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Solutions Notes

The document provides an overview of solutions, including definitions of solute, solvent, and types of solutions (saturated, supersaturated, and unsaturated). It discusses factors affecting solubility such as temperature and pressure, along with key principles like Henry's Law and Raoult's Law. Additionally, it covers colligative properties, including vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression, with relevant formulas for calculations.

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10 views22 pages

Solutions Notes

The document provides an overview of solutions, including definitions of solute, solvent, and types of solutions (saturated, supersaturated, and unsaturated). It discusses factors affecting solubility such as temperature and pressure, along with key principles like Henry's Law and Raoult's Law. Additionally, it covers colligative properties, including vapor pressure lowering, boiling point elevation, and freezing point depression, with relevant formulas for calculations.

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67qb6dspzw
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
= [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Dee Cone Ee | Rear ed Pace) | 4 |/22 | Find in document Q | [3 Downloaded 158 times PAWAN WAGH ACADEMY Notes Solutions Solution= Solute + Solvent Solid Liquid Gases Solid. Liquid Gases Dissolution Solute + Solvent Solution Crystallization ‘rn Se solution. Supersaturated aU A solution which solution solution amounts a solution which A solution which (equilibrium contains greater contains less than than equilibrium ilibri amount of solute) t of sol equilibrium dissolved ina amount or sorute amount of solute - is called as is called as solvent is called as Si d Saturated upersaturate Unsaturated solution solution solution For more papers please visit [Link] = [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Dee Cone Ee RA mld Pa a) | 2 \v22 | Find in document Q Downloaded 158 times Solubility:- The amount of solute present per unit volume of saturated solution, is called as Solubility Unit:- 2%) or M (Molarity) Litre FE ffecti ili Effect of Effect of Nature of solute and solvent temperature on pressure on. solubility solubility [Link] of solute and solvent:- [Link] substance having almost similar intermolecular forces are most likely to be soluble in each other (like dissolves in like) [Link] polar solute dissolves in polar solvent and non-polar solute in non-polar solvent c. The solubility of solute in a solvent is as a result of similar solute-solute, solute-solvent and solvent-solvent interaction [Link] example (NaCl)- Polar solute is soluble in (H:0) water-polar solvent @.For example Cholesterol-Non polar solute dissolves in Benzene-non polar solvent For more papers please visit [Link] Related titles ra La = [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Dee Cone Ee RA mld Pa a) | 3 \v22 | Find in document Q Downloaded 158 times [Link] of Temperature [Link] of substance changes with temperature and depends on enthalpy of solution [Link] to Le-chateliers principle, when the substance dissolves in water by endothermic process, its solubility increases with increase in temperature ex. Solubility of KBr in water [Link] the substance dissolves in water by exothermic process, its solubility decreases with increase in temperature [Link] of pressure on solubility [Link] has no effect on the solubility of solid and liquids (incompressible) [Link] shows greater effect on the solubility of gases in liquids c. The relationship between Solubility of gas in liquid and pressure of gas is given by ‘Henry law’ Henry Law- According to law “Solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas” SaP S=KuXP Where, So Ky= = = —™t S= Solubility of gas in liquid unit P litre bar dere’ P= Pressure of gas (bar) mot litre oar) Ku= Henry’s constant ( For more papers please visit [Link] ra La Related titles RA mld Pa a) | 4 |iz2 | Find in document Q Downloaded 158 times Henry’s Constant (Ky) Henry’s constant is equal to the solubility of gas in the liquid, where pressure of solution is equal to bar Exception to Henry law- NH; (ammonia) and CO, (carbon dioxide) gas do not obey Henry’s law “> Raoult’s Law - According to the law “The partial vapour pressure of any volatile component of a solution is equal to the vapour pressure of pure component multiplied by its mole fraction”. P=P°x x Where P= partial vapour pressure P°= Vapour pressure of pure component x= mole fraction “Expression Consider a binary solution of two volatile liquids liquid Av Ap Partial pressure P, P» Mole fraction Xi & So P; = Pi°x: P= P2°x2 For more papers please visit [Link] Related titles = [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Dee Cone Ee ra La = [scrisp] Search Q & Download now ff + Ask Al Downloaded 158 times & Signin De Re ae Le [ 5 |/22 | Find in document Q. | P=Total pressure = P\+P, = X: Pi°+x2.P." = (1-xX2) pi°+X2,P.° = P,?-Pi°X2+X2P2° P =P,°+ (P2' °-P,°) Xe yerc+ om i Vapour Pressure ———_»- Ideal solution Related titles ‘Mole fraction x,—> x +80 X= 1-x2 ra La = [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Download free for 30 days & Download now ff + Ask Al | 6 |/22 Downloaded 158 times | Find in document Q | [3 Points of Ideal solution Non-Ideal difference solution Obey / do not They obey They do not obey Raoult’s Raoult’s law obey Raoult’s law law AH mix AH mix=0 AH mixes 0 AV mix V mix=0 AV mixz 0 Nature of solute-solute, solute-solute, interaction solute-solvent, solute-solvent, solvent-solvent interaction are comparable solvent-solvent interaction are not comparable Vapour pressure Vapour pressure Vapour pressure relation of ideal solution | of non-ideal lies between solution can be vapour pressure | either higher or of pure lower than pure component component Example Benzene+toulene |Phenol+aniline Related titles For more papers please visit [Link] = [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Dee Cone Ee Rear ed Pace) | 7 |/22 | Find in document Q | [3 Downloaded 158 times Non-Ideal Solution shows two types of deviations from Raoult’s Law ee Positive Derivation Negative Derivation 1, Solute-solvent Solute 1. Solute - Solute-solute Interactions << -solute and solvent >> and solvent Solvent-solvent interactions _ solvent interaction interactions 2. Vapour Vapour [Link] Vapour Pressure of >> Pressure of pressure of << Pressure of Solution pure component solution pure component ex. (ethanol + acetone ex. (Phenol + aniline), (CS, + acetone) , (CHCI; + acetone) Colligative properties. The physical property that depends on the number of solute particles in solution and does not depend on the nature of solute particles is called as Colligative properties. Colligative Property , 1 1 t Vapour Boiling Freezing Osmotic pressure point point pseu lowering Elevation depression For more papers please visit [Link] Related titles a = [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Dee Cone Ee Rear ed Pace) | 8 |iz2 | Find in document Q | [3 Downloaded 158 times [Link] pressure Lowering The pressure exerted by the vapour on the surface of liquid in a close container, is called as vapour pressure lowering. «When a non volatile (non ionizable) solid is dissolved in a solvent Let P,:°= Vapour pressure of pure solvent P, = Vapour pressure of solution /? = Vapour pressure lowering “The vapour pressure Vapour pressure of of pure solvent (P,°) >> solution (P,) “Ap = P°-P, (A P=big value- small value) “Reason for vapour pressure lowering [Link] a non volatile solute is dissolved in a solvent, so the surface of solvent molecules are replaced by non-volatile solute molecules [Link] solute are non-volatile, so they do not contribute to any vapour pressure, due to which solution vaporizes to a slower rate [Link] vapour pressure lowers and hence called as vapour pressure lowering. Related titles a RA mld Pa a) | 9 \v22 | Find in document Q Downloaded 158 times ++ Expression for lowering of vapour pressure According to Raoult’s law AP = P,°-P; = P,°x x +» Expression for relative lowering of vapour pressure The ratio of vapour pressure lowering of solvent to the vapour pressure of pure solvent is called as relative lowering of vapour pressure. Relative lowering of = AP = P.’- PP = x= mofraction vapour pressure P,? P? of solute “ Determination of molecular mass of solute using vapour pressure lowering method n2 w2, wi AP = x= nitn2 me 2 P,? > he M1 For dilute solution, n2=0 (in denominator) Where, Som =x.=— AP = Lowering of vapour pressure AP = Relative lowering of vapour po Pressure 1 Ap_P10-P1 _ waxm1 plo plo M2xwi X2= mole fraction of solute For more papers plecbe visit [Link] = [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Dee Cone Ee ra La Related titles Downloaded 158 times W.= mass of solute; Wi=mass of solvent n= no of moles of solute m= no of moles of solvent M.= molar mass of solute Mi=molar mass of solvent [Link] point Elevation:- Boiling point:- The temperature at which, the vapour pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure is called as Boiling point Liquid=Vapour «When a non-volatile (non-ionizable) solute is dissolved in a solvent Let T,°= boiling point of pure solvent Tp = Boiling point of solution AT, = Elevation in boiling point Boiling pointof << Boiling point of solution (T,) pure solvent (T,”) * (AT,=big value-small value) ATy=Te-Th” For more papers please visit [Link] Related titles = [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Dee Cone Ee RA mld Pa a) | 10 |/22 | Find in document Q ra La = [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Dee Cone Ee 5 (1) jen & Download now Parte) | "1 |)22 | Find indocument Q | [3 Downloaded 158 times Elevation of boiling point as a consequence of vapour pressure lowering [Link] vapour pressure of solution is lower than that of pure solvent; so the vapour pressure temperature curve of solution lies below the solvent curve [Link] boiling point of solution is higher than that of pure solvent and can be understood from figure [Link] vapour pressure of solution needs higher temperature to reach 1 atm and vapour pressure of pure solvent requires less temperature to reach latm [Link] to which, the boiling point of solution is higher than that of pure solvent so it is termed as Boiling point elevation (increment). «Expression for [Link]-boiling point AT, am where AT;=Elevation in boiling point ATy=kyx m K, = molal elevation Constant or Ebullioscopy constant m= molality * Ebullioscopy constant or molal elevation constant The ebullioscopy constant or molal elevation constant is defined as the elevation in the boiling point, produced by 1 molal solution 7 Where me=molality=1 The above phenomenon in which elevation in boiling point is measured is called as Ebullioscopy For more papers please visit [Link] Related titles a = [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Dee Cone Ee 4, Download now ff + Ask Al |e 122 | Find in document Q | £3 Downloaded 158 times “Unit of Ebullioscopic constant (K,):- _— ATb _ Kelvin _ 1 Ke F cmpteayie [Link]. mol “» Determination of molecular mass of solute usin: boiling point elevation method ATo= Ky xm no sof moles of solute ‘mass of solvent in kg No of moles of solute = mas of solute molecular mass of solute We m= 2 ee n2*1000 W2x1000 ;mol and m=——— =——__ ("_) wi M2xW1 ‘kg W2x1000, A The (2x10; A Te=Kx Go?) Ww2x1000xKb Ma * wixArb where, m=molality W=mass M=molecular mass K,=Ebullioscopic constant W.=mass of solvent W.= mass of solute M.= molecular mass of solvent M,= molecular mass of Solute At, =Elevation in boiling point Related titles = [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Dee Cone Ee Rear ed Pace) | 13 \v22 | Find in document Q | [3 Downloaded 158 times “+ Freezing Point depression :- [Link] point The temperature at which vapour pressure of solid and liquid are equal is called as freezing point Solid «— Liquid When a non-volatile solute is dissolved in a solvent Let T,°= Freezing point of pure solvent T; = Freezing point of solution ATi= Depression in freezing point Freezing point of >> Freezing point of solution (T;) pure solvent (T;) AT=T/°-T; 4T=big value- small value Elevation of freezing point as a consequence of vapour pressure lowering [Link] vapour pressure of solution is lower than that of pure solvent, so the vapour pressure temperature curve of solution lies below that of the solvent For more papers please visit [Link] Related titles a = [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Dee Cone Ee Rear ed Pace) | 44 |/22 | Find in document Q | [3 Downloaded 158 times “* Representation of variation of vapour pressure with emperature Vapour Pressure ——y» Temperature. ——> The above diagram consists of three curves Curve AB:-Represents vapour pressure curve of solid solvent Curve CD:-Represents vapour pressure curve of liquid solvent Curve EF:-Represents vapour pressure curve of Solution Point B:-Solid solvent is in equilibrium with liquid solvent Point E:-Solid solvent is in equilibrium with solution [Link] pure solvent, the molecules are very close to each other, but in case of solution, the molecules of solvent are separated from each other, because of For more papers please visit [Link] Related titles a = [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Dee Cone Ee Rear ed Pace) | 15 \v22 | Find in document Q | [3 Downloaded 158 times solute molecules, so the attractive forces, between the solvent are molecules are less in solution [Link] to which, the freezing point of pure solvent is higher than that of solution, so it is termed as freezing point depression (decrement) «Expression for ression in freezin: i Where ATam ATy=depression in freezing point AT=eKxm Ke= cryoscopic constant m= molality The cryscopic constant is defined as the depression in freezing point, produced by 1 molal solution A When m=molality=1 “The phenomenon in which depression in freezing point is measured is called as Cryoscopy. + Unit of cryscopic constant (K;):- Kew TE a Kevin n_~ Goltkg) = [Link]'! For more papers please visit [Link] Related titles a = [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Dee Cone Ee RA mld Pa a) | 16 |/22 | Find in document Q Downloaded 158 times freezing point depression method AT= Kexm of moles of solute _ 2 mass of solvent inkg wi So reotie m= no of moles of solute =—™2/ seme molar mass of solute 21000 W2x1000 (my wi M2xW1 kg so m= So AT i= Ky x (12210 M2xw Kfx1000xW2 AT pxWy W2=mass of solute Wi=mass of solvent M.=molecular mass of solute M.= molecular mass of solvent AT,= freezing point depression Kr=cryoscopic constant Fae mare nanere nlaace vielt un nnunnwanhnenden com Related titles “ Determination of molecular mass of solute usin; =? M2 = [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Dee Cone Ee 4, Download now ff + Ask Al | 47 |/22 | Find in document Q | £3 La Downloaded 158 times “* Osmotic pressure a. Semipermeable membrane:- The membrane which selectively allows the solvent molecules to pass through them and do not allow the solute (large) molecules to pass is called as Semipermeable membrane [Link] The net spontaneous flow of solvent molecules from more dilution solution (solvent side) towards more concentrated solution (solution side) is called as Osmosis Semipermeable Semipermeable membrane membrane Net flow of solvent Solvent Solution Solution of — Solution of lower higher concentration concentration * Osmotic pressure The hydrostatic pressure which stops the process of osmosis, is called an Osmotic pressure of solution represented by (I). For more papers please visit [Link] Related titles = [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Dee Cone Ee Rear ed Pace) | 18 |/22 | Find in document Q | [3 Downloaded 158 times * Types of solution isbtonic solution Hypertonic solution — Hypotonic solution If two or more If two more If two or more solution has, same solution having solution having OstnOle Dress ure: different osmotic different osmotic then they are 7 pressure, then the pressure, then the called as Isotonic more concentrated ies, Doncentrated aisha solution with solution with lower Iso = same higher osmotic osmotic pressure is tonic = osmotic pressure is called called as Hypotonic pressure as Hypertonic solution solution Hypersittay Hypo=less Ex. = 0.2M urea Ex. = 0.2M urea Be and 0.1M and 0.1M bpebuate sucrose sucrose poe ee solution solution solution are isotomic So urea has So sucrose has solutions high lower : concentration concentration so shows so shows higher osmotic lower osmotic pressure pressure For more papers please visit [Link] Related titles a = [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Dee Cone Ee Rear ed Pace) | 49 |/22 | Find in document Q | [3 Downloaded 158 times Relation between Osmotic pressure and concentration of solution T= CRT T= MRT T= 2RT where C=M= Concentration or Molarity of solution n.=number of moles of solute V= volume of solution “The osmotic pressure is measured at a constant temperature, and Molarity depends on temperature, so solute concentration is expressed in terms of (M) Molarity only, in case of osmotic pressure. motic pr re meth T=CRT=MRT=2RT m= no. of moles = Mass of solute _ We ~ Molecular mass of solute Mz of solution W2 RT So | TI=——— M2xv W2 RT Ma OR TRv Related titles a = [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Dee Cone Ee Rear ed Pace) | 20 |/22 | Find in document Q | [3 Downloaded 158 times «» Reverse Osmosis:- * The phenomenon in which, the pure solvent flows from solution (higher concentration) towards the pure solvent (lower concentration) is called as reverse osmosis. * Reverse osmosis is possible, when a pressure larger than the osmotic pressure is applied across the solution. Pressure>x Piston : Fresh water Salt water LI ‘ Water outlet Semipermeable membrane Colligative Colligative properties of Properties of >> Non-electrolyte Electrolytes 1 unit of electrolyte + H.0——~ 2 or more ions 1 unit of non- electrolyte Ho — 1 ion For more papers please visit [Link] Related titles a aa = [scrisp] Search Q & Sign in Dee Cone Ee Rear ed Pace) | 24 \v22 | Find in document Q | [3 Downloaded 158 times * So in case of electrolyte, the number of ions or particles increase in solution, when dissolved in H.O * As colligative properties depends on the number of ions or particles present in solution. * So colligative properties of electrolyte shows higher values than for the colligative properties of non- electrolytes. “ Van't Hoff factor— (i) — The ratio of colligative properties of electrolyte solution to the colligative property of non- electrolyte solution at same concentration is called as Van’t Hoff factor (i) ,- QT) _ Ary _ Ar) ay _ Mtheorticat (Arp)o Arey Gro (D0 M observed ion for ool’ ee =i)p M2W1 Haba HCOO + H* 1mol UR 1 mole 1 Son= (1 + l= 2 Enemare nanare nlaace vicit unaner nannnunnhnendam eam, Related titles & Signin De Re ae Le ra La

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