•

•
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 Chapter 2
Three--Phase Systems
Three
 AC Waveform
Voltage or Current

One
Cycle

Peak
Maximum

Time

3
 ac Waveform
Vmax v

ωt
v = V max sin ω t
ω=2π f
f is the frequency of the waveform
4
 AC Representation
v

ωt

v = Vmax sin ω t
Vmax
Vrms = V = ω = 2 π f = 377 rad / sec
2
5
 How AC is Generated

Stator
N

S
Rotor
Windings

6
 φf v
900 2700

Angle
S
1800 3600
X

7
Alternating Current

Ia

Ia

8
 V1 Reference

θ v1
V2
v2

V1 = V1∠ 0 ° ωt
θ
V2 = V2 ∠ − θ °
v1 = V1 max sin ω t
v 2 = V 2 max sin (ω t − θ )

9
 V1 Reference

θ v1
V2
v2

V1 = V1∠ 0 ° ωt
θ
V2 = V2 ∠ − θ °
v1 = V1 max cos ω t
v 2 = V2 max cos (ω t − θ )

10
 Voltage and Current can be Out of Phase
+
+ I v
V

load
i
_
_
ωt
V θ

θ v = V max sin ω t
I
i = I max sin ( ω t − θ )
V = V∠ 0°
θ is the phase shift of current
I = I ∠ − θ° also known as the power factor angle
It is due to the presence of inductive and capacitive elements.
11
 Example
If V=120 v and Z=4 + j3 Ω,
calculate the current and power +
+ I
factor.
V
V 120 ∠0 120 ∠0 Z
I = = = _
Z 4+ j3 5 ∠ 37 o _

o Lagging
I = 24 ∠ − 37 A V
pf = cos θ = cos 37 = 0 .8 θ
I
Notice that the pf angle is the angle of the impedance
12
 Polarities
+
+
V I I Z
_
_

Source Load

13
 Ia
Three-Phase

Ib

Ia Ib

Ic
Ic

14
 Three-phase system
v an v bn v cn

120 ο 240 ο

Time

15
 How is Three-Phase System Connected?

a
b′ X X
c′

c b
X
a′
16
 How is Three-Phase System
Connected?
• Any three-phase generator has 6 terminal wires
• Transmitting 6 wire over a long distance is
expensive
• Instead, three-wire system is used by
connecting the six wires as Y or Delta

17
 Y-Connection
a
b′ X X
c′

c b
X
a′
18
 Delta (∆) Connection: Source
a
b′ X X
c′

c b
X
a′
19
 Mixed Connection System
Transmission
Source Line Load

Ia
a a
Ia Z

Vca Vab Ib
Z n Z
c Ib c Ic b
Vbc b

Ic
20
 c

Phase voltage vcn

van Reference
a n a
b vbn
c
b V an = V a = V ∠ 0 °V
vcn vbn van
Vbn = Vb = V ∠ − 120 °V
n
Vcn = Vc = V ∠120 °V
21
 c
Line-to-line vca
voltage vcn
a vbc van Reference
vab n a
b vbn
vca vbc vab
c 30 0
b
n
Vab = Van − Vbn = (V ∠0 ° ) − (V ∠ − 120 ° ) = 3 V ∠ 30 °
Vbc = Vbn − Vcn = (V ∠ − 120 ° ) − (V ∠120 ° ) = 3 V ∠ − 90 °
Vca = Vcn − Van = (V ∠ 120 ° ) − (V ∠ 0 ° ) = 3 V ∠150 °
22
Vab = Van − Vbn = (V ∠0 ° ) − (V ∠ − 120 ° ) = 3 V ∠ 30 °

vcn vab
vca -vbn
30 0 Reference
n van
vbn

vbc

23
 Main Conclusions
Vab = Van − Vbn = (V ∠0° ) − (V ∠ − 120 ° ) = 3 V ∠ 30 °

• Line-to-line voltage is greater than phase voltage by

3
• Line-to-line voltage leads phase voltage by
0
30
24
 Y-Connection

a b c
Vcc’
c'
Vaa’ Vbb’ Vcc’ n Vaa’
b' a' a
a' b' c' Vbb’
n b

25
 Y-Connected System
Line current
Transmission
Source Line Load

Ia Phase current
a a
+ +

Van Ia Ia Z

Ib
Vcn n Vbn n Z
+ Z
c + Ib c + Ic + b
Ic Ib b
Ic
26
 Ia
a a
+

Ia Ia Z
Y-Connection Van
In
Ib
Vcn n V n Z
bn Z
c Ib c Ic b
Ic Ib b
Ic
For balanced system
Za = Zb = Zc = Z Va V∠ 0°
Ia = = = I ∠ −θ o
Z a Z ∠θ °
Van = Va = V ∠0 ° Vb V ∠ − 120 °
Ib = = = I ∠( − 120 − θ o )
Zb Z ∠θ °
Vbn = Vb = V ∠ − 120 °
Vc V ∠120 °
Vcn = Vc = V ∠ 120 ° Ic = = = I ∠( 120 − θ o )
Zc Z ∠θ °
27
 Vcn θ
Ic
Van Reference
n
θ
Ib Ia
θ Vbn

Ia = I ∠ −θ o
Van = Va = V ∠0 °
I b = I ∠( − 120 − θ o )
Vbn = Vb = V ∠ − 120 °

Vcn = Vc = V ∠ 120 ° I c = I ∠( 120 − θ o )

28
 Neutral Current of Balanced Load
For balanced system
Ic
Za = Zb = Zc = Z
Ia

Ib

I n = I a + I b + I c = I∠ 0 + I∠ − 120 + I∠120 = 0
o o

29
 Main Conclusions for Y-Connected Load
Vab = Van − Vbn = (V ∠0° ) − (V ∠ − 120 ° ) = 3 V ∠ 30 °
• Line-to-line voltage is greater than phase voltage by

3
• Line-to-line voltage leads phase voltage by
0
30
• Line current equals phase current
30
 Single-Phase Representation
Va
θ
Ia +
+ Ia

Va Z

_
_

31
 Delta (∆) Connection: Source

a b c c
b'
Vcc’
Vbb’
Vbb’ Vcc’ b c'
Vaa’
Vaa’
a' a

a' b' c'

32
 Delta-Connected System
Line current
Transmission
Source Line Load

Phase current Ia Phase current

a a
- - +
+ Ica
Ica Z Iab
Iab Z
Vca Vab -
+
+ -
c Ib c Z b
Vbc b - +
- + Ibc
Ibc Ic
33
 Delta (∆) Connection: Source
Ia
a
_
Ica +
Iab Ia is line current
Vca Vab Iabis phase current
_ Ib
+
b
c Vbc
_
+
Ibc Ic

34
Kirchhoff’s Current law at node a a Ia
_
I ab = I a + I ca Ica +
Vca I
Vab _ ab Ib
+
_ Vbc b
c +
Ibc Ic

Vca θ
Ica
Vab Reference
n
θ
Ibc Iab
θ Vbc

35
I ab = I a + I ca
Ica
I a = I ab − I ca
Vab Refere
n θ Iab
Ibc 300
Ia -Ica

I a = I ab − I ca = I ab ∠ − θ − I ab ∠ (120 − θ )
Ia = 3 I ab ∠ − (θ + 30 o )
36
 Example
Let

I a = 30 ∠ − 10 o A Reference

Calculate the phase current Iab of a delta

circuit
Ia
I ab = ∠ 30 o

3
30 ∠ − 10 o
I ab = ∠ 30 = 17 .32 ∠ 20 A
o

3
37
 Main Conclusions for Delta-Connected Source
• Line-to-line voltage is equal to phase voltage

Ia = 3 I ab ∠ − (θ + 30 o )
• Line current is greater than phase current by

3
• Line current lags phase current by

0
30
38
 Delta (∆) Connection: Load
a Ia
_ +
Ica Iab
_ Ib
+
_ b
θ c +
Vca Ica Ibc Ic
Vab Refere
n
θ
Ibc Iab
θ Vbc I a = I ab − I ca

39
I a = I ab − I ca Ica
Vab Refere
n θ Iab
Ibc 300
Ia
- Ica

I a = I ab − I ca = 3 I ab ∠ − 30 o
o
Ia = 3 I ab ∠ − ( θ + 30 )
40
 Main Conclusions for Delta-Connected Load
• Line-to-line voltage is equal to phase voltage

Ia = 3 I ab ∠ − ( θ + 30 o )
• Line current is greater than phase current by

3
• Line current lags phase current by

0
30
41
 Mixed Connection System
Line current
Transmission
Source Line Load

Phase current Ia Phase current

a a
+
Ica Ia Z
Iab
Vca Vab Ib
Z n Z
-
c Ib c Ic b
Vbc b

Ibc Ic
42
 a Ia

Z∆
Z∆
Y-∆ Transformation Ib
b
c
Z∆ Ic
a Ia

ZY

ZY ZY
Ib
b
c
Ic
43
 Y-∆ Transformation
a
a

ZY Z∆
ZY Zab Zab
c n c Z∆
ZY
Z∆

b
b
Z ab = Z ∆ // 2 Z ∆
Z ab = 2 Z Y 2
Z ab = Z∆
3 44
 Y-∆ Transformation a Ia

Z∆
Z∆
Z ab = Z ∆ // 2 Z ∆ Ib
b
2 c
Z ab = Z∆ Z∆ Ic
3 a Ia

ZY
Z ab = 2 Z Y
THEN
ZY ZY
Ib 1
c
b ZY = Z ∆
Ic
3
45
 Example
1. Calculate the phase current of the load
2. Calculate the equivalent Y load
3. Calculate the phase current of the equivalent Y load
a

Van = 120 v Ia
Z = 4 + j 3Ω

c b
b
c
Ib

Ic 46
 a
Van Ia Z

c b Ib c b
Part 1:

Vab 3 × 120 ∠ 30 o Ic
I ab = = = 41 .57 ∠ − 7 A
o

Z 5 ∠ 37 o

Z∆ 5 ∠ 37 o
Part 2: ZY = = = 1 .67 ∠ 37 o Ω
3 3

Part 3: The phase current in ∆ load is equal to

Ia = 3 I ab ∠ − 30 o = ( )
3 41 .57 ∠ − 7 o ∠ − 30 o = 72 ∠ − 37 o A
47
 Example
Calculate the line current
Z2 = 12 - j 9Ω
Ia Z1 = 4 + j 3Ω
a

Van = 120 v

b c b
b c
c

Ic 48
 Change delta to Y
Z1 = 4 + j 3Ω Z2y = 4 - j 3Ω
Ia a

Van = 120 v

b b b
c c c

Ic 49
 Zeq = 25/8 Ω
Ia a

Van = 120 v

b b
c c

Ic
120 ∠0 o
Ia = = 38 .4 A
25 / 8
50
Instantaneous Electric Power [p(t)]
v v (t ) = V max sin( ω t )
i i (t ) = I max sin( ω t − θ )
V
ωt
θ θ
I

ρ (t ) = v (t ) i (t ) = V max I max sin( ω t ) sin( ω t − θ )

V max I max
ρ (t ) = [cos( θ ) − cos( 2ω t − θ ) ]
2

Fixed average Zero average 51

Instantaneous Electric Power [p(t)]

ρ
v
i

ωt

52
Real Power (Average P)

ρ ωt

53
 Real Power (Average P)
2π
1 2π 1 V max I max
P=
2π ∫
0
ρ (t ) d ω t =
2π ∫0 2 [cos θ − cos( 2ω t − θ )] dω t
V max I max
P= cos θ = V rms I rms cos θ
2
p

ωt
54
 Reactive Power [q(t)]
V max I max
ρ (t ) = [cos( θ ) − cos( 2ω t − θ ) ]
2
ρ ( t ) = P + h( t )
Important points!
π
Frequency of h(t) is
double the h(t)
frequency of supply
voltage

Average value of h(t) is ωt

zero θ
55
 V max I max
ρ (t ) = [cos( θ ) − cos( 2ω t − θ ) ]
2
ρ (t ) = VI [cos( θ ) − cos( 2ω t − θ ) ]
ρ (t ) = VI cos( θ ) − VI [cos( θ ) cos( 2ω t ) + sin( θ ) sin( 2ω t ) ]

ρ (t ) = VI cos( θ ) [1 − cos( 2ω t ) ] − VI sin( θ ) sin( 2ω t )

ρ (t ) = P [1 − cos( 2ω t ) ] − Q sin( 2ω t )

Real power Reactive power

56
 Complex Power
IMPORTANT
V
θ is the power factor angle
θ
S ≡V I * I
I = I∠ − θ

S = V I = V ∠ 0 I∠ θ = VI ∠ θ
*

S = V I cos θ + j V I sin θ
S = P+ j Q
Real Power Reactive Power 57
 Power of 3-phase circuits
Vphase
For Single phase
θ P = V phase I phase cos (θ )
Iphase
Q = V phase I phase sin (θ )
IMPORTANT

θ is the angle between For 3-phase

phase voltage and P = 3 V phase I phase cos (θ )
phase current.
Q = 3 V phase I phase sin (θ )
Use voltage as a
58
reference
 Real Power in Delta Circuit
Ia
V phase = V ab _
a
Ica + Iab
I phase = I ab _ Ib
+
_ b
Vline = V ab c +
Ic
Ibc
I line = I a = 3 I ab
P = 3 V phase I phase cos (θ ) = 3 V ab I ab cos (θ )

P = 3 V ab I a cos (θ ) = 3 Vline I line cos (θ )

59
 Reactive Power in Delta Circuit
Ia
V phase = V ab _
a
Ica + Iab
I phase = I ab _ Ib
+
_ b
Vline = V ab c +
Ic
Ibc
I line = I a = 3 I ab
Q = 3 V phase I phase sin (θ ) = 3 V ab I ab sin (θ )

Q = 3 V ab I a sin (θ ) = 3 Vline I line sin (θ )

60
 Real Power in Y Circuit
Ia
V phase = V a a

I phase = I a Va

Vc Vb
Vline = V ab = 3 Va Ib
b
c
I line = I a Ic

P = 3 V phase I phase cos (θ ) = 3 V a I a cos (θ )

P = 3 V ab I a cos (θ ) = 3 Vline I line cos (θ )

61
 Reactive Power in Y Circuit
Ia
V phase = V a a

I phase = I a Va

Vc Vb
Vline = V ab = 3 Va Ib
b
c
I line = I a Ic

Q = 3 V phase I phase sin (θ ) = 3 V a I a sin (θ )

Q = 3 V ab I a sin (θ ) = 3 Vline I line sin (θ )

62
 Example
Calculate the load power

Van = 120 v Ia
Z = 4 + j 3Ω

c b
b
c
Ib

Ic 63
 a Vab
Van Ia Z Ica

c b c b θ 300 Van
Ib n
Ibc Iab
300
Ic
o
Ia
Vab = 3 Va ∠ 30
Vab = 3 (120 ∠0 )∠30 o o
= 208 ∠ 30 V o

V ab 208 ∠ 30 o
I ab = = = 41 .57 ∠ − 7 A
o

Z 5 ∠ 37 o

o o
I a = 3 I ab ∠ − 30 = 72 ∠ − 37 A
64
 Method #1
P = 3 V phase I phase cos θ
 −3
P = 3 Vab I ab cos θ = 3 × 208 × 41 .57 × cos  tan − 1  = 20 .736 kW
 4 
Method #2 P = 3 Vline I line cos θ
 −1 − 3 
P = 3 Vab I a cos θ = 3 × 208 × 72 × cos  tan  = 20 .736 kW
 4 

Keep in mind

• The pf angle is the angle of the load impedance.

• It is the same as the angle between the phase voltage and the
phase current
65