INTECH 2201

LECTURE
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Arrays
PHP Arrays

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PHP Arrays
▪ An array is a data structure that stores
one or more similar type of values in a
single variable.

▪ For an instance, if you want to store 100

numbers, then instead of defining 100
variables its easy to define an array of
100 length.
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Declare & Initialize an Array
▪ Creating array through initialization
▫ $arrName = array(‘val1’,’val2’,...);

▪ Creating array through individual

elements
▫ $arrName[0] = val1;
▫ $arrName[1] = val2;
▫ ...
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Accessing Arrays
▪ for loop
▫ for($i=0;i<sizeof($arrName);$i++)
echo $arrName[$i];

▪ foreach loop
▫ foreach($arrName as $temp)
echo $temp;

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Types of Arrays
▪ There are 3 different kind of arrays and
each array value is accessed using and ID
which is called array index.
▫ Numeric/Indexed Arrays
▫ Associative Arrays
▫ Multidimensional Arrays

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Numeric/Indexed Array
▪ An array with a numeric index. Values are
stored and accessed in linear fashion.

▪ These arrays can store numbers, Strings

and any object but their index will be
represented by numbers. By default array
index starts from zero.

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Numeric/Indexed Array
▪ There are two ways to create
numeric/indexed arrays.
▪ The index can be assigned automatically
(index always starts at 0)
■
▪ Or the index can be assigned manually:
■

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Numeric/Indexed Array
▪ Sample Code
Result

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Associative Array
▪ An array with Strings as index. This
stores element values in association with
key values rather than in a strict linear
index order.

▪ Associative array will have their index

as String so that you can establish a
strong association between key and
values.
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Associative Array
▪ There are two ways to create associative
arrays.

▪ Or

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Associative Array
▪ Sample Code

Result

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Multi-dimensional Array
▪ An array containing one or more arrays
and values are accessed using multiple
indices.

▪ Each element in the main array can also

be an array. And each element in the sub-
array can be an array, and so on. Values
in the multi-dimensional array are
accessed using multiple index.
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Multi-dimensional Array
▪ There are two ways to create multi-
dimensional arrays.

▪ Or

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Multi-dimensional Array
▪ Sample Code

▪ Result

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Multi-dimensional Array
▪ Sample Code
Result

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Accessing Multidimensional Array
▪ Using nested loop

▪ Using foreach

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2
String Manipulation
String Functions

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String Functions
▪ PHP provides various String functions to
access and manipulate Strings
▪ PHP String functions are part of the PHP
core. No installation is required to use
these functions.
▪ Some String functions:
▫ strrev() trim()
▫ strcmp() parse_str()
▫ strlen()
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strrev()
▪ The strrev() function is predefined
function of PHP.
▪ It is used to reverse a string. It is one
of the most basic string operations which
are used by programmers and developers.
▪ Syntax: strrev(String);
Result

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strcmp()
▪ Is a string comparison function in PHP.
▪ It is a built-in function of PHP, which
is case sensitive, means it treats
capital and the small case separately.
▪ It is used to compare two strings from
each other.
▪ Syntax: strcmp(String1, String2);
Result

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strlen()
▪ The strlen() function is predefined
function of PHP.
▪ It is used to find the length of string
or returns the length of a string
including all the whitespaces and special
character.
▪ Syntax: strlen(string);
Result

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trim()
▪ The trim() function is predefined
function of PHP.
▪ It is used to strip whitespace from the
beginning and end of a string or both
side of a string.
▪ Syntax: strrev(String, charlist);
Result

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parse_str()
▪ The parse_str() function is predefined
function of PHP.
▪ It is used to parse the string into
variables.
▪ Syntax: parse_str(String, array);

Result

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String Functions
▪ These are only some of the useful String
manipulation functions that you can use.

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3
Date & Time Manipulation
Date & Time Functions

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Date & Time Functions
▪ PHP date function is an in-built function
that simplify working with date data
types.
▪ The PHP date function is used to format a
date or time into a human readable
format.
▪ It can be used to display the date of
article was published, record the last
updated a data in a database.
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Date Function
▪ Syntax
▫ date(format, timestamp)

▪ A timestamp is a sequence of characters,

denoting the date and/or time at which a
certain event occurred.

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Formatting options in date() function

Argument Description

d Represents day of the month; two digits with leading zeros

(01 or 31).
D Represents day of the week in the text as an abbreviation
(Mon to Sun).
m Represents month in numbers with leading zeros (01 or 12).

M Represents month in text, abbreviated (Jan to Dec).

y Represents year in two digits (08 or 14).

Y Represents year in four digits (2008 or 2014).

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Formatting options in date() function
cont..

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Time Function
▪ Syntax
▫ time()

▪ The time() function is used to get the

current time as a Unix timestamp (the
number of seconds since the beginning of
the Unix epoch: January 1, 1970, 00:00:00
GMT).

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Formatting options in time() function
Argument Description

h Represents hour in 12-hour format with leading zeros (01 to

12).
H Represents hour in 24-hour format with leading zeros (00 to
23).
i Represents minutes with leading zeros (00 to 59).

s Represents seconds with leading zeros (00 to 59).

a Represents lowercase antemeridian and post meridian (am

or pm).
A Represents uppercase antemeridian and post meridian (AM
or PM).

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Formatting options in time() function
cont..

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4
User-defined functions
Functions

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Function
▪ PHP has a large number of built-in
functions such as mathematical, string,
date, array functions etc.

▪ It is also possible to define a function

as per specific requirement. Such
function is called user-defined function.

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Function
▪ A function is a reusable block of
statements that performs a specific task.

▪ This block is defined with function

keyword and is given a name that starts
with an alphabet or underscore.

▪ This function may be called from anywhere

within the program any number of times. 36
Function
▪ Syntax

Sample

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User-defined function example
▪ No parameter/argument

Result

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User-defined function example
▪ With parameter/argument
parameter

Result

} argument

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User-defined function example
▪ With parameters/arguments

Result

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5
PHP Include & Require
Files

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PHP include and require files
▪ The include() and require() statement
allow you to include the code contained
in a PHP file within another PHP file.

▪ Including a file produces the same result

as copying the script from the file
specified and pasted into the location
where it is called.
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PHP include and require files
▪ The include and require statements are
identical, except upon failure:
▫ require will produce a fatal error
(E_COMPILE_ERROR) and stop the script
▫ include will only produce a warning
(E_WARNING) and the script will
continue

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PHP include and require files
▪ Syntax

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include()
▪ Assume we have a standard footer file
called "[Link]", that looks like
this:

▪ To include the footer file in a page, use

the include statement:

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include() – example 2
▪ Assume we have a standard
menu file called
"[Link]":

▪ All pages in the Web site

should use this menu file.
Here is how it can be done
(we are using a <div>
element so that the menu
easily can be styled with
CSS later):
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include() – example 3
▪ Assume we have a file called "[Link]",
with some variables defined:

▪ Then, if we include the "[Link]" file,

the variables can be used in the calling
file:

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include
▪ The require statement is also used to
include a file into the PHP code.
▪ However, there is one big difference
between include and require; when a file
is included with the include statement
and PHP cannot find it, the script will
continue to execute:

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require()
▪ If we do the same example using
the require statement, the echo statement
will not be executed because the script
execution dies after
the require statement returned a fatal
error:

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References
▪ W3Schools (2022). PHP Tutorial.
[Link]
▪ w3resource (2020, February 26). PHP Tutorials for
beginners. [Link]
[Link]
▪ Tutorials Point (2006). PHP Tutorial.
[Link]
▪ GeeksforGeeks (2021). PHP Tutorial.
[Link]

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End
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