CHEMISTRY

Chemistry is the physical science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances
and also the transformations that these substances undergo. Because the study of chemistry encompasses
the entire material universe, it is central to the understanding of other sciences.

Several branches of Chemistry are the following:

i. Organic chemistry - mostly concerned with the study of chemicals containing the element
carbon
ii. Inorganic chemistry - the study of all elements of compounds other than organic compounds
iii. Analytical Chemistry- the study of qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements and
compounds.
iv. Physical Chemistry - the study of reaction rates, mechanisms, bonding and structure

Phase Transitions

Phase Transition Name Examples

Solid to liquid Melting, fusion Melting of snow and ice
Solid to gas Sublimation Dry ice
Liquid to solid Freezing Freezing of water
Liquid to gas Vaporization Evaporation of water
Gas to solid Deposition Formation of frost and snow
Gas to liquid Condensation, liquefaction Formation of dew

Elements – is a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler by ordinary means.
Compounds – are substance in which two or more elements joined by chemical bonds.
Atom – is the smallest unit of an element that has the properties of the element.
Molecule – is the smallest unit of a compound or the form of an element in which atoms bind together
that has the properties of the compound or element.

Sub-atomic Particles

a. Nucleus – is very small compared with the rest of the atom and contains most of the atomic mass
(or weight).
b. Electrons – It carries a negative electric charge with an assigned value of -1.
c. Protons – carries a positive electric charge with an assigned value of +1.
d. Neutron – has nearly the same mass as the proton, but the neutron has no electric charge.
e. Mass number – the total number of protons and neutrons in a nucleus.
f. Atomic number – equals to the number of protons in an electron.
g. Isotopes – atoms of the same element having the same number of protons but different numbers
of neutron.
h. Atomic weight – the average weight of an atom, of an element, taking into account the masses of
all its isotopes and the percentage of their occurrence in nature.
Types of chemical reactions

A. Composition Reaction (synthesis or combination reaction) is a type of chemical reaction where a

more complex substance is broken down into two or more simpler substances.
General form: A + X AX
2 H 2+O 2 2 H 2O
B. Decomposition Reaction is a type of chemical reaction where a more complex substance is
broken down into two or more simpler substances.
General form: AX A+X

There are five classes if decomposition, namely:

1. Decomposition of a metallic carbonate
2. Decomposition of a metallic hydroxide
3. Decomposition of a metallic chlorate
4. Decomposition of some acids
5. Decomposition of metallic oxides
C. Single Replacement Reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which a less reactive element is
displaced from a compound by a more reactive element.
General form: A + BX AX + B
There are four classes of replacement reactions. They are as given below:
1. Replacement of a less active metal from a compound by a more active metal
2. Replacement of a less active nonmetal from a compound by more active non-metal.
3. Replacement of hydrogen from water by metals.
4. Replacement of hydrogen from an acid by a more reactive metal.
D. Double Displacement reaction is a type of reaction wherein cations of two compounds switch
anions to form new products.

General form: AX + BY AY + BX

Balancing equations

With the Laws governing chemical reactions, the numbers of atoms for each element should be
equal in the reactant side and the product side. We should therefore balance a chemical reaction. A
chemical equation is considered balance if there are exactly the same number of atoms for each element
on both sides of the equation.

Examples:

THE GAS LAWS

The laws governing the behavior of gases are termed collectively as the gas laws.

1. BOYLE'S LAW
Robert Boyle was the first scientist to measure the relationship between pressure and volume of
gases (with temperature held constant). Boyle's Law states that the volume of a certain amount of
 dry gas held at constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure exerted by the gas.
This statement is expressed mathematically as
P1 V 1=P2 V 2
2. CHARLE'S LAW
Alexandre Charles performed experiments on the relationship between the volume and
temperature of gases. Charles' Law states that the volume of a certain amount of dry gas at
constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. This statement is
represented
V1 V2
=
T 1 T2
3. COMBINED GAS LAWS
Given a fixed amount of gas at two different conditions of pressure, temperature and volume, we
derive the following relationship:
P1V 1 P2V 2
=
T1 T2
4. AVOGADRO's LAW
Amadeo Avogadro interpreted Gay-Lussac's findings on gas reactions at constant temperature
and pressure. Avogadro' s Law states that at a given temperature and pressure, the same volume
of any two gases contain equal number of molecules. The molar volume of any gas at STP
( Standard temperature and Pressure) is 22.4 L.

5. IDEAL GAS LAW

Boyle's Law, Charle's Law and Avogadro's Law can be combined such that the variables V,P,T
and n are all equated to a single constant, R (the universal gas constant or ideal gas constant). The
combined equation becomes:

atm−L
PV =nRT ; where R=0.0821
molK

SOLUTION

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances whose components are uniformly
distributed all throughout. Solutions have two components;
a solute, the substance to be dissolved and
the solvent, the dissolving medium.
Usually, the solvent is greater in quantity than the solute. In a solution containing sugar and water, the
solute is the sugar and the solvent is the water.

MODES OF EXPRESSING CONCENTRATION

Concentration is the ratio of a specified amount of solute to a specified volume of solvent or solution.

amount of solute
Concentration=
volume of solute /solvent
The following are various means of expressing concentration.

1. Percent Concentration is the percent of the solute in the solution.

a. Percent by mass ( Pm) is the mass of solute divided by the total mass of solution multiplied by
100. The mass of solution is equal to the mass of the solute plus the mass of the solvent.
mass of solute
P m= x 100 %
mass of solution
b. Percent by volume ( Pv ¿, simply divide the volume of solute by the total volume of the
solution and multiply the result by 100%. The solute and the solution volumes have to be
expressed in the same units.
V solute
Pv = x 100 %
V solution
c. Percent by mass- volume is used when dealing with a solid solute and a liquid solvent.
Percentage by mass-volume is obtained by dividing the mass of solute, in grams by the total
volume of solution in mL and the result is multiplied by 100%.
mass of solute ( g )
Percent by mass−volume= x 100 %
volume of solution ( mL )
2. Mole fraction is the ratio of the number of moles of solute in a given mole of solution.
mole of solute
Mole fraction=
mole solution
3. Molarity ( M ) expresses the amount of solute in moles per liter of solution.
moles of solute
M=
volume solution(L)
4. Molality is based on a fixed volume of a solution while molarity is based on a fixed mass of
solvent.
moles of solute
Molality=
mass solvent (kg)
5. Normality ( N ) is the number of equivalents of solute in a liter of solution
number of equivalence
N=
liter of solution
An equivalent is defined as the number of moles of an acid or base multiplied by the number of
replaceable or hydroxide ions it has. Equivalent weight is the molecular weight of an acid
multiplied by the number of equivalent of hydrogen or hydroxide ion it has per molecule.

PHYSICS

Major science, dealing with the fundamental constituents of the universe, the forces they exert on one
another, and the results produced by these forces.

Scalar – a measure with magnitude but no direction. Example, speed, mass, distance.

Vectors – a measure with both magnitude and direction. Example, force, acceleration, velocity.
Several special types of motion are easily described. First, velocity may be constant. In the simplest case,
the velocity might be zero; position would not change during the time interval. With constant velocity, the
average velocity is equal to the velocity at any particular time. If time, t, is measured with a clock starting
at t = 0, then the distance, d, traveled at constant velocity, v, is equal to the product of velocity and time.

d=vt

In the second special type of motion, acceleration is constant. Because the velocity is changing,
instantaneous velocity, or the velocity at a given instant, must be defined. For constant acceleration, a,
starting with zero velocity ( v=0) at t=0 , the instantaneous velocity at time, t, is v=at . The distance
1 2
d= a t .
2

Tip: the constant value of acceleration due to velocity, g, is 9.8 m/ s2.

Newton’s three laws of motion

First law of motion states that if the vector sum of the forces acting on an object is zero, then the object
will remain at rest or remain moving at constant velocity.

Second law of motion relates net force and acceleration. The acceleration will be proportional to the
magnitude of the force and in the same direction as the force. The proportionality constant is the mass, m,
of the object.

F=ma

Third law of motion, if an object A exerts a force on object B, then object B must exert a force of equal
magnitude and opposite direction back on object A.

Electricity – one of the basic forms of energy. Electric charges can be stationary, as in static electricity, or
moving, as in electric current.

Coulomb’s law – objects with opposite charges attract each other, and objects with similar charges repel
each other. It was formulated by French physicist Charles Augustin de Coulomb in the late 18 th century,
quantifies the strength of the attraction or repulsion.

Electric current – is a movement of charge.

Conductors – are materials that allow an electric current to flow through them easily. Most metals are
good conductors.

Insulators – substances that do not allow current to flow through them are rubber, glass, and air.

Resistance – a conductor allows an electric current to flow through it, but it does not permit the current to
flow with perfect freedom. Collisions between the electrons and the atoms of the conductor interfere with
the flow of electrons.

Ohm’s law – the relationship between current, voltage, and resistance is given by Ohm’s law. This law
states that the amount of current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage across
the conductor and inversely proportional to the resistance of the conductor. It can be expressed as an
equation V =IR .

Electric circuits – an electric circuit is an arrangement of electric sources and conducting paths which a
current can continuously flow.

Series circuits – if various object are arranged to form a single conducting path between the terminals of a
source of electric current, the objects are said to be connected in series. The current is the same
throughout the circuit.

Parallel circuits – if various objects are connected to form separate paths between the terminals of a
source of electric current, they are said to be connected in parallel.

Refraction – is the bending of light when it passes from one kind of material into another.

Reflection – also occurs when light hits the boundary between two materials. Some of the light hitting the
boundary will be reflected into the first material.

Scattering – occurs when the atoms of a transparent material are not smoothly distributed over distances
greater than the length of a light wave, but are bunched up into lumps of molecules or particles.

BIOLOGY

Ecosystem – The term ‘eco’ refers to a part of the world and ‘system’ refers to the coordinating units. The
living organisms of a habitat and their surrounding environment function together as a single unit. This
ecological unit is called as an ‘ecosystem’.

Macroecosystem – Dimensionally larger systems such as a forest or a lake.

Microecosystem – life scientists and environmental biologists who are interested to evaluate the
functional mechanisms of an ecosystem, may create an experimental setup in the field or in the
laboratory.

1. Biotic components – include all living organisms and their products. This group includes all animals,
plants, bacteria, fungi and their waste products.

Based on their activity, biotic components are classified into four categories as:

a. Producers – or autotrophs make their own food. They are largely represented by green plants on
land (trees, grasses, crops) and phytoplankton on water.
b. Consumers – or heterotrophs need to eat food that autotrophs have produced. Herbivores,
omnivores, and carnivores are examples of consumers.
c. Decomposers – are heterotrophs that break down the dead tissues and waste products. Bacteria
and fungi are the main decomposers.
d. Transformers – are certain types of bacteria.

2. Abiotic components – are the non-living components of the ecosystem.

a. Climatic and physical factors – air, water, soil, and sunlight and geomorphic conditions.
 b. Inorganic substances – there are various nutrient elements and compounds, such as carbon,
nitrogen, etc.
c. Organic substances – these are proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, etc. they largely form the living
body and link the abiotic compounds with biotic factors.

3. Functions of an ecosystem – a system is an organization that functions in a particular method. The

functions of an ecosystem include:

a. Flow of energy through the medium of living organisms and their activities
b. Food chains
c. Biodiversity and biomass
d. Circulation and transformation of elements and nutrients
e. Development and evolution
f. Control

Energy is also consumed by the autotrophs at cellular level for the reactions related to

a. Growth
b. Development
c. Maintenance
d. Reproduction

4. The internal process – Photosynthesis and respiration are the two major processes involved in the
production and transformation of energy.

Biogeochemical cycle – the cyclic exchange of nutrient material between the living organisms and their
non-living environment is called biogeochemical cycles. It conserves the limited source of raw materials
in the environment.

a. Water cycle or hydrologic cycle – water from the transpiring plants, oceans, rivers, lakes
evaporates into the atmosphere. These water vapors subsequently cool and condense to form
clouds and water. Water returns to the earth as rain and snow.
b. Carbon cycle – most of the carbon dioxide enters the living world through photosynthesis. The
organic compounds synthesized are passed form the producers to the consumers. During
respiration, plants and animals release carbon back to the surrounding medium as carbon dioxide.
c. Nitrogen cycle – nitrogen of the atmosphere is in the elemental form and cannot be used as such
by living organisms. It has to be combined with other elements such as hydrogen, carbon, or
oxygen to become usable for the green plants.
d. Oxygen cycle – oxygen required for respiration in plants and animals enters the body directly
from the surrounding medium.

Heredity – the process of transmitting biological traits from parent ot offspring through genes, the basic
units of heredity.

Genetics – is the study of how heredity works and, in particular, of genes.

Genes – are section of a long DNA molecule, and it carries information for the construction of a protein
or part of a protein,

Alleles – members of a gene pair.

Genotype – the genetic composition of a cell or individual. Example

AA – homozygous dominant (made of two dominant alleles)

Aa – a heterozygous dominant (made of one dominant and one recessive allele)

aa – homozygous recessive (made up of two recessive alleles)

Phenotype – the expression or manifestation of the genotype.

AA – will exhibit a dominant trait

Aa – will also exhibit a dominant trait

aa – will exhibit the recessive trait

Law of independent segregation – states that members of a gene pair separate independently of the
separation of the other gene pair during meiosis or gamete formation.

Law of independent assortment – states that different gene pairs assort to recombine with each other
independently of the assortment of the other gene pairs during meiosis or game formation.

Females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome. The Y chromosome is
about one-third the size of the X chromosome. A sperm, the reproductive cell produced by the male, can
carry either one X or one Y chromosome. An egg, the reproductive cell produced by the female, can carry
only the X chromosome. When a sperm with an X chromosome unites with an egg, the result is a child
with two X chromosomes – female. When a sperm with a Y chromosome unites with an egg, however,
the result is a child with one X and one Y chromosome – male. Thus, the father determines the gender of
the child.

Codominance – when the two alleles in a gene pair appear together in the individual that is heterozygous
for the trait.

Organ Systems of the Body

Musculoskeletal system – the human skeleton of more than 200 bones bound together by tough and
relatively inelastic connective tissues called ligaments.

Nervous system – has two divisions: the somatic, which allows voluntary control over skeletal muscle,
and the autonomic, which is involuntary and controls cardiac and smooth muscle and glands.

Circulatory system – human circulatory system is composed of the muscular heart and an intricate
network of elastic blood vessels known as arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Immune system – the body defends itself against foreign proteins and infectious microorganisms by
means of a complex dual system that depends on recognizing a portion of the surface pattern of the
invader.

Respiratory system – respiration is carried on by the expansion and contraction of the lungs; the process
and the rate at which it proceeds are controlled by a nervous center in the brain.

Female reproductive system – the bones of the human female pelvis form a bowl-shaped cavity that
supports the weight of a developing fetus and encloses the organs of the fame reproductive tract.

Male reproductive system – the organs of the male reproductive system enable a man to have sexual
intercourse and to fertilize female sex cells with sperm.

Endocrine system – in addition to the integrative action of the nervous system, control of various body
functions is exerted by the endocrine glands.

Pituitary Gland – called the master gland, the pituitary secretes hormones that control the activity of other
endocrine glands and regulate various biological processes.

Digestive and excretory systems – human digestive system consists of a series of organs and structures
that help break down food and absorb nutrients for use throughout the body.

Integumentary system – the skin is an organ of double-layered tissue stretched over the surface of the
body and protecting it from drying or losing fluid, from harmful external substances, and from extremes
of temperature.

Mitosis – cell division produces two daughter cells in each succession that are roughly identical copies of
the parental cell before it starts to enlarge or grow. Mitosis is made up of four main stages:

a. Prophase – each chromosome gradually condenses and thickens, and becomes more visible ven
under an ordinary light microscope; the nuclear membrane and nucleolus gradually dissociate and
spindly fibers radiating from two opposite poles are formed.
b. Metaphase – each chromosome moves toward an imaginary line, called the equatorial plate, that
divides the cell into two; the chromosomes are perpendicular to the long axes of the spindle
fibers.
c. Anaphase – the kinetochore that joins two sister chromatids together splits and each chromatid or
single stranded chromosome moves toward opposite poles.
d. Telophase – the single stranded chromosomes relax into the extended state upon reaching the
poles; the nuclear membrane and nucleolus re-form in each pole. Cytokinesis which divides the
cytoplasm, usually occurs at the latter part of this stage.

Meiosis – takes place in special cells that produce what we call the sex cells. During meiosis, two cell
divisions occur to produce four daughter cells from the original parent cell. The entire set of
chromosomes in an organism is known as the diploid number.

GENERAL SCIENCE

Temperature – there are three temperature scales in use today, Fahrenheit, Celcius, and Kelvin.
Formula for calculating various temperatures:

Celcius to Fahrenheit:

9
F= C +3 2
5

Fahrenheit to Celcius:

5
C= ( F−32)
9

Celcius to Kelvin:

K=C +27 3

Volume of an irregular solid – to determine it, displacement method is used. Displacement method used
by Archimedes: Fill a container with water, put the object in the container and catch the overflow. Get the
volume of the overflow.

Density – is the mass of the object per unit volume. Substances differ in their densities. Each substance
has a specific density. All materials with a density less than 1 g/cc will float on water.

D=mass/ volume

Earth’s Structure

The inner core – the center of earth. It is solid and about 780 miles thick.

The outer core – is so hot that the metal is always molten, but the inner core pressures are so great that it
cannot melt, even though temperatures there reach 6700oF. It is about 1370 miles thick.

The mantle – the layer above the core is the mantle. It begins about 6 miles below the oceanic crust and
abut 19 miles below the continental crust.

The crust – lies above the mantle and is the earth’s hard outer shell, the surface on which we are living.
There is an oceanic crust and a continental crust. The first one is about 4-7 miles thick and consists of
heavy rocks. The continental crust is thicker than the oceanic crust, about 19 miles thick. It is mainly
made up of light material.

Diastrophism – the process which involves movements of the earth’s crust such that a portion push up,
push down or forced sideways.

Rocks – are classified in three types based on how they are formed.

a. Igneous rocks – are formed when molten rock from within Earth cools and solidifies. There are
two types of igneous rocks: intrusive igneous rocks solidify beneath Earth’s surface; extrusive
igneous rocks solidify at the surface.
 b. Sedimentary rocks – are formed when sediment gets packed together. Most rocks that you see on
the ground are sedimentary.
c. Metamorphic rocks – are sedimentary or igneous rocks that have been transformed by heat,
pressure, or both. They are usually formed deep within Earth, during a process such as mountain
building.

Weathering – breaking down of rocks about by either physical or chemical means giving rise to sediments
or other rock fragments.

Erosion – the process by which rock fragments and sediments are carried along by such agents such as
wind and running water.

Deposition – the process by which rock fragments and sediments are carried by agents of erosion are
dropped or deposited in other places.

Compacting – the process by which rock fragments and other materials that accumulated, usually at the
bottom of a thick column of water, get cemented together and harden into rocks.

Metamorphism – a change in constitution of a rock brought about by pressure, heat, and chemical action
resulting in a more compact and highly crystalline condition of the rock.

Layers of the atmosphere

a. Troposphere – the troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere and measures about 7 miles.
b. Stratosphere – extends from the tropopause up to its boundary, 31 miles above the earth’s surface.
Within the stratosphere is the ozone layer, a band of ozone gas, that absorbs harmful ultraviolet
rays of the sun.
c. Mesosphere – is the next layer above the stratopause and extends to its upper boundary, at 50
miles above the ground.
d. Thermosphere – is the layer above the mesopause. This is at height of 430 miles of the earth’s
surface. In the thermosphere is a separate layer, the Ionosphere.
e. Ionosphere – is made of electrically charged gas particles. It has the important quality of
bouncing radio signals, transmitted from the earth.
f. Exosphere – is the outermost layer of the atmosphere and extends from 430 miles to 500 miles
above the ground.

Weather and climate

Weather – describes the condition of the atmosphere in a particular time.

Climate – average weather in a region over a number of years or usually decades.

Clouds – little drops of water or ice hanging in the atmosphere. A ceilometer measures the height of
clouds.

Cirrus cloud – thin, feathery

Cirrocumulus cloud – small patches of white

Cirrostratus cloud– thin, white sheets

Stratus cloud – low, gray blanket

Cumulus cloud – flat-bottomed, white puffy

Cumulonimbus cloud – mountains of heavy, dark clouds

Cyclones – low pressure areas in the tropics

a. Tropical depression – with wind speed of less than 63 kph

b. Tropical storm – with wind speed of 63-118 kph
c. Typhoon – with wind speed of more than 118 kph

Universe – it is about 13.7 billion years of age. The interval between the Big bang and the appearance of
the first stars is 200 million years. 4% of it is ordinary matter while 23% and 73% of it are dark matter
and dark energy, respectively.

Colors of the universe

Blue planets – Earth, Neptune, and Uranus are all blue because of gases in their atmosphere.

Blue stars – these are the hottest stars.

Yellow stars – these are warm stars, such as the Sun.

Red stars – the coolest stars are red.

Red spot – a swirling cloud on the planet Jupiter is a raging storm of gases, mainly red phosphorus.

Galaxies – are immense systems containing billions of stars.

Milky way – is our own galaxy. It is a spiral-shaped galaxy about 100,000 light years in diameter and
about 10,000 light years in thickness.

Solar system – is made up of the Sun at its center, the nine planets that orbit it, and the various satellites,
asteroids, comets, and meteorites that are also controlled by the Sun’s gravitational pull.

Sunspots – appear as dark spots on the sun and are believed to be cooler than the rest of the Sun. they
appear in 11-year cycles.

Satellite (or moon) – is the term for a body in orbit around a planet.

White dwarfs – occur when a star runs out of energy and shuts down. It is called white dwarf because it
emits a white glow.

Brown dwarfs – are also called failed stars.

Pulsars – are believed to be rapidly spinning neutron stars that give off bursts of radio waves at regular
intervals.
Quasars – are believed to be the most remote objects in the universe.

Nebula – is a giant glowing cloud thought to be made up of dust and gas.

CHEMISTRY

1. The study of all elements of compounds other than organic compounds.

a. Organic Chemistry c. Inorganic Chemistry
b. Physical Chemistry d. Analytical Chemistry
2. The collection of charged gaseous particles containing nearly equal numbers of negative and
positive ions.
a. Solid c. Liquid
b. Gas d. Plasma
3. Substance in which two or more elements joined by chemical bonds.
a. Mixture c. Compounds
b. Homogeneous Mixture d. Heterogeneous Mixture
4. The smallest unit of a compound.
a. Atom c. Proton
b. Electron d. Molecule
5. Calculate the mass number of an element if it has an atomic number of 10, number of protons is
10, and a number of neutrons of 11.
a. 31 c. 21
b. 0 d. 1
6. Atoms of the same element having the same number of protons but different number of neutrons.
a. Isotopes c. Compounds
b. Cytotopes d. Rutherford Model
7. Which of the following is NOT a metal?
a. Ruthenium c. Bohrium
b. Selenium d. Tungsten
8. Which of the following is NOT a nonmetal?
a. Iodine c. Phosphorus
b. Bromine d. Manganese
9. Which of the following is an Alkali Earth Metals?
a. Barium c. Sodium
b. Lithium d. Caesium
10. This law states that compounds contain elements in certain fixed proportions and in no other
combinations, regardless of the method of preparation.
a. Law of combining weights c. Law of indefinite proportions
b. Law of definite proportions d. Law of multiple proportions
11. Who proposed the law that we are talking about in question number 10?
a. John Dalton c. John Nash
b. Joseph Proust d. Joseph Joestar
12. Identify what type of chemical reaction is this:
CaC O3 CaO+ C O2
a. Composition Reaction c. Single Replacement Reaction
 b. Decomposition Reaction d. Double Replacement Reaction
13. Identify what type of chemical reaction is this:
NaOH + HCl NaCl+ H 2 O
a. Composition Reaction c. Single Replacement Reaction
b. Decomposition Reaction d. Double Replacement Reaction
14. Identify what type of chemical reaction is this:
Br 2+2 KI 2 K Br 2 + I 2
a. Composition Reaction c. Single Replacement Reaction
b. Decomposition Reaction d. Double Replacement Reaction
15. Which of the following will NOT affect the rate of a chemical reaction?
a. The nature of reactants c. Surface area
b. Concentration of the reactants d. density
16. Who proposed this law which states that the volume of a certain amount of dry gas at constant
pressure is directly proportional to its absolute temperature?
a. Alfred Charles c. Robert Boyle
b. Alexandre Charles d. Roger Boyle
17. Who proposed this law which states that the volume of a certain amount of dry gas held at
constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure exerted by the gas.
a. Alfred Charles c. Robert Boyle
b. Alexandre Charles d. Roger Boyle
18. What is the volume of a gas at 750mmHg if it exerted pressure of 650mmHg at 700 mL?
Assuming that the temperature is constant.
a. 600 mL c. 625.75 mL
b. 653.34 mL d. 685.7 mL
19. The volume of a gas at 27 C is 400 mL. What will be the volume of that gas at 47 C, if the
pressure is held constant?
a. 395.2 mL c. 405.33 mL
b. 415.9 mL d. 440.25 mL
20. A sample of oxygen occupies 8.0 L of space at STP. How many moles of oxygen are present in
the sample?
a. 0.22 mol c. 0.18 mol
b. 0.36 mol d. 0.14 mol
21. What is the molar concentration of NaCl solution that contains 30g of salt per 200 mL of
solution?
a. 0.15 M c. 0.30 M
b. 1.3 M d. 2.6 M
22. Molality, m, is defined as number of moles of solute per kg of solvent. If 230 g of ethanol (
C 2 H 5 OH ) is added to 500 g of water, what is the molality of solution?
a. 0.46 m c. 1 m
b. 2.17 m d. 10 m
23. What are the coefficients that will balance the formula equation below?
Al Cl 3+ NaOH Al(OH )3+ NaCl
a. 1, 3, 1, 3 c. 3, 1, 3, 1
b. 1, 1, 1, 3 d. 1, 3, 3, 1
 24. 1 atm is equal to _____ Torr.
a. 700 c. 273
b. 720 d. 760
25. Which of the following is the most electronegative?
a. Neon c. Sodium
b. Francium d. Fluorine

PHYSICS

1. Which of the following best describes the Scalar?

a. Measure with both magnitude and direction
b. Measure with magnitude but no direction
c. Measure with direction but no magnitude
d. Measure with neither magnitude and direction
2. The tendency of an object to resist changes in motion is dependent on:
a. Weight c. Speed
b. Temperature d. Mass
3. How much time should it take for a traveling bullet to hit the ground compared to a bullet
dropped from rest? Assume the ground remains flat for the entire bullet may travel.
a. The traveling bullet will take longer to hit the ground than the bullet dropped from rest
b. The traveling bullet will hit the ground at the same time as the bullet dropped from rest
c. The travelling bullet will hit the ground before the bullet dropped from rest
d. The traveling bullet moves so fast that it will never hit the ground
4. Two forces are acting on an object as shown on the side. What is the
magnitude of the resultant force?
a. 200 N c. 66.7 N
b. 40 N d. 185 N
5. Your flashlight has three identical 1.5 V batteries in it, arranged in a chain to give a total of 4.5 V.
Current passes first through batter (a), then through battery (b), then through batter (c), on its way
to the bulb. When you operate the flashlight, the batteries provide power to the current and they
gradually use up their chemical potential energy. Which battery will run out of chemical potential
energy first?
a. All three will run out at the same time c. Battery (b) will run out first
b. Battery (a) will run out first d. Battery (c) will run out first
6. Which of the following cases is/are not a uniformly accelerated motion?
(1) A feather falls from a certain height inside a vacuum tube.
(2) A ball rolls along a frictionless plane at uniform speed.
(3) A coin falls from a certain height in air but air resistance is negligible.
a. (1) only c. (1) and (2) only
b. (2) only d. (2) and (3) only
7. A stone is thrown into the air at an angle. Neglecting air resistance, what is the stone’s velocity
upon reaching its maximum height?
a. Zero
b. Equal to the horizontal component of its initial velocity
c. Equal to the vertical component of its initial velocity
 d. Equal to the acceleration due to gravity
8. Newton’s first law of motion states that “Every object remains at rest or in motion in a straight
line at constant speed unless acted upon by an unbalanced force.” What is the net force acting on
an airplane in level flight at 500 kph due north?
a. 100 N c. 980 N
b. 490 N d. 0
9. Marlon rode on his bike from 9:00am to 10:30am. If he drove at an average speed of 15kph, what
was the total distance he covered?
a. 17.5 km c. 27.5 km
b. 22.5 km d. 32.5 km
10. A woman exerts a constant horizontal force on a large box. As a result, the box moves across a
horizontal floor at a constant velocity. The constant force by the woman ____.
a. Has the same magnitude as the weight of the box
b. Is greater than the weight of the box
c. Has the same magnitude as the total force which resists the motion of the box
d. Is greater than the total force which resists the motion of the box
11. If the woman in question 10 suddenly stops applying a horizontal force to the box, then the box
will _____.
a. Immediately come to a stop
b. Continue moving at a constant speed for a while and then slow to a stop
c. Immediately start slowing to a stop
d. Continue at a constant speed
12. Unless an object at rest is acted upon by a force, it stays at rest due to its ____
a. Matter c. Inertia
b. Friction d. Gravity
13. Two athletes are posed to dive off equal height diving towers to a swimming pool below. Student
B is twice as massive as student A. which of the following is true?
a. Student B will reach the water sooner than student A
b. Both students have the same gravitational potential energy
c. Both students will have the same kinetic energy just before hitting the water
d. Student B did twice as much work climbing the tower
14. A 200 N box is pushed up an incline that is 5 m long and rises 1 m. If the incline is frictionless,
then the work done by the pushing force is _____
a. 336 J c. 275 J
b. 305 J d. 200 J
15. An astronaut picks up a stone on the moon and finds its mass to be 2 kg. If the mass of the earth
is 6 times more than the mass of the moon, what will the mass and the weight of the stone be on
the earth?
a. 2 kg, 12 N c. 12 kg, 120 N
b. 2 kg, 20 N d. 20 kg, 200 N
16. Which of the following is not considered a simple machine?
a. Wedge c. Lever
b. Pulley d. Wheelbarrow
17. The acceleration in a body is due to
 a. Balanced force c. Mass
b. Unbalanced force d. Electrostatic force
18. A machine performs 8 J of work in 2 sec. How much power is delivered by this machine?
a. 16 Watts c. 4 Watts
b. 0.3 Watts d. 32 Watts
19. The potential difference across a 4 ohm resistor is 20 V. Assuming that all of the energy
dissipated by this resistor is in the form of heat, how many joules of heat are radiated in 10 sec?
a. 800 J c. 1000 J
b. 1200 J d. 2400 J
20. The force acting between two-point charges can be computed using which of the following laws?
a. Ohm’s law c. Ampere’s law
b. Coulomb’s law d. Newton’s second law
21. Induced electric currents can be explained using which of the following laws?
a. Gauss’s law c. Faraday’s law
b. Ohm’s law d. Ampere’s law
22. A 100 watt light bulb is left for 10 hours. Electricity is 10 cents per kilowatt-hour. How much did
it cost to operate the light bulb?
a. 10 cents c. 100 cents
b. 20 cents d. 200 cents
23. A worker lifts a 10 kg block a vertical height of 2 m. the work he does on the block is:
a. 5 J c. 20 J
b. 49 J d. 200 J
24. The time needed for a net force of 10 N to change the velocity of a 5 kg mass by 3 m/s is:
a. 6 seconds c. 1.5 seconds
b. 16.7 seconds d. 150 seconds
25. The index of refraction can be considered:
a. A ratio of material thickness between substances
b. A ratio of velocities of light in different materials
c. A ratio of mass between materials
d. To have the units of photons

EARTH SCIENCE

1. A volcano which is composed of lava flows and pyroclastic material and which is steep sided and
very tall is known as:
a. Syncline c. Anticline
b. Composite cone d. none of these
2. The solidified lava of a volcano belongs to which rock family? Is it:
a. Igneous c. Metamorphic
b. Sedimentary d. Fossilized
3. Iceland has a great deal of volcanic activity. The reason for this is:
a. It was formed above a mid-ocean rift.
b. It is part of the “ring of fire”
c. Two tectonic plates are rubbing against each other under Iceland
d. The American plate is driving under the European plate in this region
4. Biosphere describes the earth realm where life occurs. What describes the entire solid earth realm
and is composed of mineral matter?
a. Atmosphere c. Hydrosphere
b. Cryosphere d. Lithosphere
5. It is an all-encompassing term for those portions of Earth’s surface where water is solid form
including glaciers, ice caps and sheets, and frozen ground.
a. Atmosphere c. Hydrosphere
b. Cryosphere d. Lithosphere
6. Breaking down of rocks brought about by either physical or chemical means giving rise to
sediments or other rock fragments.
a. Sedimentation c. Climating
b. Weathering d. Breaking down
7. The process by which rock fragments and sediments are carried along by such agents as wind and
running water.
a. Deposition c. Erosion
b. Compacting d. Metamorphism
8. The process by which rock fragments and other materials that accumulated, usually at the bottom
of a thick column of water, get cemented together and harden into rock.
a. Deposition c. Erosion
b. Compacting d. Metamorphism
9. They are solid, inorganic substances that are found in and on earth.
a. Gems c. Rocks
b. Minerals d. Vitamins
10. What sphere of the atmosphere has the important quality of bouncing radio signals, transmitted
from the earth?
a. Exosphere c. Ionosphere
b. Mesosphere d. Stratosphere
11. The tanning rays of the sun are called:
a. Infrared rays c. Visible light
b. Ultraviolet rays d. Gamma rays
12. While many different gases are found in the atmosphere, a number do not contribute significantly
to solar heating of the atmosphere. Which of the following gases do not absorb much heat?
a. Nitrogen and Oxygen c. Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen
b. Oxygen and Helium d. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
13. Global climate change is being attributed to the atmospheric increase in what two gases produced
by human activities?
a. Oxygen and Hydrogen c. Ozone and Methane
b. Methane and Carbon Dioxide d. Carbon Dioxide and Ozone
14. In geological studies, all the following are true of P waves except that they:
a. Are body waves c. Travel like sound waves
b. Can pass through liquids d. Are slower than S waves
15. Which of the following pairs contains one igneous and one sedimentary rock?
a. Shale and Marble c. Sandstone and Quartzite
b. Granite and Limestone d. Obsidian and Gneiss
 16. Which of the following is an igneous rock?
a. Shale c. Coal
b. Slate d. Granite
17. Which of the following is the name of the partly melted rock layer on which the plates move?
a. Lithosphere c. Asthenosphere
b. Hydrosphere d. Outer core
18. We know that outer core is liquid because:
a. P waves pass through it c. S waves pass through it
b. P waves cannot pass through it d. S waves cannot pass through it
19. What is the name of the phenomenon that causes an accumulation of heat in the lower atmosphere
because of the absorption of longwave radiation from the Earth’s surface?
a. Climate Change c. Global Warming
b. Greenhouse effect d. Solar wind
20. The eruption of Mt. Pinatubo caused widespread destruction and loss of human life. Gases and
solids injected into the stratosphere circled the globe for three weeks. Volcanic eruptions of this
magnitude can impact global climate, reducing the amount of solar radiation reaching the earth’s
surface, lowering temperatures in the troposphere, and changing atmospheric circulation patterns.
Which of the following was an effect of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption?
a. An increase of the Earth’s temperature by 2 C c. El nino phenomenon
b. Massive global warming d. Lowered global temperature by 0.5
21. Geothermal systems produce electricity from what energy source?
a. Heat from the sun c. Heat from Earth’s interior
b. Mechanical energy from wind d. Mechanical energy from waves
22. The main reason why one can possibly walk barefoot on a red-hot wooden coals without burning
the feet is
a. The low thermal conductivity of coal c. The low temperature of coal
b. The high temperature of coal d. The stepping techniques
23. How many star/s is/are there in our solar system?
a. One c. One Billion
b. One million d. Infinitely Many
24. The reason why we see eclipses of the Moon more often than solar eclipses, even though solar
eclipses happen more frequently is that
a. Lunar eclipses are visible over more than half of Earth compared to less than 20% of Earth’s
surface for partial solar eclipses
b. The weather is more cloudy during the new moon
c. A lunar eclipse lasts longer than a solar eclipse
d. People are not so interested in the solar eclipse
25. What measurement is used to quantify the destruction caused by an earthquake?
a. The Richter scale c. The modified Mercalli scale
b. The moment magnitude scale d. The moment destruction scale

BIOLOGY

1. Which of the following describes the major difference between bryophytes and tracheophytes?
a. tracheophytes can survive on land
 b. tracheophytes have seeds inside fruits
c. tracheophytes can make their own food
d. tracheophytes have vessels to transport materials
2. The myofilaments of muscles consist primarily of two proteins. These two proteins are called:
a. actin and myosin c. progesterone and estrogen
b. progesterone and testosterone d. actin and estrogen
3. What French scientist is considered the father of paleontology? Was it:
a. George Cuvier c. Jacque Tonnies
b. Marquis de Condorcet d. Auguste Compte
4. What Roman physician's studies of human anatomy based on lower animals served as the only
text on the subject for nearly 1 century? Was it:
a. Cartrum c. Galen
b. Polonius d. Monterius
5. Genes are able to control a cell's fate by determining the synthesis of:
a) Other genes c. Carbohydrates
b) Enzymes d. Fat
6. The chromosomes responsible for characteristics other than sex are known by which of the
following terms?
a. Ribosomes c. autosomes
b. Lysosomes d. spermatocytes
7. Each of the following is a cell organelle except one. Which one of these is NOT a cell organelle?
Is it
a. Mitochondrion c. cytoplasm
b. Lysosome d. endoplasmic reticulum
8. When a colour-blind man marries a woman pure for normal colour vision, it is probable that one
of the following situations may result. Is it probable that
a. all the children will be colour blind c. only the sons will be colour-blind
b. all the grandchildren will be colour blind d. half the grandsons will be colour blind
9. Which of the following are skin receptors in humans that are sensitive to heat? Are they:
a. end organs of Krause c. end organs of Ruffini
b. Meissner's corpuscles d. Pacinian corpuscles
10. Hormones are composed from many classes of molecules. As far as our present knowledge
extends, hormones are NOT found in which of the following categories of substances:
a. Proteins c. nucleic acids
b. Peptides d. steroids
11. The process by which an amino acid loses its amino group is called:
a. Hydration c. oxidoamination
b. Deamination d. dehydration
12. In a plasma membrane, which of the following provides a general barrier to the movement of
molecules?
a. Lipids c. carbohydrates
b. Proteins d. all of the above
13. The name of the process by which oil glands in mammalian skins secrete oils is:
a. active transport c. holocrine secretion
 b. apocrine secretion d. osmosis
14. An individual with three X chromosomes is likely t be:
a. a clinically normal female c. a Turner's individual
b. an abnormal female d. a Kleinfelter's individual
15. In the first stage of photosynthesis, light energy is used to:
a. move water molecules c. split water
b. denature chlorophyll d. produce carbohydrates
16. One-celled algae enclosed in minute two-part silic shells are called:
a. Dinoflagellates c. annelids
b. Coelenterates d. diatoms
17. Osmoregulation is concerned with:
a. Excretion c. control of the body's water content
b. ionic regulation d. carbon dioxide regulation
18. Which of the following is not an arachnid?
a. Lobster c. black widow spider
b. Scorpion d. tick
19. Which of the following is not found in blood?
a. Fibrinogen c. urea
b. Glucose d. glycogen
20. Proof that plants can grow and reproduce using only inorganic nutrients comes from the study
of:
a. phototrophic nutrition c. hydroponics
b. mycorrhiza d. humus
21. Water molecules enter plant epidermal cells by:
a. Osmosis c. translocation
b. active transport d. transpiration
22. Which of the following diseases has been eradicate from the world?
a. Cholera c. diphtheria
b. Smallpox d. poliomyelitis
23. We believe the beginnings of life on earth took place in the:
a. Air c. shallow oceans
b. land masses d. glaciers
24. Each antibody molecule is made up of how many PAIR of polypeptide chains, joined together by
disulfide bonds.
a. 1 c. 3
b. 2 d. 4
25. The immune system normally discriminates between which types of antigens.
a. B and T cells c. humoral and cell-mediated
b. self and non-self d. primary and secondary