LEARNING GUIDE 1

English for Academic and

Professional Purposes
 Learning Guide #1

After completing this learning guide, which encompasses the

content and style, the organization and design principles, and
crucial features of an academic book, you will have a better
understanding of and ability to articulate the differences
between academic and non-academic texts.
 ACADEMIC TEXT VERSUS
NON-ACADEMIC TEXT
Around 350 BCE, the "Art of Rhetoric" states that even in
those early times, academic writing required a more complex
and broad vocabulary than everyday writing. Philosopher
Aristotle writes that “a good style must first be clear
because judgments and objectivity are essential component
of academic writing.”
The ability to write in an academic setting is the most crucial
thing, though. Additionally, the author believes that by the
time you complete this particular lesson, you will be able to
differentiate academic texts from non-academic texts with
intelligence and clarity, as this subject matter aims to give
readers a better understanding of these two types of text.
 Introduction
Writing has always been an essential component of language
and communication, even in the past. "Writing is thinking,
and writing well requires logical thought, which is why
composing an academic text is exceedingly difficult" (David
McCullough, 2002, p.1). When using this type of
communication, many written text formats are used. We will
go into great detail about both the academic and non-
academic patterns in this learning guide.
 Learning Outcomes
Following your thorough completion of this particular study guide, you ought to
be able to:

● Appropriately identify whether scholarly sources are non-academic or academic

literature by properly citing both types of sources;
● Simply understand the parallels and discrepancies between academic writing and
other literary forms;
● Correctly annotate some thought-provoking literature; and
● Suitably make a brief synopsis of the information you learned from the many
academic sources you read.
 Lesson 1

ACADEMIC TEXT COMPARISON AND

DISTINCTION FROM OTHER TEXTS
 ACADEMIC TEXT COMPARISON AND
DISTINCTION FROM OTHER TEXTS

Academic writing is based on well-supported facts, occasionally

incorporating statements from other websites and sources; in these
instances, the original author and source are usually acknowledged
and noted (Alboroto, n.d.).
For this reason, academic writing requires the capacity for comparison and
contrast. It involves placing any number of subjects side by side in order to
contrast and pinpoint their distinctions. However, a school assignment will
most likely need you to identify parallels between a range of subjects,
including fictional characters, famous individuals, research methods, and
institutional laws and regulations. Consequently, using this is crucial for
creating logical defenses and arguments.

The differences and similarities between academic and non-academic

writing will become clear to you in this first task. Now let us go on to a
couple of sets of questions related to this subject.
Let's start this discussion with some of these kinds of opening queries;

1. What in a Nutshell is an Academic Text?

Sethmini (2021), states that academic writings are meant to be used for
scholarly or instructional reasons. These were written by experts in their
domains, and their main objective is to help readers comprehend the
specific topic they have chosen to write about. The author must write
clearly and have a sufficient comprehension of the subject matter based on
what he wrote in order for you to understand what is being conveyed.
Additionally, it is critical to keep in mind that academic writing is typically
seen as official due to its adherence to grammatical standards, clear
organization, goal-oriented approach, and high level of language skill.
Academic writing frequently uses citations and references while
avoiding slang and colloquialisms. It is distinguished by demanding

grammar, critical writing, and logical analysis. The ultimate goal of

the texts is to powerfully portray to readers that the primary focus of

academic material is completely scientific by presenting solid facts

and precise data. For example, even though the author discusses

historical events, the paper seems to only utilize vocabulary linked to

mathematics.
It is critical to remember that when writing academic papers, we are
writing for a certain audience and topic. The author's writing style and

material should be suitable for the work's subject matter. Furthermore,

academic writing uses the third person consistently, contains only

factual material and proof, and avoids repetition, exaggeration,

rhetorical questions, contractions, and personal viewpoints. Theses,

textbooks, case studies, reports, research papers, essays, dissertations,

and other materials are examples of academic texts (Sethmini, 2021).

[Link] Distinguishing Characteristics Does an Academic Text Have?
Mckowan (2023), identifies seven fundamental characteristics of
scholarly literature. Among them are the following:

Clear and Intelligible - An academic text writer should be clear and

straightforward in this component. That is why utilizing sophisticated
jargon in academic papers is pointless or useless.

It Must Be Research-Based Content - Because academic texts are

supported by study and evidence, they must be properly cited.

It Respects the High Official Tone of Language -Academic writing

has a formal tone and stays away from using contractions, colloquial
vocabulary, and certain casual idioms.
An Organized Composition - Never forget that the most crucial parts
of an academic article are the introduction, the real discussion, the
methodology, and the conclusion. These are only a handful of the
components of the unique structure that academic writing is likely to
use.

A Collection of Reference Materials - This implies that it is vital to

follow the standards set by your institution or profession because
different fields have distinct citation format requirements.

Texts Reviewed and Rewritten - This means that before submitting

your scholarly work for final evaluation, you should always proofread
and amend it.

Steer Clear of Copyright Issues - To avoid severe plagiarism, you

should properly cite your sources, paraphrase and summarize them,
and provide correct acknowledgment to the work's original creator.
 Even while doing scholarly work of the highest caliber necessitates following the
fundamental guidelines of academic literature, don't forget that using non-academic
materials affords you more flexibility. These essential components allow us to produce
cohesive, impactful non-academic writing that appeals to a larger readership and
improves our writing and communication abilities in general.
3. What Exactly Does Non-Academic Literacy Mean?
Non-academic writing frequently relies on opinion rather than factual
statements, and it frequently includes slang and humor. When published with
an emphasis on a particular issue and a wide readership, it is categorized as
such.(Chaitanya Sri, n.d.) Subjective and influenced by impressionistic and
emotive aspects, non-scientific materials are frequently disorganized,
irrelevant, and devoid of sources, making them unclear or misleading. Their
loose structure and lack of bibliographies typically let the author's voice and
uniqueness shine through. Furthermore, these writing sub-genres have
nothing to do with highly traditional educational institutions or advanced
degrees as they mostly reflect the writer's personal beliefs.
4. What Components Would You Search for to Differentiate
Academic Writing from Non-Academic Writing?

The basic properties of academic and non-academic material are

depicted in the next slide. Make every effort to distinguish academic
writing from other types of writing after carefully examining it. Just
be careful to describe each of their characteristics in a clear,
concise, and short way.
 NON-ACADEMIC
SPECIFICATIONS ACADEMIC WRITING
WRITING
The main objective of non-
academic writing is to
Academic writing's primary goal is
entertain readers and
to educate the intended audience
The Goal of encourage them to read
while giving academics accurate,
Reading: more. Rather than being
objective, and trustworthy evidence
impersonal, it is usually
to back up the author's claims.
presented in a very
intimate way.
To maintain the academic tone of
The writing was too
their writing—which is often
informal and intimate, and
regarded as being extraordinarily
Writing Style of it was too obvious that
rigid and impersonal in literary
Expression: inexperienced writers used
style—the book's exceptionally
very subjective or
brilliant authors refrain from
customized language.
utilizing colloquial language.
 NON-ACADEMIC
SPECIFICATIONS ACADEMIC WRITING
WRITING
The writing was done in an It is entirely up to the
extremely formal, systematic, reader to follow the
Clear and logical style that text's disconnected and
Definitions: necessitates a high level of informal structure,
concentration, competence, and which requires no
critical thinking abilities. language proficiency.
Academicians were the intended The content claimed to
audience for the book since the be written by someone
materials were expensive to else and intended for a
Target
print and were written by broad audience. It was
Market:
professionals who had their also published
work edited by other authors worldwide with ease
from prestigious universities. and speed.
 NON-ACADEMIC
SPECIFICATIONS ACADEMIC WRITING
WRITING
This work adheres to predetermined
Either the content is
guidelines, which include being
Text entirely unstructured or it
methodical, logical, technical, and
Organization: is the complete reverse of
descriptively focused on a certain
academic writing.
subject.
Although the essay effectively The material is written in
communicates its message, its an informal tone and
contains a lot of free-form
Linguistic writing style is exceedingly formal
speech, subjective
Proficiency: due to the absence of colloquial information about highly
language, slang, contractions, and private topics, and
other unstructured vocabulary. insufficient explanations.
 NON-ACADEMIC
SPECIFICATIONS ACADEMIC WRITING
WRITING
Both teachers and students can
acquire proper naming standards
for the content they use through References are not
Adding
academic writing. Making it obvious required and are not
Citations and
to the reader that a certain source bothersome in non-
References:
used in their work is not their own academic writing.
is best achieved using this
technique.
Popular publications such
Conference papers, school
as diaries, romance
Publications publications, thesis volumes, and
novels, fiction books,
Examples: literary assessments are instances
magazines, and so on are
of academic works.
samples of these writings.
In summary, an academic text is a scholarly piece of writing
whose primary goal is to inform the reader. It makes it easier for
the reader to comprehend a certain subject. Grammar rules must
be properly obeyed because academic writing is formal. An
appropriate format guide is also required for properly writing
textbooks. Non-academic literature, on the other hand, is casual
and not intended for scholarly purposes. The author employs
informal language to convey their argument.
5. What Commonalities Can One Find in Writings
Authored by Scholars and Non-Scholars?
As a result of your improved understanding of the substantial disparities in the subject
matter of academic and non-academic writing, devote some time to researching their
parallels.

Original works of great worth and those that are widely published can
both deal with the same issue. Consequently, any may wind up serving
as the "purpose" in research publications.

Compared to non-academic publications, academic works rely more on

secondary sources and less on original sources; yet, both literary genres
research and seek accurate information.
Academic and non-academic publications aim to reach a wider range of
readers, but both kinds of writing could use similar strategies to do so.

They may talk about the same thing. An article in a public newspaper
or magazine, for example, could discuss the detrimental effects of the
country's political dynasties.

Scholarly and non-scholarly reading can be beneficial to both

professors and students.

Plagiarism prohibits both academic and non-scholarly publications.

Therefore, neither writer may use the other's concepts or works while
providing proper credit.
6. Which Elements are Crucial When Reading Academic
Literature?

Considering that completing textbook readings for the course is rarely fulfilling, a thorough
examination is necessary. In light of this, when examining an area of study, you must use a strategy
that allows you to carefully evaluate the data to look for any hidden patterns or previously unknown
relationships or correlations.

Furthermore, because academic writing's objective is quite particular, you must have a well-defined
goal that outlines the subjects you desire to research for your study. Academic texts are crucial for
research since they provide vital data that has been gathered from various sources, including facts that
support the main argument. Since textbooks are an essential component of any education that links
ideas and theories to in-depth explanations and advanced reading skills, reading educational material
requires time.
7. What Are the Benefits of Critical Readings?

Critical reading comprehension improves writing and critical thinking abilities. You
become more knowledgeable and expand your vocabulary as you read longer. It is
crucial to communicate meaning with exact language. In general, reading as much
literature as possible would definitely help you become a better writer. It will surely
assist you in pinpointing weak points in your research and areas where your task may
bridge the gaps left by earlier findings. Proficiency in critical reading will facilitate
the identification of poor-quality research.
 Lesson 2

THE STRUCTURE, CONTENT,

FEATURES, AND STYLE OF
ACADEMIC TEXTS
 Lesson 2

THE STRUCTURE, CONTENT, FEATURES,

AND STYLE OF ACADEMIC TEXTS

After comparing academic writings to non-academic materials in the

first lesson, we decided that academic texts are characterized by
their specific structure. It signifies that the substance of this second
lesson consists of the work's three main sections: the introduction,
the body of the text, and the conclusion. Last but not least, the
second topic covered in this course of study is commonly
represented as an hourglass. To assist you in understanding why it
is written that way, let's start with the most important
considerations you should make on the pages that follow in this
lesson.
 Important Reminders for
Academic Writing
Ideas and theories related to the subject area students are studying
can be found in academic papers. They usually possess all the
characteristics of a literary work, including coherence, cohesiveness,
unity, and rigorous respect for grammatical norms.

For academic audiences, writers and editors usually follow the

characteristics and explanations listed below while producing
scholarly publications. Right now, try to concentrate on these.
 Theories and Concepts
A concept, by definition, is a broader idea or body of knowledge, whereas a
theory is an explanation for a phenomenon based on a commonly accepted
scientific principle. A well-organized piece of writing makes it simple for the
reader to follow the argument and go in-depth with the data.

Students can better articulate their observations, grasp of, and ability to
effect change in their subject matter by using this notion. Important
concepts and theories are intended to be incorporated into academic
writing, linking them to the particular subject being studied. A work that is
well-organized produces a logical flow and exhibits literary elements, which
facilitate readers' comprehension of the argument and help them choose
pertinent passages.
 A Well-Written Text's Qualities
“Organizational indicators and a coherent flow of ideas are the two main areas of
concentration for literary criticism” (Dayagbil 2016, 63–64)

This has to do with the structure, coherence, organization, and

cohesiveness of the writings, as well as their mechanics and language.
Moreover, you can state with assurance that academic writing in that
particular setting is properly constructed. A well-prepared dialogue
with clear ties to proper grammar and terminology is really what
makes a book well-written. It is advised that you concentrate on
acquiring the following crucial qualities:
 The Consistency of the Text - This implies that because of the writing's natural
coherence, readers of cohesive novels can rapidly grasp its meaning without having to
read it again.

2. The Coherence and Cohesion - Never underestimate how easy it is to maintain

consistency in written content and to be aware of the crucial coherence and cohesion
elements.

3. Text Structure -This feature utilizes a number of important elements, such as text
structure, cohesion, and unification. It also demonstrates the material's high level of
writing proficiency.

4. Use of Language -This simply suggests that language is a common tool for
establishing, preserving, and discussing social reality.

5. Composing Mechanisms -This demonstrates the accurate handling of minor textual

elements such as acronyms, antonyms, synonyms, capitalization, spelling, and
punctuation.
As a senior in high school, you must be able to differentiate between
writing that is good and bad according to the content you have
acquired thus far. To effectively transmit meanings inside the text, it is
also expected of you that you possess expertise. Many elements need to
be taken into account in order to convey meaning in phrases, such as
the coherence and flow of ideas, suitable language use, correct
grammar, punctuation, spelling, form, and so on.
 Criticism and Other Issues Raised
Here are some examples of stimulating questions that motivate people to reach their objectives. Asking
important questions is a critical step in addressing work-related issues. Look over and think about each of
the following inquiries.
The WHAT Questions The SO WHAT Questions The NOW WHAT Questions
What specific issue has been What is all the fuss concerning? What are the remedies for
brought up? handling the situation?
What is the problem with that? What does it really matter? What is the only feasible solution?

What is the best course of What makes it so crucial? What happens after that?
action?
What is the desired result? What details did we need to be What must be the first action, in
aware of? your opinion?
What has to change, exactly?
What should we keep doing?

The challenge is writing a report that breaks down a problem into smaller parts and focuses on understanding the "what," "so," and
"now" questions in order to boost academic progress and general life success.
Details and Evidence from Trusted Sources
To accept as credible proof any document that has a written
affirmation of the reliability of the source, guaranteeing objectivity
and evidence-based support, especially from a reputable person or
organization. As a critical reader, you must understand the
significance of evaluating the quality and dependability of sources,
as informational skills are stressed due to the large number of
sources available. Furthermore, the author highlights the need to
depend on factual, unbiased sources such as textbooks,
conference papers, and scientific journals for trusted and accurate
information.
 The Application of Accurate
and Precise Concepts
This section describes the accuracy measurement that was used and shows how
near the actual value is. The term "text's precision" actually refers to the degree to
which evaluations of a similar element agree with each other, for example: An
informal evaluation of reading accuracy that offers information on the test's goals,
acceptable usage scenarios, sample questions, and the required minimum age or
grade level for passing. The main objective of precision writing is to disseminate
information. In other words, accuracy reflects how well critical reading skills agree,
but precision focuses on the main goal and the reliability of the information.
 Objective Point-of-View
The point of view is a position that lets readers
engage with the connections, feelings, and tensions
in the story, therefore the narrator should think like
a professional writer. Now, before you read literary
fiction, think about "Who is telling the story?"
Examine first-, second-, and third-person narratives
during the course.
 A List of References
A bibliography is a comprehensive listing of all the materials you used

for your work, such as websites, scholarly books, e-books, journal

articles, conference papers, and journals. It assists other readers in

locating mentioned materials and reduces legal concerns and copyright

breaches by recognizing the original writers.

 Cautionary Phrases
"Hedging," or cautious phrasing, makes claims and
conclusions seem less likely, thus softening the speech. It
protects ideas from being disproved and permits writers to
show confidence in the strength of their arguments.

Remember that you need to completely understand that each

of the eight main issues that we discussed in this session
must be carefully considered when writing an academic paper
or while performing research.
 The Written Form of
Academic Publications
There are strict guidelines for academic writing: it needs to be
formal, contains a clear introduction, body, and conclusion, a list
of references mentioned, and correct data that has been gathered
from trustworthy sources. Additionally, academic papers
necessitate a strict format for faster reading, greater recall, and
organization, with each section having its own structure.

Moreover, English instruction writing restricts qualities and

objectives to meet predetermined standards. With very few
exceptions, it imparts factual knowledge about a certain topic
without being humorous.
 Designed Uses of Text in Education
Take a look at the sample academic papers below to avoid hesitation
and to get ideas for your own writing.
Easy Steps for Composing Research Papers

1st Make sure the people reading your writing were proficient readers.

2nd Give precise facts regarding a certain subject; avoid lighter discussion.
Check that your writing is easy to read and follows a single, unchanging theme
3rd
or pattern.
4th- Provide strong evidence to support your most important assertions.

Remember that each section should have a single technique, and the writing should be coherently organized
around a main idea. Because only accurately written forms of a people's language are permitted in academic
writing, off-topic information should be avoided at all costs. As a result, in order for your work to be
considered genuine and appropriate, the language you choose must be accurate.
 A Variety of Academic Writing Formats
1. Powerful Conference Papers
Definitely, presenting papers at conferences will allow you to network with professionals in
the writing sector. The main goal of the revisions is to get these papers ready for
publication, as they were originally written as articles.

What qualities set a strong conference paper apart?

This refers to a situation in which every attribute that distinguishes research-based
writing—such as clarity, validity, and even your writing style—is present. goal of the
revisions is to get these papers ready for publication, as they were originally written as
articles.

What are the indications that suggest that a paper originates from a conference?
Certain individuals contend that the term "Journal of Important Topics" designates a
journal piece, whereas the term "Conference on Key Issues" designates a conference paper.

It should be noted that presenting a conference paper can be an opportunity to test new concepts, assist individuals
in need, exchange formal writing styles, and inspire creative research project questions.
2. Excerpted Articles from Journals
Journal articles are thorough research studies published in newspapers,
school magazines, and other publications that present current discoveries
that can have a significant impact on academic communities or the growth of
a country.

What makes the elements look so captivating and how important is

formatting for written work?
It should pique your curiosity, give you a sense of ownership, and inspire you
to read more and learn more in-depth information.

What is the difference between a journal manuscript and a conference

paper?
A conference paper lacks an introduction, a coherent body, and a concluding
statement, which sets a journal manuscript apart. Journal articles feature
greater words and a more exact format, whereas conference papers are brief
and convention-based.
3. Textbooks and Review Papers
A textbook review summarizes recent advances in a topic while
evaluating the quality of content given in textbooks and academic
periodicals.

What is the logic behind using textbook reviews?

To demonstrate whether the reader will find the textbook beneficial.
This review's objective is to educate readers on the benefits of
owning and using a textbook. Textbooks serve as literary critics,
assessing the value, subject matter, and writing style of scholarly
publications.
4. Thesis or Dissertation Books
Theses and dissertations are academic publications that define the
goals of reading literature, techniques, and outcomes and are
frequently assigned as independent study projects to students
earning bachelor's and graduate degrees.

Why is a thesis different from a dissertation?

A dissertation book project is the end result of a doctoral program,
whereas a thesis book is the culmination of a master's program.
5. Case Study Documentation
A case study is a teaching approach that involves assigning
students a comprehensive case or a special topic. It is extensively
utilized in law schools, business associations, and sociology portals
because it makes it easier to investigate genuine concerns in a
given scenario by utilizing a range of data sources.

Are there pros and cons associated with case studies? If so,
which ones are they?
Case studies, often involving a single experimenter gathering data,
can introduce bias and affect outcomes. They are useful in
exploratory research, shedding light on theories and individual
relationships. They aim to increase understanding of a specific
topic or area of expertise, rather than just a collection of ideas.
6. Reports
In the fields of law, medicine, and research, reports are frequently
employed. Its primary goal is to assess the significance of the
research. Reports clearly characterize, assess, and enumerate typical
events accurately.

What kinds of reports are there, exactly?

A few examples of the many different kinds of reports that are
available are memoranda, meeting minutes, expense reports, audit
reports, justification reports, compliance reports, annual reports,
accomplishment reports, feasibility studies, and more.
7. Scholastic Type of Writing
Accurate references and a bibliography are required components
of academic writing. Each assertion is supported with trustworthy
citations, demonstrating the author's thorough examination of the
pertinent literature. After that, teachers would have access to
information on the subjects and proficiency levels that their
students had completed.

What characteristics distinguish a quality academic work

from a scholarly example?
It is important for journals, books, conference papers, video
lectures, and other publications to follow the correct academic
format, which includes the title, author credits, abstract,
keywords, body material, citations, and appendices in a specific
order.
8. Analyses of the Work of Literature
A discussion of the qualities and validity of literature is the last point
made in the definition of literary analysis, which also includes
investigation, testing, and appraisal. A literary analysis is also more
than just a synopsis of the work. Rather, it is a discussion of the
written work that conveys the unique perspective, interpretation,
assessment, or critical analysis of an academic work from the
author.

What is the primary goal of the literary analysis essay?

Its primary goal is to closely investigate every component of a work of
writing that is referred to as "literature."
 The Most Significant Components of
Academic Writing

The most vital aspects of academic writing include the following

fundamental elements: accountability, hedging, accuracy, formality,
objectivity, clear form, complexity, and precision. When writing an
instructional book nowadays, all of them must be considered. Thus, the
writing style is determined by the mixture of the dominating one.
 Qualities Determined Characteristics
Written English makes use of a broader vocabulary than spoken
English. Unlike written language phrases based on nouns and verbs,
The Complexity: complex communication uses complex vocabulary, subordinate
sentences, and the passive voice.
Since people interact and communicate informally in everyday life
without the use of slang or colloquialisms, formality and complexity in
The Formality Level:
academic writing are strongly related.

Although precise language is necessary for delivering factual

Accuracy: information, it should not be open to reader interpretation.

Objectivity in academic writing emphasizes the essential idea without

The Concept of acknowledging the author, addressing both the writing and reading
Objectivity: aspects, making it impersonal and critical.
 Qualities Determined Characteristics
The author of an academic work must accurately establish parallels between
The Specified Structure: two concepts by employing signal phrases such as "This document refers
to...", "It was initially communicated that...," and "In accordance to the text
read...," in alongside others.
To properly transmit information in a given context, a writer must
The Precision: understand the difference between phonemics and phonetics, which
necessitates extra caution when using specific phrases with significant
meanings.
The author employs a "hedge" approach to academic writing, relying on
suitable language, strategies, proof, and pertinent data to bolster their
The Hedging: assertions and arguments.
Hedging expressions include the following examples:
Phenomenal verbs include: is able, perhaps, might do, ought to, are expected
to, appear to be, look like, propose, presume, envision, cause, impart,
designate, put forward, imply, make assumptions, feasible, possible, and
likely.
To write tutorials with accountability, one must avoid making assumptions,
The assignment: offer facts and arguments, include references, and make sure that every
assertion is validated.
It is therefore critical that you understand that no one of these eight
attributes should be sacrificed by someone aiming to be an
instructional author, and academic content writers should always
keep the aforementioned guidance in mind.
In conclusion, understanding the differences between
academic and non-academic literature is essential for
effective communication. Academic texts are formal,
educating scholars, while non-academic writing uses a
subjective tone, appealing to a broader readership. Effective
written communication can be achieved in both contexts.

Additionally, you must consistently provide credit to your

sources in academic writing. This includes crediting other
people's work whenever you use it and including a reference
list after your work to honor and acknowledge their
intellectual talent.
 Spot the Difference:
Academic vs. Non-Academic Texts

Objective:

Identify the features that distinguish academic texts

from non-academic texts.
Instructions:

1. Read each text excerpt carefully. Decide whether it is

Academic or Non-Academic. Write your answer in the table
and explain the clues that helped you decide.

2. Highlight the clues (formal tone, citations, structure,

purpose, vocabulary) that helped you decide.

3. Write your answers in1/2 crosswise in a table format.

4. Insert your written output in your clearbook and we will

check that during our Face to Face Classes..
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: _______________
Grade and Section: _______________

EXAMPLE:

Academic or Non-
Text Excerpt Clues/Reasons
Academic?

Has formal tone, cites

A research abstract Academic sources, presents
findings
Informal tone,
A blog post about
Non-Academic personal opinion, no
food
citations
Name: _____________________________________________ Date: _______________

Grade and Section: _______________

 Text Excerpts:

1. This study investigates the effects of sleep deprivation on the academic

performance of senior high school students.
1. I stayed up all night for my exam, and I could barely keep my eyes open in
class the next day.
1. According to Smith (2021), effective communication in the workplace
improves productivity.
1. Good communication at work just makes everything so much easier, trust
me!
1. The research findings indicate a positive correlation between study habits
and academic achievement.
1. Last weekend, I watched a documentary about space and I thought it was
amazing.