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Chapter 6

Interactions Between Cells & the

Extracellular Environment

6-1

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Chapter 6 Outline

ExtracellularEnvironment
Movement Across Plasma Membrane
Osmosis
Membrane Transport Systems
Membrane Potential
Cell Signaling

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 Extracellular Environment

6-3

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Extracellular Environment
Includes all constituents of body outside cells
67% of total body H20 is inside cells (=intracellular
compartment); 33% is outside cells (=extracellular
compartment-ECF)
 20% of ECF is
blood plasma
 80% of ECF is
interstitial fluid
contained in
gel-like matrix

6-4

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Extracellular Matrix
Isa meshwork of collagen & elastin fibers linked to
molecules of gel-like ground substance & to plasma
membrane integrins
 = glycoprotein adhesion molecules that link
intracellular & extracellular compartments

6-5

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Extracellular Matrix

Interstitial
fluid resides in hydrated gel of ground
substance

Fig 6.1

3
 Movement Across Plasma
Membrane

6-6

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Transport Across Plasma Membrane

Plasma membrane is selectively permeable--allows

only certain kinds of molecules to pass
Many important molecules have transporters &
channels
 Carrier-mediated transport involves specific protein
transporters
 Non-carrier mediated transport occurs by diffusion

6-7

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Transport Across Plasma Membrane

continued

Passive transport moves compounds down

concentration gradient; requires no energy
Active transport moves compounds up a concentration
gradient; requires energy & transporters

6-8

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Diffusion

Israndom motion of molecules

 Net movement is from region of high to low
concentration

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Diffusion Movie

6-9

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Diffusion continued

Non-polar compounds readily diffuse thru cell

membrane
 Also some small molecules including C02 & H20
 Diffusion of H20 is called osmosis
Cell membrane is impermeable to charged & most
polar compounds
 Charged molecules must have an ion channel or
transporter to move across membrane
6-10

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Diffusion continued
Rate of diffusion depends on:
 Magnitude of its concentration gradient
 Permeability of membrane to it
 Temperature
 Surface area of membrane

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 Osmosis

6-12

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Osmosis

 Isnet diffusion of H20 across a

selectively permeable membrane Fig 6.5
 H20 diffuses down its
concentration gradient
 H20 is less concentrated
where there are more solutes
 Solutes have to be
osmotically active
 i.e. cannot freely move
across membrane

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Osmosis 1
6-13

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Osmosis continued
Fig 6.6
H20 diffuses down its
concentration gradient
until its concentration is
equal on both sides of
membrane
Some cells have water
channels (aquaporins) to
facilitate osmosis

Click here to play

Osmosis 2

6-14

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Osmotic Pressure
 Is force that would have to be exerted to stop osmosis
 Indicates how strongly H20 wants to diffuse
 Is proportional to solute concentration

Fig 6.7
6-15

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Molarity (體積莫耳濃度) & Molality

1 molar solution (1.0M) = 1mole of solute dissolved in
1L of solution
 Doesn't specify exact amount of H20

定義：一莫耳含有 6×1023
個原子或分子

6-16

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Molarity & Molality (重量莫耳濃度)

1 molal solution (1.0m) = 1 mole of solute dissolved in

1 kg H20

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Molarity & Molality

Osmolality (Osm) is
total molality of a
solution
 E.g. 1.0m of NaCl
yields a 2 Osm
solution
 Because NaCl
dissociates into Na+
& Cl-

Fig 6.10

6-18

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Osmolarity and Osmolality in Physiology

Osmolarity are temperature dependent because

the volume of solvent varies with temperature (i.e.,
the volume is larger at higher temperatures).
In contrast, osmolality, which is based on the
mass of the solvent, is temperature independent.
For this reason, osmolality is the preferred term
for biologic systems

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Tonicity
Is effect of a solution (sln) on osmotic movement
of H20 (計算半透膜兩側不可通透溶質數 )
 Isotonic slns have same osmotic pressure
 Hypertonic slns have higher osmotic pressure &
are osmotically active
 Hypotonics have lower osmotic pressure

Effects of
tonicity on
RBCs
crenated
6-19

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Osmolality
 計算半透膜兩側可通透與不可通透溶質數(即計算溶液中所
有溶質數)
 Iso-osmotic solutions have same osmolality as plasma
 Hypo-osmotic solutions have lower osmotic pressure
than plasma
 hyperosmotics have higher pressure than plasma

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Osmolarity and Tonicity

Table 4.3

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Regulation of Blood Osmolality

 Blood osmolality maintained

in narrow range around 300m
Osm
 If dehydrated, osmoreceptors
in hypothalamus stimulate:
 ADH release
 Which causes kidney to
conserve H20
 & thirst

Fig 6.12
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 Membrane Transport Systems

6-22

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Carrier-Mediated Transport

Moleculestoo large & polar to diffuse are transported

across membrane by protein carriers

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Carrier-Mediated Transport continued

 Protein carriers exhibit:

1. Specificity for single
molecule
2. Competition among
substrates for
transport
3. Saturation when all
carriers are occupied
 This is called Tm
(transport
maximum)

Fig 6.13
6-24

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Facilitated Diffusion
Is passive transport down concentration gradient by
carrier proteins
Fig 6.15
Fig 6.14

6-25

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Active Transport

Istransport of
molecules against a
concentration gradient
 ATP required

Click here to play

Primary active transport

Fig 6.16

6-26

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Na+/K+ Pump

Uses ATP to move 3

Na+ out & 2 K+ in
 Against their
gradients

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Na+/K+ Pump 2
RealMedia Movie

Fig 6.17
6-27

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Secondary Active Transport

 Uses energy from “downhill” transport of Na+ to drive “uphill”
movement of another molecule
 Also called coupled transport Click here to play
Secondary Active
 ATP required to maintain Na+ gradient
Transport
RealMedia Movie

Fig 6.18
6-28

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Secondary Active Transport continued

 Cotransport (symport) is secondary transport in same direction
as Na+
 Counter transport (antiport) moves molecule in opposite
direction of Na+ Fig 6.18

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Transport Across Epithelial Membranes

 Absorption is
transport of
digestion products
across intestinal
epithelium into blood
 Reabsorption
transports
compounds out of
urinary filtrate back
into blood

Fig 6.19 6-30

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Transport Across Epithelial Membranes

continued

Transcellular transport moves

material from 1 side to other of
epithelial cells

Paracellular transport moves

material through tiny spaces
between epithelial cells

細胞橋小體
6-30

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Bulk Transport
Isway cells move large molecules & particles across
plasma membrane
Occurs by endocytosis & exocytosis (Ch 3)

Fig 6.21

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Endocytosis and
Exocytosis
RealMedia Movie
6-32

Membrane Potential

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Membrane Potential

 Is difference in charge Fig 6.22

across membrane
 Results in part from
presence of large anions
being trapped inside cell
 Diffusable cations
such as K+ are
attracted into cell by
anions
 Na+ is not permeable &
is pumped out

6-34

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Equilibrium Potential
 Describes voltage across cell membrane if only 1 ion could diffuse

 If membrane permeable only

to K+, it would diffuse until
reaches its equilibrium
potential (Ek)
 K+ is attracted inside by
trapped anions but also
driven out by its [gradient]
 At K+ equilibrium,
electrical & diffusion
forces are = & opposite
 Inside of cell has a negative
charge of about -90mV

Fig 6.23
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Nernst Equation (Ex)

Gives membrane voltage needed to counteract

concentration forces acting on an ion
Value of Ex depends on ratio of [ion] inside & outside
cell membrane

Ex = 61 log [Xout] z = valence of ion X

z [Xin]

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Nernst Equation (Ex) continued

 Ex = 61 log [Xout]
z [Xin]

 For concentrations
shown at right:
 Calculate EK+
 Calculate ENa+

Fig 6.24
6-37

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Nernst Equation (Ex) continued

 EK+ = 61 log 5
+1 150
= -90mV

 ENa+ = 61 log 145

+1 12
= +60mV

Fig 6.24
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Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

Is
membrane voltage of cell in unstimulated state
RMP of most cells is -65 to –85 mV
RMP depends on concentrations of ions inside & out
 & on permeability of each ion
 Affected most by K+ because it is most permeable

6-39

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Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) continued

Some Na+
diffuses in so
RMP is less
negative than EK+

Fig 6.25
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Role of Na+/K+ Pumps in RMP

Because 3 Na+
are pumped out
for every 2 K+
taken in, pump
is electrogenic
 It adds about
-3mV to RMP

Fig 6.26
6-41

Cell Signaling

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Cell Signaling
Is how cells communicate with each other
Some use gap junctions thru which signals pass
directly from 1 cell to next Fig 7.20

6-43

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Cell Signaling continued

Insynaptic signaling, 1 neuron sends messages to

another cell via synapses

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Cell Signaling continued

In
paracrine signaling, cells secrete regulatory
molecules that diffuse to nearby target cells

6-44

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Cell Signaling continued

In endocrine signaling, cells secrete chemical
regulators that move thru blood stream to distant
target cells

 Torespond to a chemical signal, a target cell must

have a receptor protein for it

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