FUNDAMENTTALS OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

LAB MANUAL – 2025

1) Identify the hardware components of your lab computer (CPU, RAM, storage type)?
Ans) A computer system consists of several hardware components that help it perform various
operations efficiently.
The main components of a computer are the Central Processing Unit (CPU), Random Access
Memory (RAM), and storage devices. Each of these parts plays an important role in the
functioning of the computer

a. Central Processing Unit (CPU):

The CPU is known as the brain of the computer because it performs all processing tasks and
controls the operations of other hardware parts.
The CPU has three main units:
 Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Performs all mathematical and logical operations.
 Control Unit (CU): Controls and coordinates the flow of data and instructions within the
computer.
 Registers: Provide temporary storage for data and instructions during processing.
Example: The lab computers are usually equipped with processors such as Intel Core i3 or Intel
Core i5, which provide good speed and performance for daily use.

b. Random Access Memory (RAM):

RAM is the main memory of the computer. It stores data and instructions temporarily while the
computer is running. It is a volatile memory, which means that all information stored in it is lost
when the computer is turned off.
The higher the RAM capacity, the better the performance and speed of the system.
Example: Most of our lab computers have 4 GB or 8 GB of RAM, which allows smooth
operation of applications like MS Office, web browsers, and programming tool

c. Storage Devices:
Storage devices are used to store data permanently so that it can be retrieved whenever
required. Even after the computer is switched off, the data remains safe.
There are two main types of storage devices:
 Hard Disk Drive (HDD): Uses magnetic storage, has a large capacity (500 GB to 1 TB),
and is less expensive but slower.
 Solid State Drive (SSD): Uses flash memory, is much faster, more reliable, and
consumes less power than HDDs.
2) Create a table showing examples of input and output devices with their business
applications?
Ans) A computer system needs input and output devices to communicate with the user.
 Input devices are used to enter data and instructions into the computer.
 Output devices are used to display or produce the processed information.
Both input and output devices play a very important role in business operations such as data
entry, record keeping, billing, communication, and decision-making.

a. Input Devices:
Input devices allow the user to provide data or commands to the computer system.
Some common input devices used in businesses are keyboard, mouse, barcode scanner, and
microphone

b. Output Devices:
Output devices present the processed data in a readable or usable form.
They are used in businesses for printing bills, generating reports, displaying presentations, and
providing visual or audio information to users.

Table Showing Input and Output Devices with Their Business Applications:
Type of
Device Name Description Business Application
Device
Input Used to enter text, numbers, and Used in offices to prepare documents,
Keyboard
Device commands into the computer. reports, and data entry work.
A pointing device used to select,
Input Used for navigating software applications
Mouse drag, and interact with graphical
Device and preparing presentations.
elements.
Input Converts physical documents or Used for scanning business documents,
Scanner
Device images into digital format. invoices, and employee records.
Used in supermarkets, retail stores, and
Input Barcode Reads barcodes on products and
warehouses for billing and inventory
Device Reader converts them into digital data.
management.
Input Captures sound and converts it Used in meetings, video conferences, and
Microphone
Device into digital form. customer service calls.
Output Displays visual output from the Used for viewing business reports,
Monitor
Device computer. spreadsheets, and presentations.
Output Produces hard copies of digital Used for printing invoices, reports, and
Printer
Device documents. letters in offices.
Output Produces audio output from the Used in online meetings, announcements,
Speaker
Device computer. and multimedia presentations.
Output Displays large images or Used in business meetings, training
Projector
Device presentations on a screen. sessions, and seminars.
Output Used to print high-quality Used in architecture firms, engineering
Plotter
Device graphics and designs. companies, and design studios.
3) Differentiate between system software and application software by listing at least 3
installed examples on your PC.
Ans) Software is a set of instructions that helps the computer work properly. It is mainly divided
into system software and application software.

1. System Software:
 It controls and manages the computer hardware and system operations.
 It provides a platform for running other software.
Functions:
 Controls computer hardware and system activities.
 Manages memory, storage, and devices.
 Provides a platform for running application programs.
Examples:
1. Windows 10 / 11 – Operating system that runs the computer.
2. Device Drivers – Help hardware parts like printers and keyboards to work.
3. Windows Defender – Protects the system from viruses and malware.

2. Application Software:
 It helps users perform specific tasks like writing, calculating, or browsing.
 It runs with the help of system software
Functions:
 Performs user-oriented tasks such as writing, calculating, or designing.
 Helps in business, education, and personal work.
Examples:
1. MS Word – Used for typing and creating documents.
2. MS Excel – Used for calculations and data analysis.
3. Google Chrome – Used for internet browsing.

Difference Between System Software and Application Software:

Basis of
System Software Application Software
Difference
Controls and manages computer hardware and Performs specific tasks for
Purpose
system operations. the user.
Runs independently and supports the execution of Depends on system
Dependency
application software. software to work.
Installed as per user’s
Installation Installed when the operating system is set up.
need.
User Interacts with hardware, not directly used by users Directly used by users to
Interaction frequently. perform tasks.
MS Word, Excel, Google
Examples Windows OS, Device Drivers, Antivirus Software
Chrome

4) List IT applications in one functional area (Finance, HR, Marketing, or SCM) using a
table.
Ans) Information Technology (IT) plays a major role in every functional area of business such as
Finance, Human Resource (HR), Marketing, and Supply Chain Management (SCM).
It helps organizations to improve efficiency, accuracy, and decision-making.
Here, we will discuss the applications of IT in the Finance functional area

IT Applications in Finance:
The Finance Department of a business manages money-related activities such as budgeting,
accounting, investments, and financial reporting.
IT tools and software help in processing financial data quickly and accurately, reducing manual
errors, and improving financial planning

Table: IT Applications in Finance Area

IT
FINANCIAL
APPLICATION PURPOSE / USE EXAMPLE
FUNCTION
/ SOFTWARE
Accounting Accounting To record and maintain financial Tally ERP,
Management Software transactions. QuickBooks
Payroll Calculates salaries, deductions, and Saral PayPack,
Payroll Software
Management generates pay slips. GreytHR
Budgeting and Financial Helps in creating, tracking, and SAP, Oracle
Planning Planning Tools analyzing budgets. Financials
SBI YONO,
Internet Banking Enables online fund transfers,
Online Banking HDFC
Applications payments, and account management.
NetBanking
Tax Tax Filing Used to calculate and file GST, income ClearTax, Zoho
Management Software tax, and other taxes. Books
Portfolio
Investment Helps track investments, stocks, and Zerodha, Groww,
Management
Management financial assets. Angel One
Tools
Financial Reporting Generates financial reports and Microsoft Excel,
Reporting Software statements automatically. Power BI

5) Identify and document the full Operating System (OS) details of your lab computer,
including Name, Version, and Architecture
Ans) An Operating System (OS) is system software that:
  Controls and manages all hardware and software components of a computer.
 Acts as a bridge between the user and the computer hardware.
 Enables smooth operation of applications and system functions.
 Without an OS, a computer cannot perform any useful task.
In our computer lab, each computer has an OS installed to ensure smooth performance and
support educational and business applications

1. Operating System Details of Lab Computer

Feature Description
Operating System Name Microsoft Windows 10 Pro
Version Version 22H2 (OS Build 19045)
System Type / Architecture 64-bit Operating System, x64-based Processor
Manufacturer Microsoft Corporation
User Interface Type Graphical User Interface (GUI)
License Type Educational / Institutional License

2. Explanation of OS Details
 Name: Microsoft Windows 10 Pro, widely used in schools, colleges, and offices.
 Version: Version 22H2 with performance improvements, security updates, and new
features.
 Architecture: 64-bit architecture allows the system to handle large memory and run
faster applications.
 User Interface: Graphical User Interface (GUI) with icons, windows, and menus for
easy operation.
 License Type: Educational/institutional license for legal academic use.

3. Key Functions of the Operating System

1. Manages Hardware Resources: Controls CPU, memory, storage, and input/output
devices efficiently.
2. Runs Applications: Provides a platform for software like MS Office, web browsers,
and programming tools.
3. File Management: Helps users create, organize, store, and retrieve files and folders.
4. User Interface: Offers an interactive and easy-to-use interface for students and
teachers.
5. Security and Updates: Protects the system from viruses and malware and keeps it
updated.

6) Prepare a table showing Al and ML applications in different sectors (e.g.. HR-

recruitment bots, Financefraud detection).
Ans) AI and ML Applications in Different Sectors

SECTOR / AI / ML PURPOSE / USE EXAMPLE

 FUNCTION
AL AREA APPLICATION

Human Recruitment Bots HireVue, Mya

Automates screening resumes and
Resources
shortlisting candidates
(HR)
Detects fraudulent transactions and PayPal, Mastercard
Finance Fraud Detection
prevents financial fraud AI
Customer Analyzes customer data to target Salesforce Einstein,
Marketing
Segmentation marketing campaigns effectively HubSpot AI
Helps in detecting diseases and IBM Watson Health,
Healthcare Disease Diagnosis
recommending treatment PathAI
Recommendation Suggests products based on customer
Retail Amazon, Netflix
Systems behavior and preferences
Supply Llamasoft, SAP IBP
Demand Predicts inventory needs and
Chain /
Forecasting optimizes supply chain
Logistics
Personalized Provides customized learning plans Squirrel AI, Content
Education
Learning for students Technologies, Inc.
Customer Chatbots / Virtual Automates customer support and ChatGPT, IBM
Service Assistants answers queries Watson Assistant
Manufacturi Predictive Predicts equipment failures to reduce
Siemens, GE Predix
ng Maintenance downtime
Evaluates creditworthiness of loan
Banking Credit Scoring Zest AI, Upstart
applicants using ML models

7) List 5 loT devices used in business (e.g., smart POS, RFID systems), Mention their
function and benefit.
Ans) IoT (Internet of Things) devices are smart devices connected to the internet that collect,
send, and receive data automatically. Businesses use these devices to improve efficiency,
reduce costs, monitor operations, and make smarter decisions.
1. Smart POS (Point of Sale)
 Function: Processes payments, records sales, and updates inventory automatically.
 Benefit: Speeds up checkout, reduces human errors, and provides real-time sales and
inventory data.
 Example: Retail chains like Walmart and Big Bazaar use smart POS systems to
manage sales efficiently.

2. RFID Systems
 Function: Tracks products or assets using radio-frequency identification tags.
 Benefit: Helps businesses maintain accurate inventory, reduces loss, and ensures
product availability.
 Example: Amazon warehouses use RFID tags to track millions of products and speed
up delivery.

3. Smart Sensors in Warehouses

 Function: Monitors environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, and
stock levels.
 Benefit: Maintains product quality, prevents spoilage, and ensures optimal storage
conditions for goods.
 Example: Cold storage facilities for pharmaceuticals or food products use smart
sensors to maintain the right temperature.

4. Connected Surveillance Cameras

 Function: Provides real-time monitoring of offices, stores, or warehouses.
 Benefit: Enhances security, prevents theft, and allows managers to observe operations
remotely, improving safety and accountability.
 Example: Retail stores like Reliance Digital use IoT cameras to monitor their stores
and prevent shoplifting.

5. IoT-enabled Fleet Management Systems

 Function: Tracks vehicles, monitors fuel usage, speed, and routes.
 Benefit: Reduces transportation costs, improves delivery efficiency, and ensures vehicle
safety and timely maintenance.
 Example: Logistics companies like DHL and Blue Dart use IoT fleet management to
optimize deliveries and reduce fuel costs.

8) Identify different types of storage (RAM, ROM, SSD, HDD, Cloud). Create a
comparison table
Ans) Storage devices are used in computers to store data and programs either temporarily or
permanently. There are different types of storage devices, each with its own features, speed,
capacity, and purpose
Comparison of Different Types of Storage
STORA FULL
GE FORM / VOLATILITY SPEED CAPACITY PURPOSE / USAGE
TYPE TYPE
Random Volatile (data Medium
Temporary storage for running
RAM Access lost when power Very fast (e.g., 4GB–
programs and active data
Memory is off) 32GB)
Read-Only Non-volatile Low (e.g., Stores system firmware and
ROM Slow
Memory (data permanent) few MBs) boot instructions
Hard Disk High (e.g., Permanent storage for operating
HDD Non-volatile Moderate
Drive 500GB–4TB) system, software, and files
Moderate to Permanent storage with faster
Solid State
SSD Non-volatile Very fast high (e.g., access than HDD, used in
Drive
256GB–2TB) laptops and desktops
Depends
Internet- Stores data online, accessible
Cloud on Very high /
based Non-volatile from anywhere, used for
Storage internet scalable
storage backups and collaboration
speed

9) Based on speed, cost, and capacity. Prepare a dos and don'ts checklist for digital privacy
& security in lab use
Ans) Comparison Based on Speed, Cost, and Capacity

TYPE OF STORAGE
SPEED COST CAPACITY
RAM (Random Access Very High Expensive Limited
 Memory)
ROM (Read Only Memory) High Moderate Limited
HDD (Hard Disk Drive) Moderate Low High
Higher than
SSD (Solid State Drive) Very High High
HDD
Depends on Internet Virtually
Cloud Storage Pay-as-you-use
Speed Unlimited

Do’s and Don’ts Checklist for Digital Privacy & Security in Lab Use
Do’s
1. Always use strong and unique passwords containing alphabets, numbers, and special
characters.
2. Log out of your accounts and close all sessions before leaving the system.
3. Keep antivirus software updated to prevent virus or malware attacks.
4. Scan all external devices (USBs, hard drives) before use.
5. Use only authorized and secure websites during lab sessions.
6. Backup important data regularly to avoid data loss.
7. Report any suspicious activity, pop-ups, or slow performance immediately to the lab
technician.
8. Store your data securely in cloud storage or personal drives, not on public lab systems.
9. Use privacy settings properly when working online.
10. Follow lab security policies and instructor guidelines strictly.
Don’ts
1. Do not share your passwords or login details with anyone.
2. Do not download or install unauthorized software or games on lab systems.
3. Do not access personal social media or email accounts unnecessarily in the lab.
4. Do not plug in unknown USB drives or connect unverified external devices.
5. Do not ignore antivirus or system security warnings.
6. Do not leave the computer unattended while logged in.
7. Do not alter network or system settings without permission.
8. Do not share sensitive data through unsecured networks.
9. Do not attempt to hack, modify, or misuse any lab computer resources.
10. Do not disable firewalls or security features of the system

10) Convert decimal numbers (e.g., 25, 64, 128) into the binary system.
Experiment: Conversion of Decimal Numbers into Binary System
Aim: To convert the given decimal numbers (25, 64, 128) into their binary equivalents and
verify them by reconversion to decimal.
Procedure:
1. Divide the given decimal number by 2.
2. Write down the remainder (0 or 1).
 3. Divide the quotient again by 2 and note the remainder.
4. Repeat the process until the quotient becomes 0.
5. The binary number is obtained by writing all remainders from bottom to top.
6. To verify, multiply each binary digit by its corresponding power of 2 and sum up all the
values.

Calculation and Result:

1. Decimal 25 → Binary

2. Decimal 64 → Binary

3. Decimal 128 → Binary

Final Result Table
Decimal Number Binary Equivalent Verification (Decimal)
25 11001 25
64 1000000 64
128 10000000 128
11) Create a table listing different types of Intellectual Property (IP) and Trade Secret with
one real-world business example for each. Patent, Copyright, Trademark

Ans) Types of Intellectual Property (IP) and Trade Secret with Examples

1. Patent

 A patent is a legal right granted to an inventor to protect a new invention, process, or

design.
 It prevents others from making, using, or selling the same invention without the
inventor’s permission.
 Patents encourage innovation by rewarding inventors for their creativity and effort.
 There are different types of patents such as utility patents (for inventions), design patents
(for appearance), and plant patents (for new plant varieties).
 Patents are valid for a limited time, usually 20 years from the date of filing.
 Real-World Example: Apple Inc. holds several patents for technologies used in iPhones
such as Face ID, multi-touch gestures, and camera innovations.

2. Copyright

 Copyright protects original works of authorship such as literary, musical, artistic, and
software creations.
 It gives the creator exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, perform, or display their
work.
 Copyright protection is automatic once the work is created and fixed in a tangible form.
 It prevents unauthorized copying or use of the creator’s work by others.
 Copyrights usually last for the lifetime of the author plus 60 years (varies by country).
 Real-World Example: Microsoft Corporation holds copyright for its Windows
operating system, MS Office Suite, and other software programs.

3. Trademark

 A trademark is a unique symbol, name, logo, design, or phrase that identifies a product
or service and distinguishes it from others.
 It helps consumers easily recognize and trust a brand.
 Trademarks are important for brand image, reputation, and marketing.
 They can be renewed indefinitely as long as the mark remains in use.
 Trademarks are denoted by symbols like ™ (unregistered) and ® (registered).
 Real-World Example: Nike uses the “Swoosh” logo and the slogan “Just Do It”, both
of which are registered trademarks recognized worldwide.
4. Trade Secret

 A trade secret refers to confidential business information that gives a company a

competitive advantage.
 This includes formulas, designs, practices, processes, recipes, or any data not known to
the public.
 Unlike patents, trade secrets are not registered — they remain protected as long as they
are kept secret.
 Companies take strict security measures to maintain secrecy, such as employee NDAs
and restricted access.
 Real-World Example: The Coca-Cola Company keeps its Coca-Cola formula a closely
guarded trade secret for over a century.
12) Prepare a short Word document or PowerPoint slide explaining how digital businesses
protect their intellectual property (e.g., software licensing, watermarking, copyright
notices).

Ans) Title: Protecting Intellectual Property in Digital Businesses

Introduction

Digital businesses rely heavily on intellectual property (IP) such as software, digital media,
logos, and proprietary data. Protecting IP is crucial to prevent unauthorized use, copying, or
distribution.

Methods of Protecting Digital Intellectual Property

1. Software Licensing
a. Grants legal permission to use software under specific terms.
b. Ensures that only authorized users can access or install the software.
c. Example: Microsoft Office requires a valid license key for activation.
2. Copyright Notices
a. A visible notice indicating that the content is protected under copyright law.
b. Deters unauthorized reproduction or distribution.
c. Example: “© 2025 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All rights reserved.”
3. Digital Watermarking
a. Embeds visible or invisible marks in digital content to identify ownership.
b. Helps trace illegal distribution of digital media such as videos, images, or e-
books.
c. Example: Stock photo websites like Shutterstock use watermarks on preview
images.
4. Encryption & Access Control
a. Protects digital files by converting them into unreadable formats for unauthorized
users.
b. Access control ensures only approved personnel can use sensitive IP.
c. Example: Cloud storage services encrypt documents and restrict access via login
credentials.
5. Patents & Trademarks
a. Patents protect innovative software processes or algorithms.
b. Trademarks protect logos, brand names, and slogans in digital products.
c. Example: Apple’s Face ID technology is patented, while the Apple logo is
trademarked.
13) Create a database-like table in Excel with these columns: Emp ID, Name, Dept, DOJ,
Salary.

Emp_ID Name Dept DOJ Salary

101 Arjun HR 01-01-24 50000
102 Meena Finance 15-02-24 60000
103 Kiran Sales 12-03-24 45000
104 Neha IT 25-04-24 70000

Ans) To create a database-like table in Microsoft Excel, follow the steps given below:

1. Open Microsoft Excel:

a. Launch the Excel application on your computer.
b. A new blank worksheet will open by default.
2. Create Column Headings:
a. In the first row of the worksheet, enter the following column headings:
i. Emp_ID
ii. Name
iii. Dept
iv. DOJ (Date of Joining)
v. Salary

These column headings represent the attributes or fields of the employee database table.

3. Enter the Employee Data:

a. Below the column headings, enter the following data records:

Emp_ID Name Dept DOJ Salary

101 Arjun HR 01-01-24 50000
102 Meena Finance 15-02-24 60000
103 Kiran Sales 12-03-24 45000
104 Neha IT 25-04-24 70000

4. Format the Table:

a. Select all the data including the headings.
b. Click on Home → Format as Table.
c. Choose a suitable table style to give it a database-like appearance.
d. This feature also allows filtering and sorting of data automatically.
5. Apply Data Types:
a. Format the Emp_ID column as Number (without decimals).
b. Format the DOJ column as Date.
c. Format the Salary column as Currency or Number.
6. Add Filters:
a. Use the Filter option (from the Data tab) to make the table more interactive.
b. You can now filter records based on department, name, or salary range

7. Save the File:

a. Save the file using a meaningful name such as Employee_Database.xlsx for
future reference.
14) Apply sorting (Salary high low) for the above dataset.

Ans) To sort the employee data based on salary in Excel:

1. Select the entire table including column headers.

2. Go to the Data tab → click Sort.
3. In the Sort dialog box:
a. Sort by: Salary
b. Sort on: Values
c. Order: Largest to Smallest
4. Click OK to apply sorting.

Result (Salary: High → Low):

Emp_ID Name Dept DOJ Salary

104 Neha IT 25-04-24 70000
102 Meena Finance 15-02-24 60000
101 Arjun HR 01-01-24 50000
103 Kiran Sales 12-03-24 45000
15) Apply filtering (Dept Sales) for the above dataset.

Ans) To display only employees from the Sales department in Excel:

1. Select the entire table including the column headers.

2. Go to the Data tab → click Filter.
3. Click the drop-down arrow in the Dept column.
4. Uncheck all options except Sales.
5. Click OK.

Filtered Result (Dept: Sales):

Emp_ID Name Dept DOJ Salary

103 Kiran Sales 12-03-24 45000
16) Demonstrate data types: Enter salary as text vs number and check the difference in
calculations.

Ans) Objective: To show how data type affects calculations in a spreadsheet.

Step 1: Enter Salary as Number

Employee Salary
A 50000
B 60000
C 55000

 All salaries are entered as numbers.

 Calculations:
o Sum: 50000 + 60000 + 55000 = 165000
o Average: 165000 ÷ 3 = 55000
o Increment by 10%: Salary × 1.10 → A = 50000 × 1.10 = 55000

Observation: Calculations work correctly because the data type is numeric.

Step 2: Enter Salary as Text

Employee Salary
A '50000
B '60000
C '55000

 Salaries are entered as text (using ' before number in Excel).

 Calculations:
o Sum: Formula gives an error or ignores values.
o Average: Cannot be calculated correctly.
o Increment by 10%: Formula fails.

Observation: Calculations do not work because text values are not recognized as numbers.
17) Create a chart (bar/pie) showing department-wise average salary for the same dataset.

Ans) Objective: Create a chart to visualize department-wise average salary.

Step 1: Dataset with Departments

Employee Department Salary

A HR 50000
B Sales 60000
C HR 55000
D Sales 65000
E IT 70000

Step 2: Calculate Average Salary by Department

Department Average Salary
HR (50000+55000)/2 = 52500
Sales (60000+65000)/2 = 62500
IT 70000

Step 3: Create Chart

1. Select the “Department” and “Average Salary” columns.

2. Insert → Chart:
a. Bar Chart: Shows average salary for each department as vertical bars.
b. Pie Chart: Shows proportion of average salaries among departments.
3. Label the axes (for bar chart) or percentages (for pie chart).
4. Add title: “Department-wise Average Salary”.
18) Convert data types and observe calculation errors for mismatched values (numeric vs
text).

Ans) Experiment: Data Type Conversion and Calculation Errors

Step 1: Dataset

Emp_ID Name Salary (Text) Salary (Numeric)

101 Arjun "50000" 50000
102 Meena "60000" 60000
45000
103 Kiran "45000"

Step 2: Observation

 Text type ("50000") is treated as a string, not a number.

 When performing calculations (like addition or average), text values cause errors or
incorrect results.

Example:

 "50000" + "60000" → "5000060000" (concatenation)

 50000 + 60000 → 110000 (correct numeric addition)

Step 3: Error Example (in Excel or Python)

If a salary is entered as text (with quotes or formatted as text cell):

 Excel shows #VALUE! error when trying to sum.

 In Python:

salary1 = "50000"
salary2 = 60000
total = salary1 + salary2 # Error: TypeError: can only concatenate str (not "int") to str

Step 4: Conclusion

When numeric data is stored as text, calculations fail or produce incorrect results.
✅ Always ensure numeric fields are in number data type before performing mathematical
operations.
19) Create an Excel sheet with sales data and calculate the total = Qty × Price

Emp_ID Name Dept DOJ Salary Qty Price Total

101 Arjun HR 01-01-24 50000 2 1000 =F2*G2
102 Meena Finance 15-02-24 60000 3 1500 =F3*G3
103 Kiran Sales 12-03-24 45000 4 800 =F4*G4
104 Neha IT 25-04-24 70000 5 1200

Ans) Step 1: Enter the Data

Emp_ID Name Dept DOJ Salary Qty Price Total

101 Arjun HR 01-01-24 50000 2 1000 =F2*G2
102 Meena Finance 15-02-24 60000 3 1500 =F3*G3
103 Kiran Sales 12-03-24 45000 4 800 =F4*G4
104 Neha IT 25-04-24 70000 5 1200 =F5*G5

Step 2: Apply Formula

In Excel, under the Total column, use:=Qty * Price

Example: In cell H2, type=F2*G2
Then drag down the formula to other rows.

Step 3: Output Example

Emp_ID Name Dept Salary Qty Price Total

101 Arjun HR 50000 2 1000 2000
102 Meena Finance 60000 3 1500 4500
103 Kiran Sales 45000 4 800 3200
104 Neha IT 70000 5 1200 6000

Step 4: Observation

 The Total column correctly multiplies Qty × Price for each employee.
 Any text values in Qty or Price columns will cause a #VALUE! error — ensure both are
in numeric format.
20) Apply the SUM and AVERAGE functions to calculate the total and mean price.

Ans) Step 1: Dataset Example

Emp_ID Name Dept DOJ Salary Qty Price Total

101 Arjun HR 01-01-24 50000 2 1000 2000
102 Meena Finance 15-02-24 60000 3 1500 4500
103 Kiran Sales 12-03-24 45000 4 800 3200
104 Neha IT 25-04-24 70000 5 1200 6000

Step 2: Use Excel Formulas

To calculate Total Price (SUM):

In a new cell (say G6):

=SUM(G2:G5)

Output: 1000 + 1500 + 800 + 1200 = 4500

To calculate Average Price (AVERAGE):

In a new cell (say G7):

=AVERAGE(G2:G5)

Output: (1000 + 1500 + 800 + 1200) / 4 = 1125

Step 3: Observation

Formula Description Result

=SUM(G2:G5) Calculates total of all prices 4500
=AVERAGE(G2
Calculates mean (average) price 1125
:G5)
21) Use IF to check if Total > 20,000- "High Sale" else "Low Sale."

Ans) Step 1: Dataset Example

Emp_ID Name Dept Salary Qty Price Total Remark

101 Arjun HR 50000 2 10000 20000

102 Meena Finance 60000 3 8000 24000

103 Kiran Sales 45000 4 6000 24000

104 Neha IT 70000 5 3000 15000

Step 2: Apply the IF Formula

In Excel, under the Remark column (say cell H2), type:

=IF(G2>20000, "High Sale", "Low Sale")

Then drag the formula down for all rows.

Step 3: Output

Name Total Remark

Arjun 20000 Low Sale
Meena 24000 High Sale
Kiran 24000 High Sale
Neha 15000 Low Sale

Step 4: Observation

 If Total > 20000, Excel displays “High Sale.”

 Otherwise, it displays “Low Sale.”
22) Create a VLOOKUP formula to search product details by Prod_ID.

Ans) Step 1: Dataset

Prod_ID (Emp_ID) Name Dept DOJ Salary

101 Arjun HR 01-01-24 50000
102 Meena Finance 15-02-24 60000
103 Kiran Sales 12-03-24 45000
104 Neha IT 25-04-24 70000

Step 2: Enter Search ID

In another cell (say G2): Prod_ID = 103

Step 3: Apply VLOOKUP Formulas

To Find Formula Output

Name =VLOOKUP(G2, A2:E5, 2, FALSE) Kiran
Department =VLOOKUP(G2, A2:E5, 3, FALSE) Sales
Date of Joining =VLOOKUP(G2, A2:E5, 4, FALSE) 12-03-24
Salary =VLOOKUP(G2, A2:E5, 5, FALSE) 45000

Step 4: Explanation

 G2 → Lookup value (Prod_ID/Emp_ID you want to search).

 A2:E5 → Table range (dataset).
 2, 3, 4, 5 → Column number in the table to fetch data.
 FALSE → Ensures an exact match.

Step 5: Observation

If you enter Prod_ID = 103, Excel displays:

Prod_ID Name Dept DOJ Salary

103 Kiran Sales 12-03-24 45000
23) Create a Pivot Table summarising total sales by product.

Ans) step 1: Dataset Example

Emp_ID (Product_ID) Name (Product Name) Dept DOJ Salary (Sales)

101 Arjun HR 01-01-24 50000
102 Meena Finance 15-02-24 60000
103 Kiran Sales 12-03-24 45000
104 Neha IT 25-04-24 70000

Step 2: Insert a Pivot Table

1. Select the entire dataset → A1:E5

2. Go to Insert → PivotTable
3. Choose “New Worksheet” and click OK

Step 3: Build the Pivot Table

 Rows → Drag Name (Product Name)

 Values → Drag Salary (Sales)
 The Pivot Table will automatically calculate the Sum of Sales for each product.

Step 4: Resulting Pivot Table

Product Name Total Sales

Arjun 50000
Meena 60000
Kiran 45000
Neha 70000
Grand Total 225000

Step 5: Observation

 The Pivot Table summarizes total sales for each product (employee in this dataset).
 It also shows the Grand Total (225000) automatically.
 You can change the “Values Field Settings” to show Average, Count, or Max if required.
24) Create a chart (column chart) of sales by product.

Ans) Step 1: Enter the Data in Excel

Open Microsoft Excel and enter the following data:

Emp_ID Name Dept DOJ Salary Product Sales

101 Arjun HR 01-01-24 50000 Product A 25000
102 Meena Finance 15-02-24 60000 Product B 30000
103 Kiran Sales 12-03-24 45000 Product C 36000
104 Neha IT 25-04-24 70000 Product D 28000

Step 2: Select Data for the Chart

 Highlight the columns Product and Sales (columns F and G in this case).

Step 3: Insert Column Chart

1. Click on the Insert tab on the Ribbon.

2. In the Charts group, click Insert Column or Bar Chart.
3. Choose Clustered Column Chart.

Step 4: Format the Chart

 Add a Chart Title: “Sales by Product”.

 Label the X-Axis as Product Name.
 Label the Y-Axis as Sales Amount (₹).
 Change colors or styles as desired for a professional look.

Step 5: Final Output

The Column Chart will show:

 X-axis: Product Names (Product A, B, C, D)

 Y-axis: Sales values (25000, 30000, 36000, 28000)

Final Result:
A Column Chart titled “Sales by Product” visually compares the total sales amount for each
product, making it easy to identify which product performed best.
25) Using the given data, create a Pivot Table in Excel to find the total and average salary
by department.

Dataset:

Employee Name Department Salary (Rs.)

A Sales 3000
B Accounts 4000
C Marketing 5000
D Sales 6000
E Accounts 4000
F Marketing 8000

Ans) Steps to Create Pivot Table in Excel:

1. Open Excel and enter the above data in a worksheet.

2. Select the entire data range (A1:C7).
3. Go to the Insert tab → click PivotTable.
4. Choose to place the PivotTable in a New Worksheet and click OK.
5. In the PivotTable Fields pane:
a. Drag Department to the Rows area.
b. Drag Salary to the Values area.

Step 1 – Total Salary by Department

 By default, Excel will show Sum of Salary.

 The Pivot Table will display:

Department Total Salary (Rs.)

Accounts 8000
Marketing 13000
Sales 9000

Step 2 – Average Salary by Department

1. Drag Salary again to the Values area (so it appears twice).

2. Click on the second “Sum of Salary” → select Value Field Settings → choose Average.
The Pivot Table now shows:

Department Total Salary (Rs.) Average Salary (Rs.)

Accounts 8000 4000
Marketing 13000 6500
Sales 9000 4500

Final Output (Pivot Table):

Department Total Salary (Rs.) Average Salary (Rs.)

Accounts 8000 4000
Marketing 13000 6500
Sales 9000 4500
26) Identify OS details (Windows/Linux/macOS version) of your system.

Ans) To identify the Operating System (OS) details of a computer, follow these steps:

For Windows Users:

1. Press Windows + R keys.
2. Type winver and press Enter.
3. A window appears showing the Windows version, edition, and build number.
Example Output:
Windows 11 Pro
Version: 23H2
OS Build: 22631.2428
System Type: 64-bit Operating System
For Linux Users:
1. Open the Terminal.
2. Type the command:
uname -a or lsb_release -a
3. The system will display the Linux distribution and version details.
Example Output:
Distributor ID: Ubuntu
Description: Ubuntu 22.04 LTS
Release: 22.04
Codename: Jammy

For macOS Users:

1. Click on the Apple Menu () → select About This Mac.
2. The OS name and version will be displayed.
Example Output:
macOS Sonoma
Version: 14.1
Model: MacBook Air (M2, 2023)
Final Answer:
My system is running on Windows 11 Pro,
Version 23H2, 64-bit Operating System.
27) Use a utility software: compress a folder into zip and extract it.

Ans) Objective:
To use utility software to compress a folder into a ZIP file and then extract it.

Steps to Compress a Folder (ZIP):

1. Select the folder you want to compress.

2. Right-click on the folder.
3. Choose “Send to” → “Compressed (zipped) folder”.
4. A new file with the same name and a .zip extension will be created in the same location.
Example:

Folder Name: Project Files

Compressed File: Project [Link]

Steps to Extract the ZIP File:

1. Right-click on the ZIP file (e.g., Project [Link]).

2. Choose “Extract All…”.
3. Select the destination folder where you want to extract the files.
4. Click Extract.
5. The compressed files will be restored to their original form.

Result:

The folder was successfully compressed into a ZIP file and later extracted back to its original
contents using Windows built-in utility software.
28) Create a Word document: insert a heading, table, image, and apply styles.

Ans) Objective:
To create a Microsoft Word document that includes a heading, table, image, and formatted
styles.

Steps:

1. Open Microsoft Word

a. Click on Start → Microsoft Word to open a new blank document.
2. Insert a Heading
a. Type a title such as “Employee Details Report” at the top of the page.
b. Select the text and apply the Heading 1 style from the Home → Styles group.
c. You can also center align the heading and make it bold.
3. Insert a Table
a. Go to Insert → Table → Insert Table.
b. Choose the number of rows and columns (for example, 4 rows × 3 columns).
c. Enter the following sample data:

Employee Name Department Salary

Arjun HR 50000
Meena Finance 60000
Kiran Sales 45000

4. Insert an Image
a. Go to Insert → Pictures.
b. Choose This Device and select any suitable image (like your college logo or
office image).
c. Adjust the image size and position it neatly on the page.
5. Apply Styles
a. Select the text and apply styles such as Bold, Italics, Font Color, or Underline.
b. Use Themes and Paragraph Spacing from the Design tab for a professional
look.

Result:
A well-formatted Word document is created containing:
 A Heading
 A Table with data
 An Inserted Image
 Proper Text Styles and Formatting

29) Perform a Mail Merge for an interview call letter to 5 candidates.

Ans) Objective:
To create an Interview Call Letter using Mail Merge in Microsoft Word for 5 candidates.

Steps:

Step 1: Open Microsoft Word

1. Open Microsoft Word → select a Blank Document.

2. Type the main content of the Interview Call Letter (this will be your main document).
Example:

Annie besant womens college

Hyderabad

Date: <<Date>>

Dear <<Name>>,

We are pleased to inform you that you have been shortlisted for an interview for the post of
<<Position>>.
Your interview is scheduled on <<Date>> at <<Time>> in our office located at <<Venue>>.

Please bring all your original certificates and a copy of your resume.

Regards,
HR Manager
Annie beasant womens college

Step 2: Create the Data Source

1. Open a new Excel sheet.

2. Enter the following data:

Name Position Date Time Venue

Arjun Kumar Accountant 20-10-2025 10:00AM Growing Global Office, Hyd
Meena Reddy HR Assistant 20-10-2025 11:00AM Growing Global Office, Hyd
Kiran Patel Marketing Exec 20-10-2025 12:00PM Growing Global Office, Hyd
Neha Sharma Sales Officer 21-10-2025 10:00AM Growing Global Office, Hyd
Rohan Das Analyst 21-10-2025 11:00AM Growing Global Office, Hyd
 3. Save this Excel file as [Link].

Step 3: Link the Data in Word

1. In the Word document, go to Mailings → Start Mail Merge → Letters.

2. Click Select Recipients → Use an Existing List.
3. Browse and select the Excel file [Link].

Step 4: Insert Merge Fields

1. Place the cursor in the document where you want the fields to appear.
2. Go to Mailings → Insert Merge Field → and insert fields like:
a. <<Name>>
b. <<Position>>
c. <<Date>>
d. <<Time>>
e. <<Venue>>

Step 5: Preview and Finish

1. Click Preview Results to view each candidate’s letter.

2. Go to Finish & Merge → Print Documents or Edit Individual Documents.
3. You will now have 5 personalized interview call letters, one for each candidate.

30) Prepare a resume in MS Word.

Ans) Objective:
To create a well-formatted Resume using Microsoft Word that includes personal, educational,
and professional details

Steps:

1. Open Microsoft Word

a. Click on Start → Microsoft Word → open a Blank Document.
2. Insert Heading
a. At the top of the page, type your full name in bold and larger font size (16–18
pt).
b. Below it, type your contact details such as address, phone number, and email.
Example:

RAHUL SHARMA
Phone: 98765XXXXX | Email: rahulsharma123@[Link] | Hyderabad

3. Insert a Horizontal Line (Optional)

a. Go to Insert → Shapes → Line or type three hyphens (---) and press Enter.
4. Add Sections and Details

1. Career Objective

To work in a challenging and dynamic environment where I can utilize my skills,

gain experience, and contribute to the success of the organization.

2. Educational Qualification

Qualification College/University Year of Passing Percentage

[Link] Osmania University 2025 80%
Intermediate Sri Chaitanya Junior College 2022 85%
SSC Little Flower High School 2020 90%

3. Technical Skills

 MS Word, MS Excel, MS PowerPoint

 Tally ERP
 Internet and Email Usage
 Basic Computer Knowledge
4. Personal Details

 Name: Rahul Sharma

 Date of Birth: 10-May-2004
 Gender: Male
 Marital Status: Single
 Languages Known: English, Telugu, Hindi
 Address: Hyderabad, Telangana

5. Declaration

I hereby declare that the information furnished above is true to the best of my knowledge and
belief.

Date: ____________
Place: ___________

Signature: _____________________

Result:

A well-structured Resume was created in Microsoft Word using headings, tables, and formatting
tools.

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