WEEK 1

INTRODUCTION FOR FIRST AID AND SELF-PROTECTION

TOPCS;
• First aid First aid provider definition
• Objective of First aid
• Roles and responsibilities of a First Aid provider
• Characteristics of First aid provider
• Hinderance in giving First aid
• Body Substance Isolation Precaution

First Aid
-In an immediate temporary carry given to a person injured or ill. If medical assistance is not
available or delayed.

Objectives of First Aid

1. To alleviate suffering
2. Prevent added injury or danger
3. To prolong life

First Aid Provider

- Is someone trained in the delivery or initial emergency procedures, using limited equipment to
perform a medical services (EMS) personnel arrive.

Roles and Responsibilities of a First Aid Provider

1. Act as a bridge that fills the gap between the victim and the physician.
2. Ensure the personal safety of the patient and bystanders.
3. Summon more advanced medical care as needed.
4. Provide needed care for the patient care as needed.
5. Assist E.M.T. and medical personnel.
6. Record all assessment and care given to the patient/s.
CHARACTERISTIC OF GOOD FIRST AID PROVIDER
G – Gentle
R – Resourceful
O – Observant
T – Tactful
E – Emphathetic
R – Respectable

Hindrances in giving First aid

1. Unfavorable surroundings
2. The presence of crowd
3. Pressure from victim’s relatives

PERSONAL SAFETY
Universal Precaution
- Assume all human blood and body fluids infectious.

Disease Transmission
- Absorption
- Injection
- Inhalation
- Ingestion

Body substance Isolation Precaution

1. Personal Hygiene.
2. Medical, Gloves, Safety Goggle or Personal Protective Equipment.
3. Equipment cleaning & Disinfecting.
 WEEK 2

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL

BANDAGING AND SPLINTING

INTRODUCTION
1. General
The proper bandage properly applied can aid materially in the recovery of a patient. A
carelessly or improperly applied bandage can cause discomfort to the patient; in many instances it
may expose the wound to danger of infection; it may even imperil the life of the patient. It is essential,
therefore, that all personnel of the Army Medical Service become familiar with the various bandages
and be able to apply them properly. The following discussion of bandaging will aid the student and
the teacher, but the technique of bandaging can be mastered only by constant practice.

2. Uses of Bandages
a. bandage is used to hold a dressing in place over a wound, to create pressure over a bleeding
wound for control of hemorrhage, to secure a splint to an injured part of the body, and to provide
support to an injured part.

3. General Principles of Bandaging

a. bandage should never be applied directly over a wound; it should be used only to hold in
place the dressing which covers a wound. A bandage should be applied firmly and fastened securely.
It should not be applied so tightly that it stops circulation or so loosely that it allows the dressing to slip.
If bandages work themselves loose or become unfastened, wounds may bleed, they may become
infected, and broken bones may become further displaced. It is essential, therefore, that bandages be
properly applied and well secured.

4. Basic Materials
a. Bandages are made from different types of material such as gauze, muslin, flannel,
crinoline, rubber, and elastic webbing. The materials most commonly used are gauze and muslin.
b. Gauze bandages are widely used because they are light, soft, thin, and porous, and may be
easily adjusted and applied.
c. Before being made into bandages, muslin should be soaked in water and dried to
cause shrinkage and then ironed to remove wrinkles. Muslin is strong, inexpensive, and readily
obtainable ; and can be easily torn into strips of the desired width. Muslin bandages are excellent
for bandage practice, since they can be used repeatedly without fraying and can be easily
rerolled.
[Link], being soft and elastic, may be applied smoothly and evenly, and is useful for
conditions requiring bandages which absorb moisture and maintain body heat.
e. Crinoline, rather than ordinary gauze, is used in making plaster of paris bandages,
since the mesh of crinoline retains the plaster more satisfactorily than that of gauze.
f. Rubber and elastic webbing are used to afford firm support to a part. Webbing is
preferable to pure rubber, since it permits the evaporation of moisture.
Types of Bandages
The three general types of bandages are triangular bandages, roller bandages, and tailed
bandages.

TRIANGULAR AND CRAVAT BANDAGES

The triangular bandage is used for the temporary or permanent bandaging of wounds, the
immobilization of factures and dislocæ tions, and as a sling for the support of an injured part of Lhe
body. It is valuable in emergency bandaging since it is quickly and easily applied, stays on well, and
can be improvised from a piece of shirt, an old sheet, a large handkerchief, or any other pliable material
of suitable size. Unbleached muslin is generally used in making triangular bandages, although linen,
wool, or silk may be used satisfactorily. In making the triangular bandage a square of material about 3
by 3 feet, or slightly more, is folded diagonally to make one bandage, or may be cut along the fold to
make two. The long side of the triangle is called the "base", the point opposite the base is called the
"apex", and the points at each end of the base are called the "ends" or "extremities". This bandage may
be used either as a triangle or as a cravat, the latter being made from the triangle by bringing the apex
to the base and folding it upon itself a suffcient number of times to obtain the desired width. The names
of the triangular and cravat bandages indicate the part of the body to which the bandage is applied. In
many of the illustrations of bandages in this manual, the dressings have been omitted for the sake of
clarity.

Figure 1. Triangular and cravat bandages.

 1. Triangle of Forehead or Scalp
The triangle of forehead or scalp (fronto-occipital) is used to hold dressings on the forehead or
scalp.
a. Place middle of base of triangle so that edge is just above the eyebrows and bring apex
backward, allowing it to drop over back of head (occiput). Bring ends of triangle backward above ears.
b. Cross ends over apex at occiput, carry ends around forehead, and tie them in a square knot
(fig. 3) .
c. Turn up apex of bandage toward top of head. Pin with safety pin or tuck in behind crossed part
of bandage.

Figure 2. Triangle of forehead or scalp.

2. Triangular Arm Sling

The triangular arm sling (brachio-cervical triangle) is used for the support of fractures or
injuries of hand, wrist, and forearm. Two versions of this sling are discussed below.

Figure S. Tying the 8quare knot.

In this method of applying the sling, the forearm is supported from both shoulders by the sling.
(1) Bend arm at elbow so that little finger is about a handbreadth above level of elbow.
(2) Place one end of triangle over shoulder on injured side and let bandage hang down over chest with
base toward hand and apex toward elbow.
(3) Slip bandage between body and arm.
(4) Carry lower end up over shoulder on uninjured side.
(5) Tie the two ends, by square knot, at the neck. Knot should be on either side of neck, not in the middle
where it could cause discomfort when patient is lying on back.
(6) Draw apex of bandage toward elbow until snug, bring it around to front, and fasten with safety pin or adhesive tape.
b. If it is desirable to support the forearm without pressure on the collarbone or shoulder of the injured side,
the following steps are taken.
(1) Bend arm at elbow so that the little finger is about a handbreath above level of elbow.
(2) Drape upper end of triangle over uninjured shoulder.
(3) Slip bandage between body and arm,
(4) Carry lower end up over flexed forearm (ends of fingers should extend slightly beyond base of triangle)
(5) Slide lower end of bandage under injured shoulder between arm and body and secure the two ends with a square knot.
(6) Draw apex toward elbow until snug, and secure with safety pin or adhesive tape.

Figure 4. Triangular arm sling.

3. Triangle of Chest or Back

a. This bandage is used to hold dressings on burns or wounds of chest or back.
b. Drop apex of triangle over shoulder on injured side. Bring bandage down over chest (or back)
to cover dressing, so that middle of base of bandage is directly below injury. Turn up a cuff at base.
c. Carry ends around and tie in a square knot, leaving one end longer than the other.
[Link] apex down and tie to long end of first knot.

Figure 5. Triangle of chest or back.

4. Triangle of Shoulder
The triangle of the shoulder is used to hold dressings on wounds of the
shoulder. Two bandages are required, one a triangle and the other a cravat, roller
bandage, or belt.

Figure 6. Triangle of shoulder.

a. Place center of cravat, roller bandage, or belt, at base of neck on injured side,
and fasten just forward of opposite armpit.
b. Slide apex of open triangle under cravat base of neck and place over dressing
on injured shoulder and upper arm. Turn up cuff at base.
c. Bring ends around arm and tie.
d. Secure apex to cravat at neck by tucking in, or with safety pin.
5. Triangle of Hip
The triangle of the hip is used to hold dressings on the buttock or hip. It
requires two bandages, one a triangle and the other a cravat, roller bandage, or
belt.
a. Fasten cravat, roller bandage, or belt around waist.
b. Place base of triangle below buttock (gluteo-femoral fold) , and slide apex under
cravat at waist. Fold base upward to form cuff and carry ends of base around thigh.
c. Tie ends of base with square knot. Fasten apex to waist cravat with safety pin or by
tucking under.

Figure 7. Triangle of hip.

6. Triangle of Foot
The triangle of the foot is used to hold dressings of considerable size on the foot.
a. Center foot upon bandage at right angles to base, with heel well forward of
base.
b. Carry apex of triangle over toes to ankle, and tuck excess fullness of bandage
into small pleats on each side of foot.
c. Cross each half of bandage toward opposite side of ankle.
d. Bring ends of triangle around ankle.
e. Tie ends in square knot.

Figure 8. Triangle of foot.

7 Triangle of Hand
The triangle of the hand is used to hold dressings of considerable size on•the hand.
a. Place middle of base of triangle well up on palmar surface of wrist.
b. Carry apex around ends of fingers. Cover back (dorsum) of hand to wrist,
and tuck excess fullness of bandage into small pleats on each side of hand.

Figure 9. Triangle of hand.

c. Cross each half of bandage toward opposite side of wrist.

d. Bring ends of triangle around wrist.
e. Tie ends in square knot.

16. Cravat of Head or Ear

The purpose of this bandage is to apply pressure to control hemorrhage from
wounds of scalp, or to hold dressings on wounds of ear or lower scalp.
a. Place middle of cravat over dressing.
b. Pass each end completely around head.
c. Tie in square knot.

Figure 10. Cravat of head or ear.

9. Cravat of Jaw
a. The cravat of jaw (mento-vertico-occipital cravat) is used to hold dressings
on the chin, cheeks, and scalp and as a temporary support to immobilize a fractured
or dislocated jaw.
b. After making a triangular bandage into a cravat of proper width, place it under
the chin and carry ends upward with one end longer than the other.
c. Bring longer end over top of head. Cross both ends on side of head. (Ends should
now be of equal length.)
d. Pass ends around head in opposite directions and tie with square knot on other
side of head on primary turn of cravat.
11

Figure 11. Cravat of jaw.

10. Cravat Bandage of Eye

The cravat bandage of the eye is used to hold a dressing over the eye. Two
cravats are required.
a. Lay center of first cravat over top of head with the front end falling over
uninjured eye.
b. Bring second cravat around head, over eyes, and over loose ends of first cravat.
Tie in front.
c. Bring ends of first cravat back over top of head, tying there and pulling second
cravat up and away from uninjured eye.

Figure 12. Cravat bandage of eye.

11. Shoulder-Armpit Cravat
The shoulder-armpit cravat (bis-axillary) is used to hold dressings in the armpit
(axilla) or on the shoulder.
a. Place cravat over dressing in armpit so the front end is longer than the back.
Carry the ends upward.
b. Bring ends across each other over top of shoulder.
c. Cross ends over back and chest respectively to opposite armpit. Tie ends just
in front of uninjured armpit.

Figure 13. Shoulder-armpit cravat.

12. Cravat of Elbow

The cravat of the elbow is used to hold dressings around the elbow.
a. Bend arm at elbow and place center of cravat at point of elbow (olecranon) .

Figure 14. Cravat of elbow.

b. Bring ends up and across each other in overlapping spiral turns. Continue one end
up arm and the other end down forearm.
c. Bring ends to front of elbow (antecubital fogsa), and tie.
13. Cravat of Knee
The cravat of the knee is used to hold dressings around the knee.
a. Place center of cravat over kneecap and let ends hang down each side of knee.
b. Cross ends underneath and continue several overlapping descending turns down
calf, and several overlapping ascending turns up thigh.

Figure 15. Cravat of knee.

14. Cravat of Leg

The cravat of the leg is used to hold dressings on the leg.
a. Place center of cravat over dressing.
b. Begin ascending turns with upper end, and descending turns with lower end, with
each turn covering two-thirds of preceding turn until dressing is covered.
c. Terminate by tying both ends in square knot.
15. Cravat of Palm of Hand
This bandage is used to hold dressing on the palm of the hand.
a. Lay center of cravat over center of palm of hand with ends hanging down each
side.

Figure 16. Cravat of leg.

a. Bring the thumb end across back of hand, over palm, and through hollow
between thumb and palm.
b. Bring the other end across back of hand, toward base of thumb, and
obliquely across palm to base of little finger.
c. Cross both ends at back of hand.
d. Continue procedure, ends crossing first at back of hand and then over palm.
e. Tie in square knot at wrist.
 WEEK 3
CARING FOR BLEEDING & WOUND MANAGEMENT
TOPICS:
• Bleeding
• Wound
• Care for shock

CHARACTER OF BLEEDING

Arterial
• Spurting blood
• Pulsating flow
• Bright red color

Venous
• Steady, slow flow
• Dark red color

Capillary
• Slow, even flow
Types of bleeding

First Aid management for Bleeding

1. Put on gloves
2. Inspect and exposed the wound
3. Apply direct pressure
4. Elevate affected extremities
5. Apply pressure bandage
6. If bleeding does not stop apply tourniquet
THINGS TO DO FOR SEVERE BLEEDING

DON’T PANIC!!! And call 911 or 911-8688

Remember L.I.F.E.
L- Location
I- Injury
F- First Aid
E- Equipment need

1. AVOID INFECTION- Wear PPE.

2. DIRECT PRESSURE- Control the bleeding.
3. FOREIGN OBJECT- Do not remove the foreign object.
4. ELEVATE THE WOUND.
Note: if the patient has an injury, do not move it, instead cover the wound.
5. MAKE THE PATIENT COMFORTABLE.

Review:

1. Call emergency services

2. Control the BLEEDING
3. Keep Patient Calm & awake

SHOCK
• Shock develops when poor blood flow creates a shortage of oxygen to body
tissues. Any illness or injury has the potential to cause shock.
• If not treated properly, it can get worse and before life threatening.

The body’s response during shock

Early signs- Conditions in which body is using specific mechanism to compensate for
lack of adequate perfusion.
• Increased pulse and Breathing rate.
• Uneasy, restless or worried appearance.
• Unresponsive.
SHOCK FIRST AID MANAGEMENT
• Call the ambulance.
• Ensure normal breathing.
• Control any external bleeding.
• Maintain normal body temperature.

SYMPTOMS OF SHOCK
• Panghihina
• Pagkahilo
• Pagkauhaw
• Anxiety
• Pagsusuka
• Panginginig
• Altered Mental Status
• Hinahabol Ang Hininga
• Mabilis And Pulso
• Pamumutla Or Nanlalamig
• Nagkukulay Asul Ang Labi, Dila Or Tainga

THINGS TO DO SHOCK
1. Elevate the feet
2. Control the bleeding
3. Keep the patient calm
4. Delay the shock

PREVENTING SHOCK
1. Call Emergency Services (E.M.T.)
2. Control The Bleeding
3. Keep Body Temperature Normal
4. Comfortable Position
5. Keep The Patient Calm

WOUNDS- Is a break in the continuity of a tissue of the body either INTERNAL or

EXTERNAL.
OPEN WOUNDS

ABRASION LACERATION AVULSION

IMPALED OBJECT EYE INJURY PROTRUDED

ABDOMINAL ORGANS
AMPUTATION- Literal cutted parts or separated body part.

BURNS- The results from heat, chemicals, electricity or solar or other forms of
radiation.

First degree burn

Ex; Sunburn, boiling water

Second degree burn

Ex; Blister (Paltos or butlig)

Third degree burn

• It involved fats and some muscles

Reminder: Do Not Apply, Ice, Oil, Cotton, Petroleum Jelly, Tooth Paste and Ointment.