Sets - Definition

Well defined collection of objects

Most Common Sets in Mathematics

N⊂W⊂Z⊂Q⊂R⊂C
Representation of Sets
1. Roster Form
2. Set builder Form
Roster Form
elements are being separated by commas and are enclosed within
braces { }

Example:
A = {1 , 2, 3, a, b}

∊ → belongs to/ element of

a∊A
1∊A
4∉A
Roster Form

1. Order of elements does not matter

2. All elements must be distinct

Example:
{ S, C, H, O, L} = {H, O, L, C, S}

{ A, P, P, L, E} = {A, P, L, E}
Set-Builder Form
we write down a property or rule which gives us all the element of
the set

Example:

A= {x : x is a natural number which divides 12}

B= {y : y is a vowel in the English alphabet}
C= {z : z is an odd natural number}
Let Z be the set of all integers and
A = {(x, y): x4 - y4 = 175 and x, y ∊ Z}
Then the number of elements in A is ____
Cardinal Number

Cardinal Number is number of elements inside a set

Representation: n(A)
Types of Sets
Types of Sets

1. Null Set / Empty Set / Void Set

A set having NO element in it. It is denoted by ф or { }

Example:
A = { x : 0 < x < 1; x 𝝐 Z }
Which of the following sets is/are empty ?
A. {x ∈ Z | x2 = 9 and 2x = 6}
B. {x ∈ R | x2 = 9 and 2x = 4}
C. {x ∈ R | x + 4 = 4}
D. {x ∈ N | 2x + 1 = 3}
Types of Sets

2. Singleton Set
A set having 1 element in it

Example:
A = { x : 0 < x < 2; x 𝝐 Z }
Types of Sets

3. Finite Set
A set having finite(countable) number element in it

Example:
Types of Sets

4. Infinite Set
A set having infinite number element in it

Example:
Set of Natural numbers
Types of Sets

5. Equal Set
If every element of A is present in B and every element of B is
present in A then A and B are said to be equal sets
A=B

Example:
{1, 2, 3} = {2, 3, 1}
Types of Sets

6. Equivalent Set
n(A) = n(B)

Example:
{1, 2, 3} is equivalent to {a, b, c}
Types of Sets

7. Universal Set
A set consisting of all possible elements which occur in the
discussion

Example:
If A = {1, 2, 3} , B = {2, 4, 5, 6}, C = {1, 3, 5, 7}
then U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} can be taken as the universal set
Types of Sets

8. Subset and Superset

If all elements of A are present in B then A is subset of B
Representation: A ⊆ B

Example:
If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A⊆B

If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 3, 5, 7}

A⊈B
Types of Sets

9. Proper Subset
If A ⊆ B and A ≠ B , then A is called a proper subset of B and B
is called superset of A

Example:
If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A is proper subset of B

If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {1, 2, 3}

A is not proper subset of B
A. Write down all subsets of {1, 2}
B. Write down all proper subsets of {1, 2}
C. Write down all subsets of {1, 2, 3}
Let A = {1, 2, {3, 4}, 5}. Which of the following statements are correct

A. {3, 4} ⊂ A
B. {3, 4} ∈ A
C. {{3, 4}} ⊂ A
D. {1, 2, 3} ⊂ A
E. 3 ∈ A
F. { 3 } ⊂ A
Summary

1. Every set is subset of itself

2. Empty set, ф, is a subset of every set
3. A ⊂ B and B ⊂ A ⇔ A = B
4. ф is proper subset of every set except itself
5. Number of subsets of a finite set = 2n
6. Number of proper subsets of a finite set = 2n-1
Two finite sets have m and n elements. The number of subsets of
the first set is 112 more than that of the second set. The values of
m and n are respectively,
A. 4, 7
B. 7, 4
C. 4, 4
D. 7, 7 JEE Main 2020
Types of Sets

9. Power set
It is a set of all subsets
Representation : P(A)

Example:
Find the power set of A = {1, 2}
The number of subsets of the power set of set A = {a, b, c} is
A. 32
B. 16
C. 64
D. 256
If A=P({1, 2}) where P denotes the power set, then which one of
the following is correct?

A. {1, 2} ⊂ A
B. 1 ∈ A
C. { } ∉ A
D. {1, 2} ∈ A
 VENN DIAGRAM &
OPERATIONS ON SETS
Venn Diagram
U → Represented by Rectangle
A, B → Represented by Circles
U
Example:

U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} A
A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {3, 4, 5}
Operations of Sets

1. Intersection

2. Union

3. Difference

4. Compliment

5. Cross product
 Operations of Sets

1. Union of sets
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} U
A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 4, 6}
A B
 Operations of Sets

2. Intersection of sets
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} U
A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {2, 3, 4}
A B
 Operations of Sets

3. Complement of a set
U
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
A = {1, 2, 3}
A
 Operations of Sets

4. Difference of two sets

Element of A which are not present in B U

U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A B
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

Then A - B =
Operations of Sets

5. Symmetric difference of two sets :

It is denoted by A Δ B and A Δ B = (A - B) ∪ (B - A)

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} U
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
A B
Then A Δ B =
Operations of Sets

6. Disjoint Sets :

If A ∩ B = ф, then A and B are disjoint

A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {6, 7, 8, 9}
then A ∩ B = ф
Properties
of Sets
Properties of Sets

1 A∪B=B∪A

2 A∪A=A

3 A∪ф=A

4 A∪U=U
Properties of Sets

1 A∩B=B∩A

2 A∩A=A

3 A∩ф=ф

4 A∩U=A
Associative Property

1 (A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ (B ∪ C)

2 (A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ (B ∩ C)
Distributive Property

1 A ∪ (B ∩ C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)
De Morgan’s Law

1 (A ∪ B)’ = A’ ∩ B’

2 (A ∩ B)’ = A’ ∪ B’
Properties of Compliment

1 (A’)’ = A

2 A ∩ A’ = ф

3 A ∪ A’ = U
Cardinal
Number
 Venn Diagram with two Sets

Number of elements in at least one of A or B

= n (A ∪ B)
= n(A) + n(B) - n(A ∩ B)

Number of elements in Exactly one of A or B

= n(A) + n(B) - 2 n(A ∩ B) U

Number of elements in only A

= n(A) - n(A ∩ B) A B
 Venn Diagram with Three Sets

Number of elements in at least one set A, B, C

1 n (A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - n(A ∩ B) - n(B ∩ C) - n (A ∩ C) + n(A ∩ B ∩C)

A B

C
 Venn Diagram with Three Sets

Number of elements in exactly two of the sets A, B, C

2 = n(A ∩ B) + n(B ∩ C) + n (C ∩ A) - 3 n(A ∩ B ∩C)

A B

C
 Venn Diagram with Three Sets

Number of elements in at least two of the sets A, B, C

3 = n(A ∩ B) + n(B ∩ C) + n (C ∩ A) - 2 n(A ∩ B ∩C)

A B

C
 Venn Diagram with Three Sets

Number of elements in exactly one of the sets A, B, C

4 = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - 2 n(A ∩ B) - 2 n(B ∩ C) - 2 n(A ∩ C) + 3 n(A∩B∩C)

A B

C
A survey shows that 63% of the people in a city read newspaper A
whereas 76% read newspaper B. If x% of the people read both the
newspapers, then a possible value of x can be.

A. 29
B. 37
C. 65
D. 55
A survey shows that 73% of the persons working in an office like
coffee, whereas 65% like tea. If x denotes the percentage of them,
who like both coffee and tea, then x cannot be :

A. 63
B. 36
C. 54
D. 38
Cross Product
Cross Product

Cross Product (A x B) Ordered Pair (x, y) ≠ (y, x)

A = {1, 2, 3}
Number of elements
B = {a, b} n(A x B) = n(A).n(B)
A x B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a) (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)} True or False ?

A. 1∈A
B. 1∈AxB
C. (1, a) ∈ A x B
D. { (1, a) } ⊂ A x B
 How many subsets will the following sets have?🤔

A = {1, 2} A = { 1, 2, 3 }
Conclusion

Number of subsets of set A = 2n

where n → number of element in set A
A x B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a) (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)}

How many subsets will A x B have ?

Let Z be the set of integers. If A = {x∈Z : 2(x+2)(x2 - 5x + 6) =1} and
B = {x∈Z : -3 < 2x - 1 < 9}, then the number of subsets of the set
A x B, is
A. 215 JEE Main PYQ
B. 218
C. 212
D. 210
Relations

A subset of A x B

If n(A) = m & n(B) = n then the number

of Relations = 2mn
Visual Representation (Arrow Diagram)

A B

1
a
2
b
3
Relations in Real Life
A = { 1, 2, 3}
B = {a , b, c }
R: A ➝ B
R = {(1, a), (2, b)}
Identity Relations

Every element of A is related

to itself only
Representation of Relations

1. Roster form

2. Set builder form

 Types
of Relations
 Types of Relations

Reflexive

Symmetric (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ A

If (a, b) ∈ R then (b, a) ∈ R Transitive

If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R
then (a, c) ∈ R
Anti- Symmetric

If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, a) ∈ R ⇒ a = b

The relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 3), (1, 3)}
on set A = {1, 2, 3} is -

A. Reflexive but not symmetric

B. Reflexive but not transitive
C. Symmetric and transitive
D. Neither symmetric nor transitive
The relation R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (1, 2), (2, 3)} on set
A = {1, 2, 3} is -

A. Reflexive but not symmetric

B. Reflexive but not transitive
C. Symmetric and transitive
D. Neither symmetric nor transitive
Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12) (6, 12) (3, 9) (3, 12), (3, 6)} be a
relation on the set A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. The relation is -

A. An equivalence relation
B. Reflexive and symmetric only
C. Reflexive and transitive only
D. Reflexive only
ह ाँ - न bol
R = {(T1, T2) : T1 ≅ T2}
R = {(a, b) : a is brother of b}
R = {(a, b) : a is cousin of b}
 Domain,
Codomain and
Range
Domain, Codomain and Range

A = {1, 3, 5, 7}; B = {2, 4, 6, 8}

R = {(3, 2), (5, 4), (7, 2), (7, 4), (7, 6)}

Domain = A B
Codomain =

Range = 1 2

3
4

5
6
7 8
Domain, Codomain and Range

Domain of R : Collection of all elements of A which has a image in B

Range of R : Collection of all elements of B which has a pre-image in A

If R = {(x, y)| x, y ∈ Z, x2 + y2 ≤ 4} is a relation in Z, then domain
of R is -

A. {0, 1, 2}
JEE MAIN PYQ
B. {0, -1, -2}
C. {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
D. None of these
Equivalence Class

Let R = { (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 2), (2, 1) }

Equivalence class of 1 = [1] =

Equivalence class of 2 = [2] =

Equivalence class of 3 = [3] =

If R = {P, Q) | P and Q are at the same distance from the origin }
be a relation, then the equivalence class of (1, -1) is the set :

A. S = { (x,y) | x2 + y2 = 1 }
JEE MAIN PYQ
B. S = { (x,y) | x2 + y2 = 4}
C. S = {(x,y) | x2 + y2 = √2 }
D. S = { (x,y) | x2 + y2 = 2 }
Inverse of
Relation
Inverse of Relation R-1

A = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }
B = { a, b, c, d }

R:A→B
R = {(1, a), (2, b), (3, c), (4, d)}
Domain and Range of R-1

Domain of R = Range of R-1

Range of R = domain of R-1
Let N be the set of natural numbers and a relation R on N be defined by
R = { (x, y) ∈ N x N : x3 - 3x2y - xy2 + 3y3 = 0}
Then the relation R is :

JEE MAIN PYQ

A. Symmetric but neither reflexive nor transitive
B. Reflexive but neither symmetric nor transitive
C. Reflexive and symmetric, but not transitive
D. An equivalence relation
If R = {(x, y); x, y ∈ Z, x2 + 3y2 ≤ 8} is a relation on the set of integers
Z, then the domain of R-1 is :

A. {0, 1}
B. {-2, -1, 1, 2} JEE MAIN PYQ

C. {-1, 0, 1}
D. {-2, -1, 0, 1, 2}
Functions

Input Machine Output

Fruits Juice
Juicer

√x
RECAP of Relations

A = {1, 2, 3}

B = {a, b}

A x B = {(1, a), (1, b), (2, a) (2, b), (3, a), (3, b)}
Advance Definition of Functions
Every element of A must have one and only one image in B
Function or NOT?
Function or NOT?
Function or NOT?
Types of Functions

1. One-one and many-one

2. Onto and into
Is Ramayan a function?
Is MAHABHARAT a function?
Some more Examples
Domain, Codomain and Range
One one or Many one

y = x2

y=|x|
Shortcut - Graphical method
One one or Many one?

y = x3 y = 1/x
One one or Many one?

y = sin x y = cos x
Vertical Line Test
Are they Functions?
Names

One - one ↔ Injective

Onto ↔ Surjective

Injective + Surjective = Bijective

Inverse of a Function

f-1(x) → inverse of function exists only for bijective fn

Why?
If the function is Many-one
If the function is INTO
ODD / Even
Functions
Odd and Even Functions - Definitions
Are they Functions?
Graph of Odd and Even Functions
Property

Any function f(x) can be represented as sum of odd function and even
function
Represent 2x as sum of odd function and even function
Are they Functions?

f(x) g(x) f(x) + g(x) f(x) - g(x) f(x) . g(x) f(x) / g(x)

odd odd

odd even

even odd

even even
Number of
Functions
Problems
Number of Functions

Case 1 n(A) = n(B)

Case 2 n(A) > n(B)

Case 3 n(A) < n(B)

Case 1

1. Total number of functions

2. Number of one-one functions

3. Number of many-one functions

4. Number of onto functions

5. Number of Into functions

Case 2

1. Total number of functions

2. Number of one-one functions

3. Number of many-one functions

4. Number of onto functions

5. Number of Into functions

Case 3

1. Total number of functions

2. Number of one-one functions

3. Number of many-one functions

4. Number of onto functions

5. Number of Into functions

Are they Functions?

n(A) = a and n(B) = b

CASE Total onto one-one

n(A) = n(B) ba a! a!

n(A) > n(B) ba Grouping 0

n(A) < n(B) ba 0

Let E = {1, 2, 3,4} and F = {1, 2}. Then the number of onto functions
from E to F is

A. 14

B. 16

C. 12

D. 8
Let X be a set with exactly 5 elements and Y be a set with exactly 7
elements. If α is the number of one-one functions from X to Y and β is
the number of onto functions from Y to X, then the value of
is_______.
(JEE Adv. 2018)
Let x denote the total number of one - one functions from a set A with
3 elements to set B with 5 elements and y denote the total number of
one - one functions from the set A to the set A x B. Then :
A. y = 273x

B. 2y = 91x

C. y = 91x

D. 2y = 273x
Let A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}. Then the number of bijective functions
f : A ⟶ A such that f(1) + f(2) = 3 - f(3) is equal to
 Domain
and Range
How to Find Domain?
DIY
Ans: C
Methods to Find Range?
Equal / Identical
Functions
Equal / Identical Functions
Equal / Identical Functions

1. The domain of f = the domain of g

2. The range of f = the range of g
3. f(x) = g(x), for every x belonging to their common domain

or

In short, Graph of two fn should be same

Homogeneous
Functions
Homogeneous Functions

Example
Bounded
Functions
Bounded Functions

A function is said to be bounded if |f(x)| ≤ M, where M is a finite quantity.

E.g., f(x) = sin x is bounded

Implicit/Explicit
Functions
Implicit/Explicit Functions

E.g., 2x2 - 3y3 - 5 =0 ( Implicit)

E.g., y = 2x2 - 3x - 5 ( Explicit)

Composite
Functions
Composite Functions
Output of one function becomes input for other function
Composite Functions
Output of one function becomes input for other function
Composite Functions

g(x)
x g f f(g(x))
Composite Functions

fog(x) = f(g(x))

gof(x) = g (f(x))

fof(x) = f(f(x))

gog(x) = g(g(x))
Composite Functions

f(x) = sinx
g(x) = √x
Find fog / gof / gog / fof ?

f(x) = x2 + 6
g(x) = 2x - 1
Properties of Composite Functions

1. Generally, fog ≠ gof

2. fo(gof) = (fog)oh
3. The composite of two bijections is a bijection
If the functions are defined as f(x) = √x and g(x) = √1 - x, then what is
the common domain of the following functions :
f + g, f - g, f/g, g/f, g - f

A. 0≤x≤1
B. 0≤x<1
C. 0<x≤1
D. 0<x<1
If g(x) = x2 + x - 1 and (gof) (x) = 4x2 - 10x + 5, then f(5/4) is equal to :

A. 3/2

B. -1/2

C. 1/2

D. -3/2
Composite
Functions
(piecewise defined)
Find f(g(x)) = ?
Thank You #VCians
 Periodic
Functions
Periodic Functions
Graph repeats
Periodic Functions

A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists a positive number T (T > 0)

such that f(x + T) = f(x), for all values of x within the domain of x.
Periodic Functions

sin x
tan x
cos x
cot x
cosec x
{x}
sec x
Fundamental Period

Least Positive Period

Period of Derived Functions

1. sinnx, cosnx, secnx, cosecnx have period π if n is even and 2π if n is

odd or fraction
2. tannx, cotnx are always periodic with period π
3. |sinx|, |cosx|, |tanx|, |cotx|, |secx|, |cosecx| are all periodic with
period π
Properties of Periodic Functions
1. Inverse of periodic functions does not exist
Properties of Periodic Functions
2. Generally, if f(x) has period T then g(f(x)) also has period T, T may not
be fundamental period
Properties of Periodic Functions

{sin x} sin {x}

sin (cosx)
Properties of Periodic Functions
3. Every constant function is always periodic, with no fundamental period
Properties of Periodic Functions
4. If f(x) has a period p, then 1/f(x) and √f(x) also has a
period p
Properties of Periodic Functions

5. If f(x) has a period T then f(ax + b) has a period

 Properties of Periodic Functions

If f(x) has a period T1 & g(x) also has a period T2 then

period of f(x) ± g(x) or f(x).g(x) or f(x)/g(x) => L.C.M of T1 & T2

provided their L.C.M.
exists

However, L.C.M (if exists) need not be fundamental period.

If L.C.M does not exists f(x) ± g(x) or f(x).g(x) or f(x)/g(x) is aperiodic

Find the period of the following functions:
Find the period of the following functions:

f(x) = sin x + {x}

f(x) = |sinx| + |cosx|

Find the period of the following functions:

f(x) = sin4 x + cos4 x

Properties of Periodic Functions

Periodic + Periodic → may or may not be periodic

e.g. cosx + {x}

Periodic + Aperiodic → Aperiodic

e.g. sinx + x

Aperiodic + Aperiodic → may or may not be periodic

e.g. x + (2 - x)
If f(x) + f(x+4) = f(x + 2) + f (x + 6) ∀ x ∈ R. Then find the period f(x).
Let a function satisfying f(x + 4) + f (x - 4) = f (x)
for all real x is periodic, then period T for them is

A. 9

B. 12

C. 16

D. 24

DIY
Functional
Equations
Functional Equations

Method 1: Iteration

Method 2: Replacement

Method 3: Standard Functions

Method 1: Iteration
Method 2: Replacement
Method 3: Standard Functional Equation

1 f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = kx

2 f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) ⇒ f(x) = ax

3 f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) ⇒ f(x) = k lnx or f(x) =0

4 f(xy) = f(x) . f(y) ⇒ f(x) = xn

Inverse of a
Function
Inverse of a Function

Consider a one-one onto function with domain A = {a, b, c} and

range B = {1, 2, 3}
f f-1
A B B A
a 1 1 a

b 2 2 b
c 3 3 c

Domain of f = {a, b, c} = Range of f-1

Range of f = {1, 2, 3} = Domain of f-1
Inverse of a Function

f-1 exist only for Bijective Functions

How to Find Inverse of a Function

S-1 SWAP x and y

S-2 Represent y = f(x)

Find the inverse of the following bijective function.
f(x) = 3x - 5
Find the inverse of the following bijective function.

f : R → R+ , f(x) = 10x+1
Properties of f-1

1. The inverse of Bijection is unique.

2. The inverse of Bijection is also bijection.
3. In general, fog ≠ gof but if fog = gof then either f-1 = g or g-1 = f
also fog (x) = gof (x) = x
4. (gof)-1 = f-1 o g-1
5. The graphs of f & g are the mirror images of each other in the
line y = x
If f : R → R is defined by f(x) = x3 +1, then
find value of f-1 (28)
Let f : R - {α/6} ⟶ R be defined by f(x) = 5x+3 / 6x-α
Then the value of α for which (fof) (x) = x, for all x ∈ R - { α/6 }, is
A. No such α exists

B. 5

C. 8

D. 6
A.

B.

C.

D.
 Graphical
Transformation
Graphical Transformation

y = f(x)
Graphical Transformation

y = - f(x) Flip in x axis

y = f(-x) Flip in y axis

y = |f(x)| Upar wala same

Neeche wala uper

y = f(|x|) Right wala same

Y-axis में mirror image

|y| = f(x) Upar wala same

X axis में mirror image
Graphical Transformation

y = f(x) + K ⇒ Up

y = f(x) - K ⇒ Down

y = f(x + K) ⇒ Left
y = f(x - K) ⇒ Right

y = f(kx) ⇒ contracts in x-axis if k > 1

⇒ expands in x-axis if k < 1
Draw graph of y = - lnx
Draw graph of y = ln(-x)
Draw graph of y = e-x
Draw graph of y = - ex
Draw graph of y = |sinx|
Draw graph of y = | lnx |
 Graph of
Miscellaneous
Functions
How to Find Inverse of a Function

y = [x2]

x x2 [x2]

0≤x<1 x2

1 ≤ x < √2 x2
√2 ≤ x < √3 x2

√3 ≤ x < 2 x2
How to Find Inverse of a Function

y = [x2]
y = [sinx]
 Graph of
Linear/ Linear
Graph of Linear/ Linear
Graph of Linear/ Linear
Graph of Linear/ Linear
Thank You #VCians