MASTERCLASS

FORM 2 PROMOTION
EXAMINATION
Kenya certificate of Secondary Examination

312
GEOGRAPHY
OCTOBER 2025

TIME – 2 HOURS

Name ………………………………………………………..…. Signature

……………………

Admission Number ………………………………………….. Date …………………………..

INSTRUCTIONS
a) Answer all the questions in section A.
b) In Section B, answer any two questions.
c) Answer section A and each question attempted in section B on a separate answer
sheet.

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 SECTION A.
Answer all questions in this section.

1. (a) Name two forces that give the Earth its Geoid shape. (2 marks)

(b) Apart from clouds, which two other solid particles are found in the Earth’s Atmosphere.
(2 marks)
(c) Outline two ways in which Earthquakes are measured. (2 marks)

(d) State three factors that influence folding of rocks. (3 marks)

(e) Give three characteristics of nimbostratus clouds. (3 marks)

(f) State two factors that influence atmospheric pressure. (2 marks)

(g) Town x and town y are located on the same latitude. If the time at town x on longitude 00 is
9.00a.m what is the time at town y on 750 W longitude (2 marks)

(h) Mention two days when the sun is overhead at midday along the equator (2 marks)

(i) State two external layers of the earth (2 marks)

(j) Give three characteristics of the mantle (3 marks)

(k) Define continental drift (2 marks)

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2. (a) (i). Define the term mining. (1 mark)
(ii) Give three factors that influence the occurrence of minerals. (3 marks)
(b) The map below shows the location of some minerals in East Africa.

Name the minerals mined in the areas marked K, L,Y. and Z. (4 marks)
(c) Mention three ways in which mining activities cause pollution. (3 marks)
(d) Describe the stages involved in gold processing in South Africa (6 marks)
(e) Explain four problems facing the gold mining industry in South Africa (8 marks)

SECTION B.
Answer any two questions in this section.

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3. (a) (i)Define the term micro climate. (2 marks)
(ii) State five ways in which human activities influences the climate of a given place. (5 marks)
(b) The map below shows the climatic regions of Kenya. Use it to answer the questions that follow.

(i) Give the features responsible for the climatic types labeled B and F. (2 marks)
(ii) Name the climatic types marked A and C. (2 marks)
(c) Describe the characteristics of equatorial climate. (5 marks)
(d) Explain four effects of climate change on the physical environment. (4 marks)
(e) Members of your class visited a nearby weather station to study recording of weather elements.
(i) State two features of a Stevenson screen you observed during the study. (2 marks)

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 (ii) Identify three types of data you likely collected during the study. (3 marks)

4. The map below shows some vegetation regions of the world. Use it to answer questions (a) and (b)

a) (i) Name the temperate grasslands marked D, E and F. (3 marks)

(ii) Describe the characteristics of the natural vegetation found in the shaded area marked G.
(6 marks)
b) Explain how the following factors influences existence of various vegetation types.
Altitude:- (2 marks)
Aspect: - (2 marks)
Precipitation :- (2 marks)
Drainage: - (2 marks)
c) You are required to carry out a field work study on plants within your school environment.
(i) Apart from identifying the different types of plants. State three other activities you will
carry out during the field study. (3 marks)
(ii) How will you identify the different plants? (3 marks)
(iii) State two methods that you would use to record the data collected. (2
marks)

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5. a) What is faulting? (2 marks)
(b) The diagram below shows some faults and associated features.

(i) Identify the faults marked J, K and L. (3 marks)

(ii) Name the feature labeled M. (1 mark)
(iii) Describe how a horst is formed by tensional forces. (4 marks)

(c) (i) Name three major faulted areas of the world. (3 marks)
(ii) State four ways in which faulting influence drainage. (4 marks)
(d) Explain four negative effects of faulting on the environment. (8 marks)
6. (a) (i) Outline two differences between plutonic and volcanic rocks. (2 marks)
(ii) Give two examples of hypabyssal rocks (2 marks)
(b) Describe the three ways by which sedimentary rocks are formed. (6 marks)
(c) Students from Karechi secondary school conducted a field study on rocks around their
school.
(i) State three characteristics they would look for while identifying different types of rocks.
(3 marks)
(ii) List three methods they would use to record data while in the field. (3 marks)
(d) Suppose from the field, they identified the following rock samples, augite, flint, gabbro,
graphite, hematite and horn blende.
(i) Classify the above rocks by mode of formation. (3 marks)
(ii) State how they would use the following tools during the field study.
 Geological hammer (1 mark)
 Magnifying lens (1 mark)
 Polythene bag (1 mark)
 Dilute hydrochloric acid (1 mark)
(e) Give two uses of rocks (2 marks)