11 Network Functions

11.1 I1 5Ω 2Ω I2 = 0  5s 2 + 5s + 5 + 2 s 2 + 2 s 

V1 =   V2
+ +  2s 

1/2F  7s2 + 7s + 5 
2H ⇒ V1 =   V2
V1 V2  2s 
_ _ V2 2s
V0 Hage transfer ratio = 2
V1 7s + 7s + 5
The transformed N/W is as:
I1 5Ω 2Ω I2 = 0  7s2 + 7s + 5 
Va Vb   V2
V1  2s 
+ Ib + Driving point impedance, =
I1  s + 1 + s2 
 2 s  V2
2/s  
2s
V1 V2 V1 7s2 + 7s + 5
=
_ _ I1 s2 + s + 1

V2

V b = V2 Transfer impedance
I1
V2 ∆V2
Ib = =  5 + 1 + s2 
2 2 ⇒ I1 =   V2
5  2s 
Va = 2Ib + V2
V2 2s
⇒ = 2
 sV2  I1 5 + s +1
= 2   + V2
 2 
= (s + 1)V2 11.3 I1 2H 1H I2 = 0
1 2

V1 = 5I1 + Va  (i) + +
Va 2F 2F
I1 = + Ib V1 V2
2s
( s + 1)V2 sV2
_ _
= +
2s 2 1ʹ 2ʹ
( s + 1 + s )V
2
2 The transformed N/W is shown below:
=
2s
Using (i) eqn.
5

V1 =  s + 1 + s 2  V2 + ( s + 1)V2
2s 

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2s Va 1s Vb I2 = 0 6±2 5
1 2 =
+ I1 Ib + 2
−6 ± 4.47
V1 V2 =
2
1/2s 1/2s
S = –5.235 and s = -0.765
_ _
1ʹ 2ʹ jω

Vb = V2 2j
V2 j
Ib = = V2 ⋅ 2 s –5.225 –0.765
1
2s –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 –j
Va = s ⋅ I b + V2 –2j

= [ s ⋅ 2 s + 1]V2 –jω
Va = (2s2 + 1)V2 This is the procedure which is follow in all supports of
Va 11.5 (ii) onwards.
I1 = + Ib
1
(s 2
+ 4 ) ( s + 1)
2s 11.5 (viii) F(S) =
(s 2
+ 1)( s 2 + 2 s + 5 )
= 2s[2s + 1]V2 + 2sV2
2

The function F(S) has zero at s = –2j and s = + 2j and s

= [403 + 2s + 2s]V2 = –1 and poles at
I1 = [4s3 + 4s]V2 S = –j and s = +j and also
V1 = 2sI1 + Va
S2 + 2s + 5 = 0
= 2s[4s + 4s]V2 + [2s + 1]V2
3 2
=2 ± 4 − 20
= (3s4 + 8s2)V2 + [2s2 + 1]V2 S=
2
= [3s4 + 10s2 + 1]V2
−2 ± −16
Open – CKT voltage ratio, =
2
V −2 ± 4 j
G2 1 = 1 =8s 4 + 10 s 2 + 1 = =−1 ± 2 j
V2 2

S = –1 – 2j and s = –1 + 2j
V1
Open CKT transfer impedance Z 21 = is not
I2 3j
calculated because I2 = 0 because of open CKT. (–1+2j)
2j
Hence, Z 21 is not obtained. j
1 2 3 4
2
s +4 –1 o
11.5 (i) F(S) = 2 –j
s + 6s + 4
The function F(s) has zero at s = -2j and s = +2j and (–1–2j) –2j
poles at s2 + 6s + 4 = 0 –3j
−6 ± 36 − 16
S =
2

−6 ± 20
=
2

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11.7 5Ω 10 Ω jω

–0.014
–0.027
2(s) 10 F 5F
o
–0.03 –0.02 –0.01

The transformed N/W as

5 10 I1 2H
11.9
+ +
2(s) 1/10s 1/5s
V2 1Ω
V1 1F 1F
_
_
1  10 + 1 
5+  
10 s  5s  The N/W is redrawn as
Z(S) =
1 10 + 1
+ 2H
10 s 5s I1 VA Vb I2
5 1 1 1 + Ib +
+ 50 + + +
10 s s s 50 s 2
=
1 1 V2
+ 10 + V1 1Ω
10 s 5s 1/s 1/s
_
2s + 2500s 2 + 50s + 50s + 1 _
50s 2 5s
=
1 + 100 s + 2
10 s I2 = − =
−

2500 s 2 + 105s + 1 Vb Vb
= +
5s (100 s + 3) Ib =
1 1
5
25002 + 105s + 1
Z(S) = = 5Vb + Vb
500 s 2 + 15s
The function has zero at = (5 + 1)Vb = (5 + 1)V2

2500s2 + 105s + 1 = 0 Vb = –I2

Vb = V2
−105 ± 11025 − 10000
s = Va = 2sIb + V2
5000
= 2s(s + 1)Va + V2
−105 ± 1025
= = (2s2 + 2s + 1) V2
5000
V1 = I1 + Va  (i)
−105 ± 32.01
= Va
5000 I1 = + Ib
S = –0.027 and s = -0.014 1
5
Poles at 500s2 + 15s = 0
= 5Va + Ib
S = 0 and 500s = -15
I1 = 5(2s2 + 2s + 1)V2 + (s + 1) V2
15
S = − = -0.03 = (2s2 + 2s2 + s + s + 1)V2
500
= (2s3 + 2s2 + 2s + 1)V2

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Using (i) The network is redrawn as:

V1 = (2s + 2s + 2s + 1) V2 + (2s + 2s + 1)V2
3 2 2
2s 4s
I1 Va I2
V1 = (2s + 4s + 4s + 2)V2 3 2
+ +
= 2(s3 + 2s2 + 2s + 1)V2
V2 1 1/2s 1/s V2
= 2 s 3 + 2 s 2 + 2 s + 1 V1
V1 ( )
V1  2 ( s 3 + 2 s 2 + 2 s + 1)  V2 _ _
 
=
I1 ( 2 s 3
+ 2 s 2
+ 2 s + 1)2
V For further solution refer to 11.9.

2 ( s 3 + 2 s 2 + 2 s + 1) 11.15
V1
=
I1 2s3 + 2s 2 + 2s + 1 R
z(s)
11.11 1F 2F 1/2s
I1
Ls
+ +

V2
V1 1H 1H Given –

Poles -
( −1 ± j 4 )
_ _
Zeros = –2
The network is redrawn as
Z(j1) = 1
1/s 1/s
I1 Va I2 1
( LS + R )
+ + CS

Z(S) = 1
LS + R +
V2 CS
V1 s s
LS + R
=
_ LCS 2 + RCS + 1
_

1 R
−V2 S + 
C L
I2 = S
Z(S) =
RS 1
S2 + +
Now, refer to 11.9 (For further procedure and solution.) L LC
11.13. I1 2H 4H I2 For Z(S) =
+ + Zero is at S = –2 and poles at s = –1 – j4 & s = –1 + j4
s+2
2F 1F V2 Z(S) = H

V1 ( s + 1 + j 4)( s + 1 − j 4)

H ( s + 2) H ( s + 2)
_ _ = =
(s + 1) − ( j 4 )
2
2 2
s 2 + 2 s + 1 + 16

H ( s + 2)
= 2
s + 2 s + 17

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Z(j0) = 1 jω jω
 2
1 = H  17 
 
17
H = o o
2 –7 –5 –2 σ –7 –5 –2 σ
17  s+2 

Z(S) =  2  (ii)
2  s + 2 s + 17 

Comparing eqn (i) and (ii) and solving we get
1 17 (i) (ii)
=
C 2  3∠0° 
From (i) K1 = 5  =3
2  5∠0° 
C = F
17  2∠180° 
1 From (ii) K2 = 5  =2
= 17  5∠180° 
LC
1 3 2
L = V(S) = +
C ⋅17 5+ 2 5+7
Taking inverse Laplace transform,
1
L = H V(t) = 3e-2t + 2e-7t
2
R = 2L 20
11.19 (i) F(s) =
R = 1W s ( s + 2 )( s + 10 )

5( s + 5) Write F(s) in standard form as

11.17 V(S) =
( s + 2 )( s + 7 ) 20
F(s) =
 Here, degree of denominator is greater than the degree  s  s 
2 × 10 × s  + 1  + 1
of numerator. So, there is no need of division by partial  2   10 
traction. Thus, we get
20
By partial fraction expansion: =
20 s (1 + 0.5s )(1 + 0.15 )
K1 K
V(S) = + 2 1
s+2 s+7 =
s (1 + 0.5s )(1 + 0.1s )
K1 and K2 can be evaluated from pole – zero diagram.
jω Putting
jω s = jw
1
F(j) =
jw (1.0.5 jw )(1 + 0.1 jw )

o σ 20o log |F(jw)| =σ20 log 1 – 20 log |jw| - 20 log (1 + 0.5

–7 –5 –2 –7 –5 –2
jw)
20 log (1 + 0.1 jw)
This fraction is of type 1 system
(i) (ii)
k=1

Starting point w > k
W = 1
Starting slope = - 20 ds/ducade.
Corner frequency

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1 F(s) is of type 0 system

CF2 = = 2 (Pole)
0.5 Starting point 20 log10k
1 K = ?
CF1 = = 10 (Pole)
0.1 Starting slope = 0 dB/decade
This plot is drawn from starting point i.e. w = 1 with a From (i), we obtain,
slope of -20 dB/decade upto CF1 i.e. 10 and then slope 20 log|J(jw)| = 20 log 0.3 – 20 log (jw + 1) – 20 log (3
change to -40 dB/decade because of corner frequency jw + 1) + 20 lo (jw)
of pole and then this slope is continue upto CF2 i.e. 2
and then again slope change to – 60 dB/decade because 1 10
CF1 = = = 3.33 (zero)
of pole again. 0.3 3
After drawn these plot on semi log paper. 1
CF2 = = 1 = (pole)
We obtain gain margin & phase margin as 1

−1  jw  −1  jw  1
φ(w) = −90° − tan   − tan   CF2 = = 0.33 (pole)
 2   10  3
From this we draw magnitude plot on semi log paper
−1  jw  −1  jw  & than draw phase on semi log paper & then obtain
= −90° − tan   − tan  
 2   10  phase margin and gain margin.
Phase margin = 180° + f From 11.19 (iii) Onwards follow the similar procedure
of 11.19 (i) and then draw it on semi log paper.
Gain margin = ?
0.3s
(ii) F(s) =
( s + 1)( 3s + 1)
Putting s = jw
0.3 jw
F(jw) = (i)
( jw + 1)( 3 jw + 1)

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