■ Calculus & Trig Study Guide
Derivatives
Exponential / Log:
d/dx [e^x] = e^x
d/dx [a^x] = a^x ln(a)
d/dx [ln(x)] = 1/x
d/dx [ln|u|] = (1/u) * u' (chain rule)
Trig Functions:
d/dx [sin x] = cos x
d/dx [cos x] = -sin x
d/dx [tan x] = sec^2 x
d/dx [cot x] = -csc^2 x
d/dx [sec x] = sec x tan x
d/dx [csc x] = -csc x cot x
Rules:
Product Rule: (fg)' = f'g + fg'
Quotient Rule: (f/g)' = (f'g - fg') / g^2
Chain Rule: (f(g(x)))' = f'(g(x)) * g'(x)
Derivative wrt another function:
df/dg = (f') / (g')
Example: d(2x)/d(sin x) = 2 / cos x
Trig Identities
Pythagorean Identities:
sin^2 x + cos^2 x = 1
1 + tan^2 x = sec^2 x
1 + cot^2 x = csc^2 x
Reciprocal Identities:
sin x = 1/csc x , csc x = 1/sin x
cos x = 1/sec x , sec x = 1/cos x
tan x = 1/cot x , cot x = 1/tan x
Tangent Identities:
tan x = sin x / cos x
cot x = cos x / sin x
Double-Angle Identities:
sin(2x) = 2 sin x cos x
cos(2x) = cos^2 x - sin^2 x = 2 cos^2 x - 1 = 1 - 2 sin^2 x