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Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal) Libraries at University of Nebraska-Lincoln

April 2023

Smart E-library Management System Based on User Behaviour in

Ibrahim Babangida Library, Modibbo Adama University Yola,
Nigeria
Moses T. K. Mr.
MAU Yola, tmoseskussiy@[Link]

Dauda Joshua Dr.

MAU Yola, jopromy@[Link]

Blamah N. V. Dr.
UniJos, blamahn@[Link]

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Part of the Scholarly Communication Commons

K., Moses T. Mr.; Joshua, Dauda Dr.; and V., Blamah N. Dr., "Smart E-library Management System Based on
User Behaviour in Ibrahim Babangida Library, Modibbo Adama University Yola, Nigeria" (2023). Library
Philosophy and Practice (e-journal). 7628.
[Link]
Smart E-library Management System Based on User Behaviour in Ibrahim Babangida
Library, Modibbo Adama University Yola, Nigeria

*1
Moses, T. K., 2Joshua, D. (PhD), & 3 Blamah, N. V (PhD)

1
Department of Computer Science, Modibbo Adama University, Yola, P.M.B. 2076 Yola, Adamawa
State, Nigeria. tmoseskussiy@[Link], tmoseskussiy@[Link], +2348065421604
2
Ibrahim Babangida Library, Modibbo Adama University, Yola P.M.B. 2076 Yola, Adamawa State,
Nigeria. daudajoshua@[Link], jopromy@[Link], +2348130580243
3
University of Jos, Department of Computer Science, P.M.B. 2084 Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria.
enquiries@[Link], blamahn@[Link], +2348053373678, +2348020755355

ABSTRACT
This study is designed to explore user behaviour and overall user’s usage behaviour based on
use of electronic information resources. The purpose of the study is to evaluate and develop
user friendly smart e-library management system and to ascertain the extent to which users will
increase their use of smart e-library management system based on usage of e-resources by user
per time. Rapid Application Development methodology and Matomo data analytics was used
to present results in graphical charts and curves. The results obtained as overall users’
behaviour analytic shows that the whole registered users behaviour accessed the e-resources
and used the smart e-library Management System to their satisfaction. After examining the
characteristics of the existing systems and their bottleneck. It was established that such system
need improvement in the future especially in the area of data processing. It was recommended
that management of Modibbo Adama University Yola in future research should include and
expand the existing framework to enable it evaluate data, it was also recommended that
Microsoft silver light software be used in the next upgrade because of its improved
functionalities and flexibility and finally, it was strongly recommended that oracle should be
used in the next upgrade so as to improve data security.

Keywords: Smart E-Library, Management System, E-library, User behaviour, Intellectual

framework, E-resources, Modibbo Adama University, Library.
Introduction

Library is an indispensable source of information as they will have at their command a

vast array of private, college, university, national, public, school, and special libraries (Chu &
Duan, 2018). The reduction of costly ignorance by libraries is achieved through the assistance
they provide in formal and informal education and direct assistance they give to scholars and
scientists in the extension of the frontiers of knowledge. In the past decades, access to
information was usually in the library room, and as technology advances, access is now made
online. In recent times, the library has undergone many advancements from the traditional
library to the modern library, where contents are in digital form (Edem & Egbe, 2018; Igbo &
Imo, 2017). Library has been a home of knowledge for decades; policies have been formulated
many times due to increased volume of physical books and Journals that occupy space even
when these are moved to the archives. Knowledge is sometimes kept away in the name of
archives. Storage of these books is often done in bad shape (Agyekum & Ossom, 2015). The
library is capital intensive, and much fund is needed to preserve it. Both Students and staff
often mishandle physical books and journals; sometimes others result in mutilation and book
lost. Indeed, without information, there cannot be communication. The emergence of
technology has led to the proliferation of electronically available information resources. These
e-resources includes CD ROMs, databases, electronic mails, Online Public Access (OPAC),
and internet browsing (Agyekum & Ossom, 2015). The Internet, which is prominent in this
source, has made possible access to electronic books and journals in various databases and
search engines.

In this age of globalization, the importance of Information and Communication Technology

(ICT) in an academic environment cannot be overemphasized because ICT facilitate quick
access to information resources worldwide, through the Internet and other devices. It is now
difficult to imagine the world without information technology.

In this digital age, tertiary institutions strive to keep up to date in their curriculum and
e-resources. The provision and use of e-resources is part and parcel of the entire system, the
student, faculty, and the institution. It is one thing to recognize the importance of e-resources
and know if students effectively utilize them. If e-resources are put to effective use, the essence
of acquiring them is, to a large extent, justified vice-versa (Dolo-Ndlwana, 2013). Therefore,
these e-resources acquired must be managed to achieve the goals and objectives of the research.
 E-library management system is an application which refers to library systems which
are generally small or medium in size. Librarian uses it to manage the library and it resources
using a computerized system, videos and page sources. Books and student maintenance
modules are also included in this system the system also keep track of the students using the
library and a detailed description of the e-resources. There will be no booking record or member
record loss with this computerized system, which generally happens when a non-computerized
system is used.

Similarly, Loerke, Wyatt and McGuire (2018) noted the advantage of electronic
resources overprinted which includes speed, ease of use and ability to access the document
from outside the library. According to Dadzie (2005), electronic resources are invaluable
research tools that complement traditional libraries' printed ones. These advantages include
access to information restricted to the user due to the geographical location, finances, and
extensive links to additional resources or related content. However, knowledge of computers
and retrieval techniques is needed to effectively search these resources, which has a bearing
attitude towards e-resources (Wang, 2017; Joshua 2014, 2-4).

Ajayi, Shorunke and Aboyade (2014) noted that e-resources are mainly made accessible
for educational purposes. Students and academics who have security access codes can use some
of the services in closed access mode because the university has paid for the subscription and
are made available to them. The authors further noted that factors that impede the successful
use of e-resources in higher institutions of learning in Nigeria include, lack of strategic
planning, competent workforce, Internet connectivity, inconsistent preparation, insufficient
support, inadequate computers, and unreliable electricity supply. Librarians are also
encouraged to collaborate with electronic resource providers and publishers to reduce the
complexities of licensing agreements to provide available e-resources for the overall
development of libraries and meet the needs of end-users and National policies on acquisition
and distribution of e-resources for academic usage in higher Institutions of learning.
Particularly academic libraries.

Objectives of the Study

The main objective of the research is to develop a conceptual framework for smart e-library
management system based on user behaviour, specifically the study is to:

i. Evaluate and develop user friendly smart e-library management system in I.B.
 Library
ii. Ascertain the extent to which users will increase their use of smart e-library
management system in I.B. Library.

Scope
The smart library system is a broad concept that can focus on security, access,
management, services and ease of access via the browser-based platform. This study is
confined to the use of the server and web-based application in Ibrahim Babangida Library,
Modibbo Adama University Yola. The present work is limited to provide user access to the e-
resources to various subjects in different formats to meet the user's needs.

Statement of the Problem

Despite the increasing use of smart library services, there is a scarcity of framework of
the smart library system that provides analytical decision based on the user's behaviour on e-
resources utilization and providing an understanding of how user's usage of the e-resources can
enhance and support strategic planning for the development of smart library system to meet the
needs of users in remote and isolated learners in the face of a global pandemic base on the
usage behaviour. There is also inadequate use of library management system to take statistics
of e-resources usage by the users. This could be attributed to lack of seriousness by the
university management. It’s against this background the researchers developed smart e-library
management system.

Literature Review

The electronic resources have pose human, social and technology problems, such as
discomfort in reading on the screen, problems in internet access and speed, poor infrastructure,
lack of sufficient skill to use the electronic resources and exceptional change resulting from
right to use rather than physical possession (Igbo & Imo, 2017; Macondo Sithole & Chasity,
2017) from a survey conducted by Okafor (Dresselhaus, 2012; Srujana, Murthy, TanveerAlam,
Sunitha & Thimmaiah, 2013) on the topic "can e-book replaced paperwork" the study reveals
that e-books require power, e-reader, to a computer or laptop, electricity remains a serious
problem not to mention internet access to download them. Unlike print, electronic documents
are not immediately readable by the naked human eye. The ability to access them is dependent
on equipment and technology. Both of which become important considerations when
examining the acquisition of information stored in electronic form (Quadri, Adetimirin &
Idowu, 2014; Chimah & Udo, 2015; Edem & Egbe, 2018, Joshua & King 2020).

To utilize the growing range of electronic information sources, users must acquire and
practice the skills necessary to exploit them. Ben-Daya, Hassini and Bahroun (2019) suggests
that the skills required to maximize electronic information sources' potential are much greater
than those required for searching printed sources. These skills include knowledge of the
structure of databases and the instruction that must be input into the computer by the searcher
and how the instructions are linked with one another to this end. Tanuja, Tanushree, Vindhya
and Gopinath (2018) state that users do not often appreciate the skills required to search these
sources stating they are deceptively easy to use. The ability to find and retrieve information
effectively is a transferable skill useful for future life which has enabled the positive and
successful use of electronic information sources. Tanuja, Tanushree, Vindhya & Gopinath
(2018) argue that libraries must reach a position where acquiring information skills is
acknowledged as one of the key learning objectives for every student entering university who
have been fully equipped to cope with the information-intensive world. Vaidya, Kulthe, Khaire,
and Kela (2017) noted that digital libraries, e-journal platforms, portals, e-prints and web-based
information systems provide services supporting users with intense work tasks that require
complex interaction activities. This concept implies that library users cannot access e-resources
without adequate computer skills. These skills and e-resources can be hosted on a server-based
database.

User behaviour

Behaviour as defined by the Regional Training Seminar on Guidance and Counselling

Module 4 Behaviour Modification, UNESCO (2000) could be seen as the way in which an
individual behaves or acts. It is the way an individual conducts herself/himself. It could be seen
in reference to social norms, or the way in which one treats others or handles objects.
Behaviour, therefore, is the manner at which an individual acts towards another, society or
objects. It can be either bad or good. It can be normal or abnormal according to social norms.
As noted by Bandura (2006), most behaviour is learned by observing others. One forms a
concept of how new behaviours are performed, and on later occasions, this coded information
is a guide for action, it is a continuous reciprocal interaction between psychological and
environmental (social) influences. People behave differently by learning observationally, or
consciously when they seek for electronic information resources, especially when they are
working on a specific task. User behaviour may, therefore, be seen as how people use and
interact with information resources rather than simply accommodating existing needs. In a
behaviour change context, postgraduates could be seen as thoughtful people who think about
what they are doing, and why, analytically they are able to set and modify their own goals and
are open to central route persuasion through reasoned arguments about why some behaviours
are better than others, perhaps motivating them to change their attitude about a subject as a
precursor to changing their behaviour heedfully. These are users who can learn from their
mistakes and change their behaviour accordingly (Lockton, Harrison & Stanton, 2012).

Cheung, Chan and Limayem (2005) argued that the factors that influence user
behaviour are individual characteristics, structural, degree of knowledge, ease of usage as well
as factors concerning the characteristics of web pages and the speed of the network. Users of
electronic information resources are exposed to various heterogeneous factors represented not
only by exogenous variables but also endogenous ones. Therefore, in order to succeed in any
venture, and especially in today’s dynamic and rapidly evolving information explosion,
Librarians, as professionals need to know everything they can about users - what they want,
what they think, how they work, how they spend their leisure time. They need to understand
personal and group influences that affect users’ decisions and how these decisions are made.
In the virtual space, users’ choices are largely influenced by the virtual groups they are part of
and their trust in the online environment (Cetina, Munthin & Radulescu, 2012). User behaviour
is the means for systematic examination of the characteristics and behaviour of users linked
with the effectiveness (performance) of library and information services provided as they
aimed at the satisfaction of user needs. Therefore, these factors include psychological, social
and cultural influences.

Stelmaszewska, Wong, Bhimani and Barn (2010) proposed a study on user behaviour:
searching for scholarly materials using electronic resources discovery systems and focused on
the differences between behaviour displayed by their study group and those presented in
previous work on information seeking. Their results showed that, people use personal or social
networks at the initial stage of information seeking in order to understand the concept to find
information and develop the keywords. It further revealed that participants rarely apply only
one search (e.g., simple search) but that their strategy changed during information seeking
process in relation to the results obtained, users perform another search, refined or reformulate
search, abandon a search or resource or they change resource. Most users tended to carry out
combined searches.
 Lockton, Harrison and Stanton’s (2012) study on models of the users: designers’
perspective on influencing sustainable behaviour. They made use of a wide variety of
techniques and methods. It revealed simple models of user behaviour emerging from statements
by designers taking part in a workshop on influencing behaviour through design.

Gradinaru (2006) surveyed searching behaviour in the digital age at the University of
Lasi (Romana) and observed that users are searching for information horizontally and do not
use a deep and vertical strategy and do not return to the same website or journal, rather bounce
and search a panoramic (wide) view, and stated categorically that users navigate through the
overwhelming quantity of information for picking up some small piece, the full-text download
is perceived as an indicator of users’ satisfaction. These may be as a result of their behaviour
and efficacy level towards the use of electronic information resources. There are varying
elements that are vulnerable to the use of electronic information resources by postgraduates in
universities, some of which are user behaviour and self-efficacy. User behaviour refers to the
process users go through in search of information and the reactions they have towards
electronic information resources retrieved. According to Szwacka-Mokrzycka (2015), users
recognize needs or wants and go through a process to satisfy these needs which include the
type of information resources, amount spent, frequency of use and what influences them to
make such decision. It examines how emotions, attitude and preferences affect the behaviour
of users. Therefore, during information search and evaluation stages, users work through
processes designed to arrive at a number of information resources that represent viable use
alternatives. Hence, Dowhan (2013) asserted that behaviour is the range of actions and
mannerism made by an individual in conjunction with themselves or their environment and
that student with more complex or advance studies have a greater capacity to learn new
responses and thus adjust their behaviour. In a study on Information security culture: behaviour
compliance conceptual framework by Nelson, Alfawaz and Mohannak (2010), user behaviour
holds the key to successful use of electronic information resources. The successful use of
electronic information resources depends on user behaviour which is determined by his/her
intention to perform such behaviour which is in turn influenced by the individual’s attitude
towards performing that behaviour. The problem of user behaviour towards the use of
electronic information resources could be aligned with Majid and Kassim’s (2000) findings
which according to them, it seems as low level of self-efficacy may have impact on the use of
electronic information resources, using a computer is a challenge to most students in
developing countries like Nigeria, northern part in particular. Therefore, the use of electronic
information resources and their behaviour depends on their self-efficacy level, their domain
knowledge and understanding of the task they were given.

According to Ozeer, Sungkur, and Nagowah, (2019) new information technologies and
particularly the internet, is drastically transforming access to information and changing the
learning and research process, how we search, discover, teach and learn. Adeleke and Nwalo
(2017) noted that the most prominent ICT today is the Internet. It provides the largest reservoir
of vital information in all kind of discipline all over the world. Hence, its universal acceptability
in the world of research is synonymous with university education. Eisenhauer (2019), writing
on the benefit of the Internet submits that, student offering corresponding courses all over
Africa benefit from the use of e-mail and World Wide Web to advice and read material from
their tutors. Other studies such as Adeleke and Nwalo (2017), Vaidya, Kulthe, Khaire, and
Khale (2017) have also identified the use of electronic information resources for postgraduate
students. Access to electronic information resources should be available and affordable to all,
regardless of economic status and information literacy. Higher education is changing rapidly
with the advent of technology.

Previous studies such as Ben-Daya, Hassini and Bahroun, (2019) and Tanuja,
Tanushree, Vindhya and Gopinath (2018) argued that there are several obstructions to the use
of electronic information resources such as lack of infrastructure, lack of skills are among the
primary reasons for their underutilization, lack of knowledge about the resources, lack of
publicity, insufficient time to use online resources and services were other reasons that
contributed to the low usage. Electronic information resources usage depends on various
factors such as information searching skills, training awareness; information retrieval skills of
users are acquired in various ways. Academic environment, improved liaison between
academic staff and library is likely to increase their knowledge of library resources, leading to
high increase usage of electronic information resources (Tanuja, Tanushree, Vindhya &
Gopinath, 2018).

Several studies have investigated the behavior of users towards electronic resources.
Yang, He, Huang, Ororbia, Zhou, Kifer and Giles (2017), carried out a study on students'
attitude towards electronic resources. The study reveals that many students leave university
without the necessary skills to cope with information-based societies. Electronic information
resources offer today's student new opportunities that were not available to the previous
generalization. Agyekum and Ossom (2015) argue that while reading an e-journal is not the
same as reading a printed issue, many students now acknowledge that electronic document
offers users advanced features and novel forms. Zack, McKeen and Singh (2009), argue that
ICT has brought tremendous change in nature, boundaries and structure of information. It is
generally agreed that many factors do influence attitudes.

User attitude towards Electronic Information Resources

Several studies have investigated the behavior of users towards electronic resources.
Yang, He, Huang, Ororbia, Zhou, Kifer and Giles (2017), carried out a study on students'
attitude towards electronic resources. The study reveals that many students leave university
without the necessary skills to cope with information-based societies. Electronic information
resources offer today's student new opportunities that were not available to the previous
generalization. Agyekum and Ossom (2015) argue that while reading an e-journal is not the
same as reading a printed issue, many students now acknowledge that electronic document
offers users advanced features and novel forms. Zack, McKeen and Singh (2009), argue that
ICT has brought tremendous change in nature, boundaries and structure of information. It is
generally agreed that many factors do influence attitudes. Students' argument for using
electronic information sources is compelling because adequate knowledge of computer and
retrieval techniques is desirable to search these resources effectively. It is necessary to establish
what computer skills student require to access electronic information sources in libraries.

Ozeer, Sungkur and Nagowah (2019) investigated that, the graduate's usage of e-
resources and found out that students usually depend on library staff's help the desire
information. The evolution of e-document has just begun, as is most evident for the struggling
of e-book reader. Studies have shown in the previous study that technology has not replicated
book reading ease (Aithal, 2016).

Accordingly, Agyekum and Ossom (2015) developed a user interface for accessing the
catalogue for checking available resources. This request is passed to the system management
tool, which finds the correct resources, and then calls the available services that retrieve the
cloud resources. The search capability gives digital materials a huge advantage when a digital
version is available. The smart library is different from the traditional library, with certain
characteristics. It has an extensive and precise search system with large volumes of text,
images, and sound resources. There is no need for physical space for collecting online libraries,
and you can do it from anywhere (Chu, J. L., & Duan, M. Z. 2018).
Methodology

In the course of this research, Rapid Application Development (RAD) methodology was
used. RAD refers to a development life cycle designed to give much faster development and
higher quality systems than the traditional life cycle. The key objectives of RAD are: High
Speed, High Quality and Low Cost. RAD is a people-centered and incremental development
approach. Active user involvement, as well as collaboration and co-operation between all
stakeholders are imperative. Testing is integrated throughout the development life cycle so that
the system is tested and reviewed by both developers and users incrementally. RAD drastically
raises the quality of finished systems while reducing the time it takes to build them.” Online
Knowledge 2000 defines Rapid Application Development as “a methodology that enables
organizations to develop strategically important systems faster while reducing development
costs and maintaining quality. This is achieved by using a series of proven application
development techniques, within a well-defined methodology.” In short, Rapid Application
Development is exactly that. It is a process through which the development cycle of an
application is expedited. Rapid Application Development thus enables quality products to be
developed faster, saving valuable resources. While existing system allow access, in and out of
resources for its client, the new model does it all, it has a dashboard, a profile of its users and
administrators and produce analytics based on the user usage behaviour and the overall users’
usage of e-Resources behaviour.

Algorithm for data analytics of smart e-library management system

Figure 1: Algorithm. Source: Moses 2022

 ‫ ־‬Visit per number of pages ‫ ־‬Users (Students/Staff Dashboard)
‫ ־‬Users visited by day of week ‫ ־‬Profile
‫ ־‬Visit per duration ‫ ־‬Students registration ‫ ־‬Issued books
‫ ־‬Staff registration

View Users’ User Profile E-Resources User E-

usage Behaviour Resources Usage

Upload

Download

Administrator

User

E-Resources

User Data
Analytic
‫ ־‬Dashboard
Overall users
‫ ־‬Profile
behaviour analytic ‫ ־‬Recommend eResources
‫ ־‬All students’ information
‫ ־‬Add eResources
‫ ־‬All staff information
Desktop PC
‫ ־‬Analytic
connected
to AP

Desktop PC
connected
to LAN

Figure 2: A Framework for Smart e-Library Management System. Source: Moses 2022
RESULTS AND DICUSSION

Figure 3 Number of Users Visited by Day of Week

The analytic below shows the number of users that visited the smart e-library
management system for e-resources per day the week

From figure 3 above, shows that there was no visit to e-resources by users from the day
1 to 6. On the day 7 there was high number of visit to e-resources within 3 hours, on the day
8,9,10 there was no visit while day 11, 12 and 19 had some users visits within 1 hour. Day
13,14,15, 16,17,18, 20, 21, 22 had no visit to e-resources by users.

Number Page Visited

The analytic below shows the number of pages of e-resources visited by users of the
smart e-library management system.
 From figure 4 above, it shows that 40 users visited 1 page of e-resources while 20 users
visited 25 to 30 pages.

Users overview graph

This is the graphical representation of the users’ overview, from the graph below Mon
Aug 23 to Mon Sep 19 there was no activity but from Mon Sep 20 there was a number of visits
by users.

From figure 5 above, the graph shows that 40 users visited e-resources between
September 20 and 21 September 2021 while 10 users downloaded e-resources within the same
duration. August 23 to September 19 there was no visit to e-resources by users except unique
activities.

SUMMARY

Overall users’ behaviour analytic

The overall user’s behaviour analytic shows the whole registered users’ behaviour that
accessed and used the Smart e-library Management System for various e-resources. This e-
resources include eBooks, eJournals and Multimedia. Below show 50 visits, 1 unique Visitor,
average visit duration of 36 min 52s, 67 percentage of visit that has bounced, 36 actions which
includes page views downloads, out links and internal searches per visit. These also include158
max actions in one visit, 208 page views, 39 unique page views, 0 total searches on websites,
10 downloads, 1 unique download, 7 outlinks and 3 unique outlinks.

Unique outlinks are links in anchor elements from a given URLs on the same
subdomains that is being crawled, for each click Matomo will report the number of clicks
and the number of unique clicks. Unique click is the number of unique visitors that clicked
to a given domain and click represent the user behaviour.
 From the analytic obtained from the Overall Users behaviour which is shown as
visits overview, this agrees with Szwacka-Mokrzycka (2015), where users recognize needs
or wants and go through a process to satisfy these needs which include the type of
information resources, amount spent, frequency of use and what influences them to make
such decision. It examines how emotions, attitude and preferences affect the behaviour of
users. Therefore, during information search and evaluation stages, users work through
processes designed to arrive at a number of information resources that represent viable use
alternatives. It also agreed with Dowhan (2013) where he asserted that behaviour is the
range of actions and mannerism made by an individual in conjunction with themselves or
their environment and that student with more complex or advance studies have a greater
capacity to learn new responses and thus adjust their behaviour. Bandura (2006), said most
behaviour is learned by observing others, one forms a concept of how new behaviours are
performed, and on later occasions, this coded information is a guide for action, it is a
continuous reciprocal interaction between social influences. People behave differently by
learning observationally, or consciously when they seek for electronic information
resources, especially when they are working on a specific task. He went further to say, in a
behaviour change context, users could be seen as thoughtful people who think about what
they are doing, and why, analytically they are able to set and modify their own goals and
are open to central route persuasion through reasoned arguments about why some
behaviours are better than others, perhaps motivating them to change their attitude about a
subject as a precursor to changing their behaviour heedfully.

In another study by Cheung, Chan and Limayem (2005), they argued that the factors
that influence user behaviour are individual characteristics, structural, degree of knowledge,
ease of usage as well as factors concerning the characteristics of web pages and the speed
of the network. This study agreed with the points earlier mentioned that user behaviour to
smart e-library management system is multidimensional in nature.

Conclusion

After examining the characteristics of the existing systems and their bottleneck. It was

established that such system need improvement in the future especially in the area of processing

data. The work is confined to the use of offline and webpage to perform tasks such as viewing

e-resources, searching e-resources, requesting e-resources, sharing e-resources, viewing user

behaviour, and making recommendations. The said tasks access the database that keep and host

e-resources for decision making obtained from the overall users’ behaviour.

Recommendations

The following recommendations are made:

i. The management of MAU, Yola in a near future research should include and expand

the existing framework to enable it evaluate data.

ii. PHP and JavaScript were utilized in the production of the system. Microsoft silver light

software be used in the next upgrade because of its improved functionalities and flexibility.

iii. It is strongly recommended that oracle should be used in the next upgrade so as to

improve data security.

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