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Offset and CMRR in Analog Design

The document discusses the concepts of random and systematic offsets in relation to Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) in electronic circuits, particularly focusing on differential pairs and current mirrors. It includes definitions, equations, and design rules, as well as comparisons between different transistor types. The document emphasizes the relationship between low offset and high CMRR, providing insights into design considerations for achieving optimal performance.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
5 views68 pages

Offset and CMRR in Analog Design

The document discusses the concepts of random and systematic offsets in relation to Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) in electronic circuits, particularly focusing on differential pairs and current mirrors. It includes definitions, equations, and design rules, as well as comparisons between different transistor types. The document emphasizes the relationship between low offset and high CMRR, providing insights into design considerations for achieving optimal performance.

Uploaded by

kinglyxu
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Offset and CMRR :

Random and systematic

Willy Sansen
KULeuven, ESAT-MICAS
Leuven, Belgium
[Link]@[Link]

Willy Sansen 10-05 151


Table of contents

• Random offset and CMRRr


• Systematic offset and CMRRs
• CMRR versus frequency
• Design rules
• Comparison MOST and bipolar transistors

Ref: Pelgrom, JSSC Oct.1989, 1433-1439


Croon, JSSC Aug.02, 1056-1064
Croon, Springer, 2005

Willy Sansen 10-05 152


Definition of offset

+ +
vOUT ≠ 0 vOUT = 0

- -
vOS

Offset voltage vos

Willy Sansen 10-05 153


Gain error with offset

RF = 100 kΩ

+
RS = 1 kΩ
vIN = vOUT = - 596 mV
10 mV
vOS =
4 mV
- Offset free

The gain is 59 instead of 100 !

Willy Sansen 10-05 154


Yield of n-bit flash-ADC with offset

Ref: Pelgrom, IEDM 1998, pp.789.

Willy Sansen 10-05 155


Random offset : mismatches

N W
IDS = K’ (VGS - VT)2
L
∆VT AVT
σ∆VT =
WL
4
0 VT VT AVT ~ tox NB

Ref: Keyes, JSSC Aug. 1975, 245-247 AVT ≈ 5 mVµm


Shyu, JSSC Dec 1984, 948-955
Lakshmikumar, JSSC Dec 1986, 1057-1066
for 0.25 µm nMOST
Pelgrom, JSSC Oct.1989, 1433-1439 +50 % for pMOST
Croon, JSSC Aug. 2002, 1056-1064

Willy Sansen 10-05 156


Threshold voltage sigma σ∆VT
mV
AVT
σ∆VT σ∆VT =
WL

σ (∆VT) ≈ 2 mV
W/L = 60/0.7 µm
in 0.7 µm CMOS

1/ WL
1/µm

Willy Sansen 10-05 157


Threshold voltage mismatch AVT
4
mVµm 40 AVT ~ tox NB

20

10
1 mVµm /nm tox
5
?
2.5

1.2
1.25 2.5 5 10 20 40 nm tox

0.06 0.13 0.18 0.25 0.35 0.5 0.7 1.2 2.4 µm L

Willy Sansen 10-05 158


Random offset : mismatches

∆K’ AK’
= AK’ ≈ 0.0056 µm +50 % for pMOST
K’ WL

∆W/L 1 1
= AWL + AWL ≈ 0.02 µm +50 % for pMOST
W/L W2 L2

∆γ Aγ
= Aγ ≈ 0.016 µm -25 % for pMOST
γ WL Negligible if B = S
Ref.: Pelgrom : JSSC Oct.1989, pp.1430-1440

Willy Sansen 10-05 159


Mismatch coefficients for nMOST

Techno L (µm) 2.5 1.2 0.7 0.5 0.35 0.25


tox (nm) 50 25 15 11 8 6

AVT (mV µm) 30 21 13 7.1 6 0

AWL (% µm) 2.5 1.8 2.5 1.3 2 1.8

SVT (mV/mm) 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2

SWL (%/mm) 0.3 0.2 0.2

Willy Sansen 10-05 1510


Random offset in differential pair
IB
RL vod = ∆RL
RL+∆RL 2
vo1 vo2 vod
- + vos =
vod gmRL

∆RL IB
vos vos =
RL 2gm
IB
∆RL VGS - VT
vos =
RL 2
Ref.: Laker, Sansen : Design of analog …, MacGrawHill 1994

Willy Sansen 10-05 1511


Random offset in differential pair

RL RL+∆RL VGS - VT
vOS = ∆VT + (
vo1 vo2 2
- +
vod ∆K’ ∆W/L ∆VT ∆RL ∆K’ ∆W/L
+ + )
RL K’ W/L
vos

IB
small VGS - VT

Ref.: Laker, Sansen : Design of analog …, MacGrawHill 1994

Willy Sansen 10-05 1512


Random offset in current mirror

∆ Iout
iin =
Iout
iout
∆VT ∆K’ ∆W/L
+ +
M1 M2 (VGS - VT )/2 K’ W/L

∆K’ ∆W/L ∆VT

large VGS - VT

Ref.: Laker, Sansen : Design of analog …, MacGrawHill 1994

Willy Sansen 10-05 1513


More offset in current mirror

iin iin
iout1 2 iout1 2

M1 M1 M2 M3
M2 M3
RS

∆K’ ∆W/L ∆VT ∆K’ ∆W/L ∆VT RS

Willy Sansen 10-05 1514


Mismatch in drain current
β K’ W
IDS = (VGS - VT )2 β =
2 n L

∆IDS ∆β 2
= - ∆VT
IDS β VGS - VT

∆IDS ∆β 4
σ 2 ( ) = σ (
2 ) + σ (∆VT )
2
IDS β (VGS - VT )2

1
in wi
(nkT/q )2

gm
( )2 in general
IDS
Willy Sansen 10-05 1515
Mismatch in drain current for wi and si
∆IDS ∆β 4 1
σ 2 ( ) = σ (
2 ) + σ (∆VT )
2 or
IDS β (VGS - VT )2 (nkT/q )2

in si in wi

Willy Sansen 10-05 1516


Random CMRR in differential pair -1

RL vod = Add vid + Adc vic


RL+∆RL
voc = Acd vid + Acc vic
vo1 vo2
- +
vod ∆K’ ∆W/L
vinc vod
∆VT Add = = gm RL
vid v = 0
ic
vod
Adc = ≈0
vic v = 0
id
RB IB Add
CMRR = ≈∞
Adc

Willy Sansen 10-05 1517


Random CMRR in differential pair -2

vod
RL RL+∆RL Adc = ≠0
vic v = 0
id
vo1 vo2
ic/2
- + ic/2 vinc
vod vic = vinc ic =
vinc RB
vod = ∆RL ic/2

ic ∆RL 2 gm RB
Adc = CMRR =
RB IB 2 RB ∆RL/RL

Willy Sansen 10-05 1518


Random CMRR in differential pair -3

RL RL+∆RL
vo1 vo2
- +
vod ∆K’ ∆W/L
vinc ∆VT

CMRR =
2 gm RB
RB IB 2 ∆VT ∆RL ∆K’ ∆W/L
+ + +
VGS - VT RL K’ W/L

Willy Sansen 10-05 1519


Relation random offset and CMRR

VGS - VT ∆RL ∆K’ ∆W/L


vOSr = ∆VT + ( + + )
2 RL K’ W/L

2 gm RB
CMRRr =
2 ∆VT ∆RL ∆K’ ∆W/L
+ + +
VGS - VT RL K’ W/L

VGS - VT
vOSr CMRRr = 2 gm RB = IB RB = VELB = 5 … 15 V
2
vOSr CMRRr = 10 V

Willy Sansen 10-05 1520


Relation random offset and CMRR

vOSr CMRRr ≈ VELB ≈ 10 V ( ~ LB)

10 mV 60 dB ≈ 10 V as for MOSTs

1 mV 80 dB ≈ 10 V as for Bipolar transistors

10 µV 120 dB ≈ 10 V with trimming : with laser


with Zener zap
with fusible links
Low offset = High CMRR

Willy Sansen 10-05 1521


Table of contents

• Random offset and CMRRr


• Systematic offset and CMRRs
• CMRR versus frequency
• Design rules
• Comparison MOST and [Link]

Willy Sansen 10-05 1522


Systematic offset in current mirror

iDS ∆iout
iin
iout vGS

M1 M2

vDS1 vDS2 vDS

∆K’ ∆W/L ∆VT ∆iout vDS2 - vDS1


=
iout VEL2

Willy Sansen 10-05 1523


Systematic CMRR in differential Pair - 1

vinc iout 2
RB IB ic = =
RB ic gm3ro1
ic ∆K’ ∆W/L ∆VT

vosc ro1
M1 M2 ic/2 ic/2
+-
ic/2 vOUT
vinc
CL 1/gm3 iOUT
M3 M4
iOUT i i

∆K’ ∆W/L ∆VT


Willy Sansen 10-05 1524
Systematic CMRR in differential Pair - 2

RB IB iout 1 2
=
vinc RB gm3ro1
ic
vosc iout
= gm1
M1 M2 vosc
+-
ic/2 vind
vinc vOUT
iout
CL vinc Adc 1
M3 M4
iOUT = =
iout Add CMRRs
vosc

Willy Sansen 10-05 1525


Systematic CMRR in differential Pair - 3

iout 1
CMRRs = gm1RB gm3ro1
vinc vosc Adc 1 2
= = =
iout vinc Add CMRRs CMRRs vosc = vinc
vosc

vOUT = 0 vOUT = 0

vosc vinc

Willy Sansen 10-05 1526


Total CMRR

1 1 1
= +
CMRR CMRRr CMRRs

vOUT = 0 vOUT = 0

vosc vinc

Willy Sansen 10-05 1527


Offset Miller CMOS OTA

1 : B
Av1= gm1 r02//r04
M7

M5 ∆VDS1
vOS = +
4
vOUT Av1
- 3 M2 + Cc CL gm3
M1
∆VT1 + ∆VT3* +
gm1
+ ∆VDS1 -
VGS1 - VT
2 1 + S
M6
2
M3 M4
∆K’n ∆K’p ∆W/L1 ∆W/L3
S= + + +
K’n K’p W/L1 W/L3
Willy Sansen 10-05 1528
Offset Folded cascode CMOS OTA
∆VDS3
vOS = + ∆VT1 +
M9 M5 M6 Av
gm6 gm11
M1 M2 M7 + ∆VT5 + ∆VT11*
M8 gm1 gm1
- 3 + 4 vOUT
5
VGS1 - VT
+ ∆VDS3 -
M3 M4
+ S
+ CL 2
2 1

∆K’n ∆K’p ∆W/L1,6,11


S= + +
K’n K’p W/L1,6,11
M11
M10

Willy Sansen 10-05 1529


Table of contents

• Random offset and CMRRr


• Systematic offset and CMRRs
• CMRR versus frequency
• Design rules
• Comparison MOST and [Link]

Ref.: Laker, Sansen : Design of analog …, MacGrawHill 1994

Willy Sansen 10-05 1530


CMRR vs frequency

A CMRR 1
- + fB =
vod 2πRBCB
vinc Add

f
fB
Adc
IB
RB CB

CB ≈ CGS RB ≈ 100/gm >> fB ≈ fT/100


BUT CB includes Cwell, bulk !!!

Willy Sansen 10-05 1531


Table of contents

• Random offset and CMRRr


• Systematic offset and CMRRs
• CMRR versus frequency
• Design rules
• Comparison MOST and bipolar transistors

Willy Sansen 10-05 1532


Layout rules for low offset

1. Equal nature
2. Same temperature
3. Increase size
4. Minimum distance
5. Same orientation
6. Same area/perimeter ratio
7. Round shape
8. Centroide layout
Hastings,
9. End dummies “The Art of Analog Layout”
10. Bipolar always better ! Prentice Hall 2001
R. Soin, ..”A-D Asics, .. ”
Peregrinus, 1991

Willy Sansen 10-05 1533


Layout rules for low offset

1. Equal nature
2. Same temperature
3. Increase size
4. Minimum distance
5. Same orientation
6. Same area/perimeter ratio
7. Round shape
8. Centroide layout
9. End dummies
10. Bipolar always better !

Willy Sansen 10-05 1534


On same isotherm

Solomon, JSSC Dec 74, 314-332

Willy Sansen 10-05 1535


Layout rules for low offset

1. Equal nature
2. Same temperature
3. Increase size
4. Minimum distance
5. Same orientation
6. Same area/perimeter ratio
7. Round shape
8. Centroide layout
9. End dummies
10. Bipolar always better !

Willy Sansen 10-05 1536


Layout resistor
B R1 R2
Source/drain
p+
diffusion
n+
p resistor
W in CMOS

W
Ref.: Laker, Sansen :
Design of analog …,
MacGrawHill 1994
Table 2-6
Willy Sansen 10-05 1537
Table resistors

Willy Sansen 10-05 1538


Mismatch vs size for resistors
∆(R2/R1)
%
R2/R1 10
Local errors :
jagged edges, ..
3 Error ~ 1/size
Diffused
1

0.3
Ion-implanted
0.1
1 3 10 30 100 µm W

Willy Sansen 10-05 1539


Layout capacitors
B C1 C2

Poly to S/D capacitor


p+ n+
p
S

n+ poly
B C1 C2
Poly to poly capacitor
1
p+ Cpar ≈ Cpp
p
n+ 6 …15

Willy Sansen 10-05 1540


Table capacitors

Ref.: Laker, Sansen :


Design of analog …,
MacGrawHill 1994
Table 2-7
Willy Sansen 10-05 1541
Mismatch vs size for capacitors
∆(C2/C1)
%
C2/C1 1
Local errors :
Wet etched jagged edges, ..
0.3 Error ~ 1/size

Global errors :
0.1 oxide thickness,
bulk doping, ..
Dry etched
0.03

0.01
1 3 10 30 100 µm S

Willy Sansen 10-05 1542


Layout rules for low offset

1. Equal nature
2. Same temperature
3. Increase size
4. Minimum distance
5. Same orientation
6. Same area/perimeter ratio
7. Round shape
8. Centroide layout
9. End dummies
10. Bipolar always better !

Willy Sansen 10-05 1543


Layout rules for low offset

1. Equal nature
2. Same temperature
3. Increase size
4. Minimum distance
5. Same orientation
6. Same area/perimeter ratio
7. Round shape
8. Centroide layout
9. End dummies
10. Bipolar always better !

Willy Sansen 10-05 1544


Matching of transistor pairs

Bad Better Better

Willy Sansen 10-05 1545


Layout rules for low offset

1. Equal nature
2. Same temperature
3. Increase size
4. Minimum distance
5. Same orientation
6. Same area/perimeter ratio
7. Round shape
8. Centroide layout
9. End dummies
10. Bipolar always better !

Willy Sansen 10-05 1546


Matching of current mirrors

1 : 4

Willy Sansen 10-05 1547


Layout rules for low offset

1. Equal nature
2. Same temperature
3. Increase size
4. Minimum distance
5. Same orientation
6. Same area/perimeter ratio
7. Round shape
8. Centroide layout
9. End dummies
10. Bipolar always better !

Willy Sansen 10-05 1548


Layout rules for low offset

1. Equal nature
2. Same temperature
3. Increase size
4. Minimum distance
5. Same orientation
6. Same area/perimeter ratio
7. Round shape
8. Centroide layout
9. End dummies
10. Bipolar always better !

Willy Sansen 10-05 1549


Cross-coupled differential pair

Oxide
thickness

Less sensitive
to global variations :
Oxide thickness
Substrate doping level
……..
Willy Sansen 10-05 1550
Centroide layout of capacitors

Ratio:

1
2
4
8
16

Willy Sansen 10-05 1551


Layout rules for low offset

1. Equal nature
2. Same temperature
3. Increase size
4. Minimum distance
5. Same orientation
6. Same area/perimeter ratio
7. Round shape
8. Centroide layout
9. End dummies
10. Bipolar always better !

Willy Sansen 10-05 1552


Matching of current mirrors

Willy Sansen 10-05 1553


Layout capacitance ratio

Ratio 7/2 = 3.5


Courtesy Vittoz

Willy Sansen 10-05 1554


Layout rules for low offset

1. Equal nature
2. Same temperature
3. Increase size
4. Minimum distance
5. Same orientation
6. Same area/perimeter ratio
7. Round shape
8. Centroide layout
9. End dummies
10. Bipolar always better !

Willy Sansen 10-05 1555


Table of contents

• Random offset and CMRRr


• Systematic offset and CMRRs
• CMRR versus frequency
• Design rules
• Comparison MOST and bipolar transistors

Willy Sansen 10-05 1556


Offset of MOST and bipolar transistors

VGS - VT ∆RL ∆K’ ∆W/L


MOST : vOS = ∆VT + ( + + )
2 RL K’ W/L

kT ∆RL ∆IS
Bipolar : vOS = ( + ) is much smaller !!
q RL IS

1) no VT
2) kT/q << (VGS-VT)/2
∆ vOS vOS
3) Drift decreases with vOS : =
∆T T
Bipolar : Base current !

Willy Sansen 10-05 1557


Bias or base currents
Ibias
pA
Bipolar JFET or
1000 MOST with
protection diode :
100 X 2 every 8 oC

10

Super β Bipolar
1
MOST
0.1
5 25 45 65 85 105 oC T

Willy Sansen 10-05 1558


Base current compensation

OP07

Willy Sansen 10-05 1559


Common-mode base current compensation

OP27

Willy Sansen 10-05 1560


Tracking base current compensation

Q29 & Q30


provide a
voltage clamp
to track
the input
bias currents
for changes in
CM input voltage.

Ref. Gross, JSSC, Feb. 2004, 404.

Willy Sansen 10-05 1561


OP-97 : input current compensation

Low input currents


because
Q3 super- β transistors
Q1 Q2
at the input !
I2

Require low VCE !


I1 Q4
Q5 VCE1,2 = VBEon ≈ 0.7 V
I1 + I2

Willy Sansen 10-05 1562


OP-97 : input current compensation

2IB

Q3
≈0
Q1 Q2
IB IB

IB / β
IB / β

Q4 IB / β Same β and VCE


≈0
Q5 as input transistors
3IB IB

Willy Sansen 10-05 1563


Limits because of device mismatch

1 ∆IDS 4 AVT 2
≈ σ (
2 ) ≈
(Accuracy)2 IDS WL (VGS - VT )2

2 IDS VDD
Speed ≈ fT =
2π WL 2/3 Cox (VGS - VT ) 2

Speed x (Accuracy)2 1 1
= ~
Power Cox AVT2 tox

= Technological constant
Willy Sansen 10-05 1564
Limits because of device noise

Vpp2/ 2 Vpp2/ 8
S/N = S/N =
4kT R BW kT / C

Vpp2
Pmin = Pmin = VDD BW Vpp C
R

Pmin ≈ 8kT BW S/N

Willy Sansen 10-05 1565


Noise versus mismatch for high DR

Mismatch

Noise

Ref. [Link], ...


“Analog VLSI ..”
page 67,
Kluwer 1997.

Willy Sansen 10-05 1566


Reduced DR in deep submicron CMOS

Willy Sansen 10-05 1567


Table of contents

• Random offset and CMRRr


• Systematic offset and CMRRs
• CMRR versus frequency
• Design rules
• Comparison MOST and bipolar transistors

Ref: Pelgrom, JSSC Oct.1989, 1433-1439


Croon, JSSC Aug.02, 1056-1064
Croon, Springer, 2005

Willy Sansen 10-05 1568

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