
-Holy Roman Empire
Autonomous regions,lessening power of the empire
30 year war not remembered for battles but remembered for its damages
-devaseated the countries where it took place
Warfare in Early Modern Europe
Infantry rather than cavalry
Bigger armies
Firearms
Created crossbows
Results
War as knowledge and art
Permanent armies, easier to have army on stand by, easier to hold knowledge
Increased professionalism, more trained commanders and soldiers
Use of firearms
-Harquebus 1615-20
-Musee de L’armee-Paris
-Created muskets
Size of the armies
Infantry
Hundred years war
32000
Thirty years war
130000 men
Mercenaries (guns for hire)
-known for their unreliability
Created a Noah's Ark where people fight against their own nationality
Population loss
-other places 50% some places 10%
-became a war of attrition
-The signing of Westphalia signalled peace in this region
Lecture oct 15th
For Midterm, understand how one thing is affected by another thing
-know time period for things
-For document study, who wrote it, why did they write it? Time period
-Educated Europeans did not believe the world was flat
-Medieval maps were highly symbolic, and flat earth came about in the 19th century
-Maps
Ex, God sits at the top of the world, believed to have ruled the world, reflects a very religious
worldview
14-15th century Europeans use navigational maps
-not how world is perceived anymore but rather purpose of a practical tools
-Ways of measuring latitude longitude and currents
-Curiosity and interest
-more travels mean more discovery, this leads to more people wanting to explore and make
their own discoveries
Technological inventions
-improvements in ship making
-the caravel
4 req for exploration.
-improvement in map making
-new curiosity
-technological improvement
-money-needed both sponsors and earn money (by finding gold through trade)
This leads to Portugal in 14-15th century
Atlantic Islands
-Madeira
-Canary Islands
-Azores
Ottomans blocked the way to Asia and Africa, this was a problem because Portugal knew
there was gold in Africa.
-Lots of middle men making gold less profitable
-wanted to sail right to Niger west bank, so did explorations.
Resulted in finding the islands and using the as ports for further exploration
1415
-Portegues capture the muslim port of Ceuta
-Prince Henry the Navigator 1394-1460
-He does explorations to west coast of Africa, start exporting gold and enslaved people
1440’s
-Madeira
-Sugar Cane, work intensive
-moved Africans to Madeira to do all the work
-Plantation production, systematic slave labor
-introduced slavery into the new world
Bartholomeu Dias
-Cape of Good Hope 1487
-passed through the good hope port
-this meant portuguese sailors learned how to use the current and winds to get past
Vasco De Gama 1497
-Goes all the way to India and back to Portugal filled with spices and keeps going back
-held te port of calico until 1960s
-held mozambique until 70s
Trading post empire
Naval bases
-Controlled the trade in one certain area
-controlled trade through naval bases
Spain
Enterprise of the indies
Went west instead of East because of the Portuguese influence
Christopher Columbus 1451-1506
Thought the route around the world is the faster way to Asia
Gets tepid support from Isabella and Ferdinand
3 smaller ships 90 men
1492
Bahamas “indians”
Was Columbus genocidal No
-Columbus represented the greed and cruelty of those who settled
-loses control over the people
-Settlers turned friendly people into enemies because of sexual assualt and murder
-settlers brought diseases
Amerigo Vespucci-1501
Travelled coast of Brazil and wrote new land was not asia
-Named in Honor of him
Waldseemuller-”America”
Debate over rights in the new world
European countries fought battles over who should hold supremacy in this new world
Mostly between Spain and Portugal
-treaty of Tordesillas 1494 Important date for exam
-draw a line between a specific point in the atlantic ocean anything west Spanish, East
Portugal
Hernando Cortes 1485 1546
-poor aristocrat
-went to Cuba and decided to go north because he heard rumours of rich
-since he left the king after they took his mission away would revolt around him so he
needed success
1519
500 men
Encounters the Aztec’s
Dona Marina 1501-1550
-Functions as an interpreter for Hernando
-Defeats the Aztec’s
-Why didn't Aztecs fight back?
Indigenous people described as
-Barbarians, “humanlike”-not quite humans
Used this to treat all indigenous people badly
-Natural slaves
People who are naturally governed over by Europeans
Bartolomé de Las Casas 1474-1566
Described the indigenous as : Children, with the right discipline they would convert and see
the righteous way
-Argues with the “human like” description
Gave birth to the Black Legend
-which is a bad rep about portugues and Spanish, showing their cruelty and violence.
New laws
1542-Indian slavery abolished
Not African,Africans still enslaved
Columbian exchange
-ecological and biological effects
-Diseases Old World>new world
-Horses,pigs,cows:Old World>new World
But
Tomatoes,chocolate,potatoes: New World> Old world
Scientific revolution
Rene Descartes And Queen Christina of Sweden
-move away from heliocentric model
catholic church tries to suppress it.
Lec Oct 20th
-Scientific revolution
-after treaty of Westphalia
Rene Descartes and Queen Christina of Sweden
WHEN WAS SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
-Was a Pan European movement, removes borders and gathers sponsors from all over the
world
-Printing press spread this
-Takes place outside of traditional universities, not pursuing it in research
-Scientific revolution from the 16-18th century.
-Scientific revolution was a slower process, was a slower build on top of each other's ideas.
-Astronomy
-Geocentric View, believed Earth was the centre of the universe, and everything revolved
around it. Commonsencicle
Ptolemy(90-168)
-his drawings were extremely nuanced but couldn't provide a sufficient mechanism.
“A New world”
-Renaissance
-Discovery of Americas
-Calender, changed the date of dates
-With discovery of ancient texts of Ptolemy the Europeans thought that he was wrong.
-Will to discover the world plays into Scientific revolution
-Saw that they were wrong about the new world geography, so they wondered what else
they were wrong about?
Nicholas Copernicus (1473-1543)
-Polish scientist
-Trained in canon (church) law
-Created the Gregorian calender
-Claimed the Earth revolved around the sun, but didn't believe it and said it was just a
mathematical theory
-On the revolution of heavenly bodies
-received copies of the print on his death bed
-in 1700s his model was accepted by:
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
2 more in slides
Galileo
-found stars using his telescope
-found the moons imperfections
-found more evidence that the copernicus theory was correct
-He was great at publishing his theories
-Denounced by the papal inquisition
-Says the movement are heretical ideas.
Publishes book
-Dialogue on the two world systems, two people arguing about new ways of thinking about
astrology vs old, calling old ways simple. The Church comes after him, and says they will
permit it only as a theory.
-He is trialed and sentenced to house arrest, pardoned in 1992.
-1632
Summary, Heliocentrism
-new understanding of matter and motion
-mechanism worldview, the world as something that can be worked with and controlled
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