Lesson Reviewer: Science Concepts from the Exam
I. Body Systems and Common Ailments
1. Muscular System – This system is responsible for body movement. Muscles contract and
relax to allow movement. If a person experiences muscle numbness or cramps, gently
massage the affected area to relieve tension.
2. Skeletal System – The bones and joints provide structure and support to the body. Joints
allow you to bend your knees, elbows, and other parts of the body.
3. Digestive System – This system breaks down food for energy. The small intestines are
where the final digestion and absorption of nutrients take place.
4. Common Digestive Ailments – Conditions like hyperacidity, diarrhea, and gastroenteritis
can be caused by improper diet, stress, or bacterial infection.
5. Urinary System – Responsible for removing waste from the body. Common problems
include Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) and nephritis caused by bacteria.
6. Respiratory System – The lungs filter oxygen that enters the body and release carbon
dioxide.
7. Circulatory System – The heart pumps blood throughout the body to distribute nutrients
and oxygen. Problems such as heart attack and stroke occur when blood flow is blocked or
reduced.
8. Nervous System – The brain acts as the command center, controlling all body functions
and responses.
II. Healthy Habits and Common Illnesses
• Eat healthy foods, avoid junk foods, get enough rest, and exercise regularly to help your
bones and muscles grow well.
• Avoid fatty and spicy foods to prevent heart-related ailments such as heart attack.
III. Animals and Their Characteristics
1. Habitat – Animals live in places suited to their needs. Examples: fish, squid, and crab live
in water; goats, cows, and horses live on land.
2. Adaptations – Birds have beaks that match their food. For example, birds that eat fish
have long, pointed beaks.
3. Protection – Frogs, snakes, and grasshoppers use camouflage to blend with their
environment. Others secrete poison or play dead to avoid predators.
4. Movement – Animals use legs, wings, or fins to move. Cows, horses, and goats use hooves
to walk even on hard surfaces. Animals with strong hind legs, like frogs, can hop.
5. Economic Importance – People living near the sea may engage in fishery as a livelihood.
IV. Plants and Their Structures
1. Plants have structures that help them survive and protect themselves. Examples include
thorns, hair-like leaves, and waxy coatings.
2. Desert plants like cacti have thick, fleshy stems that store water and prevent water loss.
3. Aquatic plants like water hyacinths float on water due to bulbous stems filled with air.
4. Water plants like waterlilies live and float on water, while terrestrial plants such as
talahib grow on land.
5. Some plants, such as onions and garlic, grow from bulbs that store food underground.
V. Life Cycle and Metamorphosis
1. Metamorphosis – The process of change in the life cycle of insects and animals.
2. Complete Metamorphosis – Has four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Example:
butterfly.
3. Incomplete Metamorphosis – Has three stages: egg, nymph, and adult. Example:
grasshopper.
VI. Human Development
1. Infancy – A child is completely dependent on parents for care and protection.
2. Toddler – Learns to walk, talk, and become more self-sufficient.
3. Childhood – Becomes active and starts learning through play and interaction.
4. Adolescence – Boys and girls begin to develop physically and emotionally; girls start
menstruation.
5. Adulthood – Individuals gain independence and take responsibility for themselves.
VII. Parts of the Seed
Seeds have three main parts:
• Seed Coat – The outer covering that protects the seed.
• Cotyledon – The food storage part that provides nutrients for the young plant.
• Embryo – The young plant that will grow when the seed germinates.