The Settlement Hierarchy Hamlet – a few houses, often lacking a

church, school or shops.

Village – bigger than a hamlet, basic services

eg shop, post office, church, pub. Still rural
(100s of people)

Small town – more services eg supermarket,

secondary school, small hospital/medical
centre, banks. Acts as a service centre for
nearby villages. (1,000s of people) Bega

Large town – Wider range of services,

shopping centres, colleges, theatre, sports
facilities and transport links (10,000s of
people) eg Tamworth, Orange

City – Comprehensive services eg

universities, specialist hospital, airport,
(100,000+) eg Newcastle Sydney
Part One: Causes and Consequences of Urbanisation

• Read pages 4 and 5 of the booklet and highlight the key points.

• Activity B
1. Provide an example (or description) for each type of settlement in the
settlement hierarchy
2. List services that increase as a population increases
3. Distinguish between urbanization and urban sprawl
4. Can urbanization occur without Urban Sprawl?
5. Explain the cartoon

Extension
In what ways could Sydney improve as a city? Provide 3 strategies.
What other cities of the world inspire you and why?
 Population density and urbanization in Indonesia and Australia

Absolute Change and Relative (Percentage) Change

Absolute Change:
• The actual difference between 2 data sets
• Expressed as a measure of the units

Relative Change:
• Also known as Percentage Change Ms Palmer had 12 students in her 3MG class in 2010
This year she has 19 students
• The percentage change between 2 data sets What is the relative change in students between 2012
• Expressed as a percentage and this year?
(12-19) x 100 =
12
Answers:
1. C
2. B
3. A
4. C
5. A
6. D
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. D
 Demography Data Skills and Interpretation
Demographics
Statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.
Demography
The study of populations, including patterns and trends in population data.
Natural increase/change
The number of births minus the number of deaths in a population
Birth Rate
The number of live births per 1000 people in a population per year
Death Rate
The number of deaths per 1000 people in a population per year
Fertility Rate
The total number of births per woman in a given population.
Match the terms and definitions

Activity D drawing conclusions eg increase birth rate

1. Fill in the missing data for natural increase in 2020
Indonesia Australia
1950 2020 1950 2020
Natural increase / change per 1000 16.93 10.88 13.48 5.91

Birth Rate 41.02 17.45 23.12 12.56

Death Rate 24.09 6.57 9.64 6.65
Fertility Rate 5.37 2.28 3.01 1.81
Population density and urbanisation in Indonesia and Australia

Indonesia Australia
1990 2020 1990 2020
Urban population 55 491 154 200 14,574 21 959
(000s)
Total population 178 600 273 523 17 096 25 499
(000s)
Land area (000km2) 1 905 7 692

What is the change in the population of Indonesia from 1990 to 2020, as a percentage?

absolute change x 100

original number

273 523 000 - 178 600 000 x 100 = 53.15% increase

178 600 000
Fertility Rate
China's Fertility Problem Just Got Worse: Birth Rate Hits Record Low - TLDR News ([Link]) (10 mins)
Australia Hits Near-Record Low Fertility Rate – YouTube (until 2:50 mins)
[Link] - (2:38 until 12.40 for China)
[Link] (28:38 until 40 mins for Japan)
Why does Japan have so few children? - BBC News ([Link]) – 2:45
Why China's population is shrinking ([Link]) – 7:39
In developed (MEDC) countries birth rates and death rates are low.
In developing (LEDC) countries death rates may be decreasing but birth rates tend to remain high.
Activity D 2-5

USE HEADINGS:

2. Changes in demographic statistics in past 70 years

3a. Factors influencing birth rates

3b. Factors influencing death rates

4. Australia having higher death rate than Indonesia in 2020

5. Impacts of Indonesia’s fertility rate in 1950

Population pyramids

Population pyramids: Powerful

predictors of the future - Kim Preshoff
([Link]) (5:01)

[Link]
lation/population-clock-pyramid
1. How many females are in the 0-4 age
category?
2. How many people are in the 45-49 age
category?
3. What proportion of the population is 90
and over?
4. Describe the population structure of
Japan (3 marks)
5. How would you describe the population
growth in Japan? Why? (2 marks)
6. Why are population profiles useful? (2
marks)
7. Outline the factors that influence the
population structure of a country. (3
marks)
Children: 0-14 [Link] many females are in the 0-4 age category? 2,129,161
Adults: 15 – 64 [Link] many people are in the 45-49 age category? 9,643,847
Aged: 65+
[Link] proportion of the population is 90 and over? 2.3%
[Link] the population structure of Japan (3 marks)
• bullet-shaped pyramid
• narrow base – low % of children and young adults
• increasing dependent, ageing population
5. How would you describe the population growth in Japan? (2 marks)
• declining growth rate/slow growth
• increasing dependent, ageing population
6. Why are population profiles useful? (2 marks)
• Planning future urban developments – housing, infrastructure etc
• Determine services required - schools, aged care facilities etc.
• Migration policy
• Financial modelling, income / jobs / taxes v costs
7. Outline the factors that influence the population structure (3 marks)
• birth rate/fertility rate is influenced by the role of women, IMR /
healthcare, contraceptive use, education, costs of living
• Migration – economic and humanitarian
• death rate is influenced by health care, nutrition, lifestyle, stability/war
Activity E: Research Task on Population Pyramids
1. Compare Indonesia's population profile from 50 years ago to today.

1973 years ago:

• Bottom heavy pyramid i.e. higher birth rates
• much less of an ageing population
• lower life expectancy

2023:
• birth rate slowing, about half the population of the 0-4 when compared to 1973
• Population growth will still occur, you can see it's more of an even spread from
0-4 up to 50-54.
• Good sized working population.
• More people in the 60-64 category and 70-74, around double that of 1973.
• Total population has more than doubled.
2. Australia today and 2100.
How will the structure and age categories change? Why is this information useful for planning future services?

In 2100:
- increasing proportion of people ageing, particularly 80+ due to increased life expectancy.
- less children and younger people due to lower birth rates
- A unform spread of people from 25-29 to 75-79
- Services will need to continue to support the ageing population and encourage people to keep working longer.
 [Link] Youthful population Aged population

Triangular shape: common in developing country with with economic, healthcare and education systems, often unstable govt
• This shape indicates a high birth rate and a high death rate, leading to a large number of young dependents and a relatively
small elderly population.
• High birth rate: cultural norms, limited access to contraception, economic reliance on large families, high infant mortality
• High death rate: poor healthcare, malnutrition, disease contribute to lower life expectancy means few people reach old age,
thus narrow top of pyramid

Square shape: common in developed country with strong economic, healthcare and education systems
• Steady population growth
• Stable birth rate - relatively low but stable fertility rate – contraception, family planning, delayed marriage, economic stability
• Low death rate – healthcare = longer life expectancy

Inverted triangle shape: common in countries with shrinking and aging population
• Germany, Finland – low birthrates, longer life expectancy
• South Korea – rapid urbanisation, economic pressures
Very pronounced gender imbalance
particularly from the 35-39 age group
up to the 65-69 age group

A huge number of male expats and

immigrants due to the oil rich economy.

This is a common trend in Gulf countries

What’s the difference between birth rate and fertility rate??
Birth rate = birth / 1 000 population
Fertility rate = average number of children a woman has

….high fertility rate (the women that are having babies are having a lot of babies) but low birth rate
because the amount (number) of women giving birth is low… thus overall the number of births / 1 000,
is low.
Lots of babies but by a small amount of women. Eg. Lots of young women have left the country or just
less and less younger women, getting married and having children.
Note the following:

The two main causes of urbanisation in Indonesia are:

1. Natural change - the number of births minus the number of deaths in a population.
A positive number = increase.

2. Rural-urban migration - the permanent movement of people from rural area to

urban areas.

If you were leaving a rural area, heading to the city….what might push and pull factors be?
 Causes and consequences of urbanization in Indonesia

Jakarta:
• Problems in Jakarta
• Solutions in Jakarta
• Criticism of these solutions From City to Jungle, Indonesia’s grand plan to
move its Capital

New capital city: Indonesia’s capital Jakarta has been described as

unlivable, choked with traffic and smog. It’s one of
• Promises of new capital city the worst capital cities in the world for air
• Criticisms of these promises pollution and it's also sinking.
By 2050 it’s estimated around a quarter of the city
[Link] 30 mins will be submerged.
In 2019 President Joko Widodo embarked on a
radical plan to move the mega city.
 Changing Places - Part One: Causes and consequences of urbanisation
• What are urban areas?
Today – Monday 22 September • What is urbanisation?
• Population density and urbanisation in Indonesia and Australia
(demographics, population pyramids, push and pull factors)

Homework – due today

Activity H – The world’s worst traffic: Can Jakarta find an alternative to the car?

• Causes (push and pull factors – as social, economic and environmental)

• Consequences / impacts of urbanization in Indonesia

Australia: 3.5 people/km2

one of lowest density
Terms / vocab populations in the world

Formal and informal economy 441/km2 – Sydney

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary industry 28,000/km2 – Mumbai
11,000/km2 - NYC
Causes of rural-urban migration (push factors and pull factors)

Push factors
• Declining quality or quantity of natural resources / crops
• Mechanisation of agriculture
• Lack of interest in farming from young Indonesians
• Poor provision of health and educational resources
• Natural shocks / disasters
• Price stability
Pull factors
• Higher pay
• Skilled work
• Tertiary education
• Perceived higher quality of life / better lifestyle
Impacts of urbanisation

Positive impacts
• Improved quality of life in urban areas
• Education
• Improved economic growth
Negative impacts
• New rural migrants might move into the informal sector
• Slums
• Demographic imbalance
• Rising inequality
• Lack of infrastructure
 Causes and impacts of rural to urban migration and impacts of urbanisation

Economic Social Environmental

Push factors Push factors Push factors
Escape poverty Farming lifestyle does not appeal to Subsistence farming practices are
Mechanisation in farming = less work young people draining the nutrients from the soil,
opportunities Education resources are poor yields are decreasing
Farming is a hard, unpredictable occupation

Pull factors Pull factors Pull factors

Develop economic potential and access A better life To live in a “cleaner” environment,
opportunity less pollution, clean water.
On average 30% / month increase

Impacts of urbanisation
Urbanisation created GDP growth Impacts of urbanisation Impacts of urbanisation
Stress of sitting in traffic- road rage
Loss of productivity due to traffic - Commuting - time away from family Jakarta has sunk 12cm a year since
congestion 5.2 miles an hour. Disconnect with family and culture 2007
Homelessness, depression, addictions
Loss of $1 billion annually due to flooding 80% of drains are severely clogged.

Government spending $1.5 billion to

normalise river flows