lid state jalline _ Solfol DA substance which constituents|() A substance ane anranged Tan orale mamer th accefnite geometric poert % called o. y frronphous sotiol which constituents ye f 3 talline _soliol Kaw a. céfe HONGO g lof ein doesn't J = i to Wh tnotense fn_temp to 0 i ) pleculen Solid Froneoses J relocules beats % fefon They hone riototiond mption as emell_4 Changes inte _“Ws fs called Meltfog point Fs SA crystaliine solid Powe c Shaep melting Paint Fe Chane, abriucted to Mh State + i Amorphous meso howe o shen pasate pone - Teotreepy 4 Aniootttopyy$ pei > Amerephous. substances nesserble Lauil Such aS decttiicey conductiity » Normal conductivity + mechanical strength & wefeockve focleae ane same in alt — substorces ay, Fsotropic fn naikkene. > oyu solids ate anisotropic te. eee = Propenties ATT. th ATES din’s. oe : -) Th velocity} ot bight passin though _ Crystal varies sith dit? fo which tt Sgt measune - Thus, & of Gight ing such sto: ee pik up. Anta 2 Follnaing o diff! sets bsksan oy Stn as olla cutting § molecules axe _anrangeo| ‘| aay 4 disonolentyy manne: Soy fll_ the oes Solan din’ a: £ wee aa oN # ; @ cs oct eS Bera. ss é cnuystaltine Solil hese appeid to. shaw ealgedl kent giv a clean clevage cia en aR Andy Frereeqsloue ee —— ja CCU eI phe ore() Tonic cones + Tr trese crystals the constituent particle occupied tactic Fors are sve & VO TONS, tn case of Nach crys stal- fau- Not § cl fon ~ “These Tons. axe hold! together by strong electrostatic Force “of attraction . electrostatic Forces endst? ingot ® ons, 2 Because of Stra, they have a Melting 4 B-P -— Sey oe 9 fs) corancisaf- lechlcy *0 mater state on “0 the’ aq. ae all =. > But ant 70 crystal ng atate ohate the % tree. ons arte not «Free to _move are Soluble in polar ee te i | pea SrPicci 4 ect st “once | ‘ Prtppertier Eexomn ple = i 1 fice toate ttt Nach KN , UF, Bas, Solid carton do otide, CHy , Wan, ad. adtu “aoe popere 4¢ ysolegiadl “fe brandh‘of_sdlence clealy ecith the stucty of sometitic, preoporctics § st" of cuystals 4 cnystattine Substann ¥ woe etaligrpt ies upon 3 Rundairrental laws, ol mange é depends ee yThe daw oF eee of mae a) = a ‘of todloces _1 i “Intedagal_ angle ae aint fs, el ate calle ntorfercfol is ' “capa of stad af a pandhia os € | of substancliy axe obtatrect re the bi jo| ot. S0l)-o%. that « REESE Bye vee ‘ Keo A_eube eotate h_ ay Pboute are tone ae pag things the _ Contos st top &_ nag Appeanance « after SS ts Sindlon E —t Mie ogee ae pha j aa x Te aera antes fratspes “ok pls) of o ? FP enyptal. ole. the qi O10. cithor ! -dhole ic — Condtdon 3 code ork, 4.07 now | hee ABC fs a unit. plone . i ‘ _ Peconding to abow law bmn ane a whole no abc “one fntertcepts atone May iz Onl =: = iee f constancy da umes The la ctates that the crystals od the same substance ipso [Link] ot Syrometny ire total a0: ot planes » Une contre A Syenmeinyy possess = patna Scale [Link] Spence ae ~gphetsteaoo 8 sledgnati cyl. plane 8 ase 2 Seis licen = ig 2 : ba. face rakes. coher ‘([Link] snc onc _.coeiticont_ oA En (Lm) cute _ ‘pallea " Woles tnolicess.. — 2h tis_motnd, the plane. ane described by as L mietieop Chotk,L) Millet Indices the MT the plore cto. 69 ane. reciprncal. ct Aractiond eo ee onthe various cogs. _ 2 Peat alle. epnesenting yall the_planes_teenespis( Re theft mrechproomD » Solye' Hi clean Axoblton to obtain hy kk. PY Pat hy KL volues wotthout commas tn Bracket. sh Hg-h, the Sntercopt met ct Facectoan traction 1312 [Link] recF procol i we ge a ane, mfller Inctites ot the Face Kilby, hae Bd By) i it te ME ll be 6: Conia te Shaka cae & | tnponcept (1 1,4-) ‘ A) oe Ht pba ftw Iie Toba) nt off 2 ge De as pa =3 MDs (8, 2y3)i- wow alt Seay sigan. element, 3, Symmpty .Opseaton = a Ssy “AIOE 8.0. geomet cat entity. auch as 0 nt, O Line. ape Ort which one ort morte symmetry. + PO SH q Oe rein cs Carnie out + A cmp. $ to hove a plone ot fae Con, “ame be ciied_0 by on foarte ot _cohich fs the. Sancti his reel — go! ‘s_ _eprresenteo| ge avi ee _ pany tine. naan ty r Such that — busin m _rutation ot the _orystal_thapugh 260° The. cnystal acy Same i e mpre than one» _=|#__sivilan _appeonance NCE Ocouts tWice fn One revolution 4 aD It bieyer Thoo_ Fotol_aads Foun Fol cuiis syevretny qSS es a8 Ty aso ony. port on the Conte ot the. Crystal go that ple tary thrpugh tt cub the face a the opposite side Into equal ollstance ®s _ called centre tte colled by ® untt colt. ts collal by 2 unlt cert. ts no mone unit cell . Each’ point present on te sn Foch point paesont on the fac he ie pa it the itedort fu for seule, Norge oe ) cee S, Ne froret ‘on hocly Conte Cube , dl : Nerd Need Mtel So 2 - for face center cubv, “ Neorg Ne -6 : Nie > So,N=4 Xe 1tay ie ns 4 ~> Mom Von Laue % 1912 ted) that it ts Possible to cbiffnact means of stols Crystals arte made up ot Layers Fa a in ‘apie toshion’. 7 ‘The diffraction ot X- due 10 that the k of X- nay $% OF game ondlen as ‘%ntenotemic distances : ina crayytoly \ ~> Based on the Property ot aPtinaction oF. %-Kay the st" cruital hasbeen - olekoremineo boy vordous method . Sa os 5 the | Praga! i 4 According to ‘Braga's loun.-vahen the. Xonay alls on tte erystok Falls Aicryytat Bs Compared Sally platen! atomic plate) + | they peremate into the enyttal 8, stidve the atoms in + plane: ftom each of these planes X-naye ane reflec bel Based 7 ‘this an 09”, ‘qliog the notation bet” waeley | | stance (d) bet” 2 sucressive planes. Angi of Inciclence (6) Was derived. “This nelation was Bragg’s eg".Lo OAS EN+NM Since the AdLM4 AONM ane conguusnt Lo Hence LN= NIMte no = + . : . : set 64” chon wohole nd.‘ _the - aa rae Olt" ‘ol’ G5 Kd rf : oS spaeiae ae ns -_ ce 4!te Finect by sing i Xo by motatis the is change tubo T Ve passed though team if obtainay that ig allowed Ce Tg allowed to Strike a whieh is. mounted on the tw — table. the a. to fnctense in. egal ange: Bean scr. ah athe _crtytal = Zeulon 1 fate thee re ‘bea coe “6 values cohich Fon o | sabi fnd= ad st) 3 fn which _thtonity will be. mao. rs — creates with *nctease to. vole ot n_by brody nsd& 8 .We can _/ caleulate distance bet” s Successive = Fan Fy iy, Bg ee =the fecHleotfon occur 8 0n nly dos “| nel, This 7 catted 18t onclon reflection . Similarky, fox nent hfaher angle ‘for 2° onden_neHlection (ne2)__ Gi - tn cote ot N Noch, 18 Order etlectinn toa 3 fates C10), Cia), aol Sees tec me ° 9-906 0.705 ° 1.14“These rtattos Suggest that ?n Nacl the tom oust he “annanged in Yace cents! Oubi'e Lattice , PY ‘in case of Nact, the angle of Plas tatlctton bine (1.00) plane z 6.9", What Ts wavolonyth ? Ans Peon ‘Breagg’s aq), We [now that i NA = Bal Bind: hes DIX AS ANYBWK 1O8 x Sih 5.4" > Awa Bota Qin case of Nats: the angle: ot “$8 onclon_acHectfon Ke (1.00) , (41410)8 Ch44) Faces using. sono chrtpmatic eras. One 6-97.84 ane hat fe Bema of (Natl?taxed ¥-t¢ axe farther detected - by’ using xeray,_soreittve Fes X= nays ane ta Cl tbe ‘gnh these arte mace t© fall. on a monochtomat'c cruyst abl ~~ 4p got. monpchen matic. beam. “The “beam fs nen passed h asift 3 trade incictent sj -[Link] powder. Filed tno. thin -woll. glass capillary i . “Spue_t0_eftection “ram vardous Lattice “plane, af Hractfon i __ mandir. _arise. that _cliffracton can be phatographec! on fe the tun» sa ee ee eee. 2 Sirce the _poadter sumplo consist of clon crystal ararqa $9 all possible orfgertation “ 2 fon i és nok _necess 7 2The:_atffnacted ye rays from epncete “cones Oniginate bee on Sure Sp a ; so. single onnlen ct offffnaction eo. “fasniLiou BS Groeten that a. imonne ie | aoe U Wavelength N 8a Saddent ona. ae -? es _upit = nar jan)’ <|_wWhich can be connected inte degaee Jo x 130‘ By applytog Boggs of PY OPPYNA ee Skereanys | toGde Monochrnmatte with A> L64 A’ unwe Ne Oy . a pest “the distance thom capiltart to ‘fay, way MAYS trace all pate (S) tos Locate at o dfisnaes — cm. Cabeulate 12 which orem thos. oe sae: : Ley ca Sea ce a 600. A an ob ey “eomparrds th ( (acetate CCH3¢ eat) 2 _Gotasoyl bore can Cam CysHus )-4 Prazyiyanisole ~ Fdtp-<@)-Kan oon, ") — (oxo —o pt= N=Ca)-0GH) , Bid) ti | ich. turtherc e Upiaas eat en tong e ie eas Cage." pola 7h eDhoreer the. lattert 4: pele ok Eon = Pedro angsole _ ee —— - Ghangitton point ts 28K 4. Mei pote’ Ygok) =O pull tte Cleon tiqsdC melt)» the ceveroe clon if j takes place Place. Exactly at the same tempt the turbid Liquid thus chtaired ante found to: be n-esotrwpt: property possessed| by erysinitfne seubstants . 5a. COONHy 9 ee. ane known a = 4 > cathe on_heating fg melts * hell to wma Sich dh Eo ~ =Gke nefnactive dex, etc: are Yound to be diff" i aiff” thesetturebsel Lic cute catlecl Uiopiiol crystals i & found that the molecules of o licpsicl that of a Orystallatice rohayo Uke rine opts = I 0.3, hawe the property to Flan » x1n__ place of Tiipid orysal_contain othr names has. leeen _proposect Such a1 0-%otropic (quik on >= crystal The best name for tt State is mesomonphic state ext_Intexmecliatzon bie) » io uy 5 } a© Nematie « Kouicl crystal * inoue Notecules have Long ames tek. awe nat. #r layers fe the conires cue “orcientedl neanalpmnly« ttle _ Molecute s Can Slide pass each athert: jn £ © a name es Snettice. Lqiiol omystat ~ Molecules haven't only tong aes likel but arte also Asetanger| 2, ) layers + Molecules reemaiin tn their. can» place ahi plone _sifde pass ach! other 9258 ne, D. Sereaticn Vould coypstgl te ea et Once cnet te mendes ex ooky have thee ong ‘ aaiis lief to Coch other ut one also. arranged fo. Laiser’s | sight IiLol molecules “wi planes can slp pasted [Link] ‘athe, m_ the j The fame‘ smaetic” tad D qi Soap’ as n ike So 100 are ". Bese “oraKe mn eobile . e the io ptt oto las wetted. atte feng based upon this prepeny. Rings ustng ligyh Onyat als ane available cahich Charge Coloursoi person's mad fe with ones gn tempt " AFe rare ‘Chotestenic’ has been gan © these crystals betauss te — ane ol clesivaties ‘Chelesterol’ - —utich on tude peo yeep 00! ing Nematic Gguid ongtals foram’ pureChelastaryl. —12¢s Senet cnyjcistako aes Conystalioe Stic) gi Se There are 8 tnangition — potats 4 | 2 > A_onystalline _ SOUGE D Ie ting range € “ ¢ Gquid collect ‘ Sent quid oxystals: fhthis State all trp motecufes have tat pe the & Bcc : ae ; ol -eruystal The _temp* above which be ine Gayl Cleasting. pn fami Dapeng sen ste requires 6 ; Sane wit be se — ol with reflect Colo in olesine temps range: n_netent carts. the most imp: appUcaton ot thermography tn the medical fold, As. specially fa early oletection ont tumour, Besides onetho [Link] such “° es & back pain ett “The Basie principle ts thot ores. prenclucect fn_the' affected skin are ott alin. Canbier the Physicians use 10 pains the Uguid crystals “an the _porttion of body. to. be eruannie Hig _mothod was _ top_tto \ Now this meted is seple the tiquick onmptals ane thy! Paik 05 ey the pout to be enanined: The colas thotograrrs = 60 = 0, Crutile) ate | | 4 CT -Fola_ ones) Na804-.10H0 ae Na, By Or !0H20 — 5 CMonnetinic’) baiiay4 “Awe anes ane unegiiabs} KiCn,07 , Trlctinge. fore Mrotined! at an angie [2 Mon@ CuSO4 + 5H.0 c Jothon_than..0: fa A cael arte ct 4 pGRS ES ea : 5 Length in one plane i -. anves) Ma. _ (2ineiys es espa hind b. [Link] making an angte IQR ansaat wth each other.d th naot CP) *- ett which has the fattice points of fenenitive unit cell Or._ prom n 1S ¥ “the simplest unit Ci connen&s_ Callen! a simple ot Zt e_ unit Cel ithe t thone %& one _porat at. the Centre of tt fe a ed fam -tentued * cmtangement on Face - pl. It clea) clenpted by Ff.pet | ts Te scatiored|_ rtays one. Ructhor “aecaye oy ting X-roys sengttve am; es a erated from a_tube § thege axe 5 ri clear ‘cr BRD nosertod steps ot the fim — Prees appear an the cithen sae be ht spot ot the. ae equidigtant _“freom the orystol bond ape en ks 2, aa ee fF fracton a tantly of planes -OR= SA Suds, clean Riad detect 37 cle 2, e ot regular =n the _avutange me q £ U te (atoms, molecules art fons) con: fuuting ORTEHOS cute Oo RPEKE Oc ob Thermaolynamic _ olefect » So, ane Ferma Lr kon Ne No. of defects fot pen om? — N= No. of sftes per em? of the W © wWork/ reequiiced! 40 prtocluce’ a afetect Te Temp™ to kelvin , “Univeral gai conpntDue te crystat_ defects. phypteat. Poona CBleetrical conoluct®Vi i “ya e onystal Changes £ & affected ° 2 pes _ fee tS. Tee a eo : t atfite point + Tolealicatfon of the rial crystal is obith ie mation of fncnen JOA oO c o detect Fi Fs x psa arma $2_voriinton ‘eam: requlacty rate { Se a ee 5 bps c 2a teks 36 AEA, =f “jggmeaimemm I bon 4 |:ton cecupying tater e _Ffq- % cleaned that _one-ot _+ve fon 1 5% in tntertitieial £pa0e - thon n ral § “ detects ate obsewed in ZnS ,AgCl & A reat rn hor Smaller size & ft adjust messingTa ka detect whith malin 1 artes hich som , a ese such ae i . prents the latte pont One i awtol wen. the lattice Vacancie, which are wn or gholes “The =i = rete: eg = oh a de where calistance OB =4 fs —_ ; 6 om : gf we fon & othe § > mics no lattice - . - It 8. also fo Heory