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Chapter II
Review of Related Literature

As stated by Geegamage, Ranaweera, and Halwatura (2023), “The practice of purchasing second-
hand fashion items is an environmentally friendly activity that has quietly grown over the years.”
Similarly, Sobuj, Khan, Habib, and Islam (2021) noted that “Young consumers’ intentions to purchase
recycled and upcycled fashion are influenced by attitudes, social influence, and environmental
knowledge.” These findings align with the study of Prisco, Inturri, and Spampinato (2025), which
demonstrated that “Generat...

Scholars such as Amaral, Almeida, and Andrade (2022) emphasized that “Second-hand clothing supports
garment circularity, offering an alternative to fast fashion while advancing sustainable development.” The
results of Taylor and Francis (2024) also stated that “Rising concerns about responsible consumption
have encouraged retail brands to align with the Sustainable Development Goals, with second-hand
shopping positioned as a sustainable choice.”

According to Dhir, Talwar, Sadiq, Sakashita, and Kaur (2021) in their study Green Apparel Buying
Behaviour: A Stimulus–Organism–Behaviour–Consequence (SOBC) Perspective on Sustainability-
Oriented Consumption in Japan, “The adoption rate of green apparel products in a country like Japan is
low despite high awareness of such products among consumers.” As mentioned by Dangelico, Alvino,
and Fraccascia (2022) in Investigating the Antecedents of Consumer Behavioral Intention for Sustainable
Fashion Produc...

As emphasized by Turunen and Gossen (2024), “Promoting sustainable fashion requires collective action
across the industry, not just second-hand companies.” In the study of Doe and Smith (2023), it was
revealed that “No significant direct effect of environmental attitudes on mindful consumption behavior
was found.” Moon (2024) explained that “The reuse of second-hand clothing through online platforms
has approximately doubled product lifespan compared to new items.”

As stated by Cavallo, Vecchio, and Caracciolo (2024) in Generation Z’s Shopping Behavior in Second-
Hand Brick-and-Mortar Stores: Emotions, Gender Dynamics, and Environmental Awareness, second-
hand purchasing mostly benefits the economy and the environment. Furthermore, 30% more men than
women see economic concerns as the primary motivator. In conclusion, women value environmental
benefits more than men. However, the price was the primary advantage for all sexes. According to Li, Yu,
and Liu (2024) in How...
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In the research of Silva, Pereira, and Oliveira (2024) titled Among Values, Memories, and Experiences:
Investigating the Path of Second-Hand Clothes and the Consumer Experience in Thrift Stores, the study
emphasized that “Consumer behavior in thrift stores is influenced by personal values, nostalgic memories,
and meaningful shopping experiences that shape their perceptions toward second-hand clothing.” As
stated by Elias, Hedge, Yadav, Jain, Jain, and Singhvi (2023) in Impact of Thrifting on Fashion, Teen...

As discussed by Sumod, Mishra, and Rangnekar (2024) in The Rising Trend of Second-Hand Clothing: A
Sustainable Shift in Fashion, “As consumers become more aware of their impact on the environment,
demand for second-hand products will increase, creating new opportunities for designers, retailers, and
changing business models.” Beniulis and Rafijevas (2023) in their study Thrift Stores as Environmental
Solutions: Motivators of Buyers and Donors stated that “All in all, these studies show that thrift stores...

In the research of Rini and Divya (2024) titled Study on Thrifted Garment, it was found that “By
repurposing used goods, thrifting encourages recycling and lowers waste.” According to Amaral and
Spers (2022) in Brazilian Consumer Perceptions Towards Second-Hand Clothes Regarding Covid-19,
“The use of second-hand clothes, sold especially in thrift stores, resurfaces as an alternative to the
circularity of garments, opposing the fast fashion model and contributing to sustainable development in
the fashion ...

As stated by Khusyairi and Adiyani (2025) in Consumption Practices of Thrifting: Cultural Materialism
Analysis of Consumer Perspectives, “The thrifting phenomenon is marked by a huge deviation in the
pattern of consumption, and more particularly, the younger generation is qualified for this category. Part
of a lifestyle, thrifting is more than an economic alternative; it goes a way of being sustainable, stylish,
and being who you are. This phenomenon can also be attributed to the development of digital te...

According to Moitra et al. (2025) in Second Hand Clothing: A Circular Economy Strategy for Sustainable
Consumption, “Demand for second-hand clothing (SHC) will rise as a result of the fast fashion industry's
demarketing. SHC is urgently needed, given the influence the fashion industry has on the economy's
sustainability. Unsustainable conduct has far-reaching effects that negatively impact customers' lives on a
daily basis. The globe will be able to lower its carbon footprint and create a model for a cir...

As discussed by Kiehn and Weller (2019) in Millennials’ Motivations for Shopping Second-Hand
Clothing as Part of a Sustainable Consumption Practice, “The findings reveal various motivations of
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millennials for shopping second-hand clothing and its connection to being a current trend. It is somewhat
influencing millennials that shopping second-hand clothing is a sustainable consumption practice.
However, it is rather motivated to be part of the trend. Environmental concerns do not appear as the
primary mot...

According to Brooks (2025) in The International Second-Hand Clothing Trade: Contributions to

Sustainability and the Circular Economy, “The second-hand clothing trade is pitched as a sustainable
solution by its advocates. However, ultimately it is the reduction in consumption of new clothing in the
first place that remains the only way to transition to sustainability in the fashion sector. While the
international second-hand clothing trade and peer-to-peer retail are often praised for reusing billions of ...

As stated by Hodgkinson and Hoogendoorn (2024) in Thrifting as a Sustainable Form of Fashion

Consumption in South Africa, “For the respondents of this study, the act of thrifting is a means to be
sustainable and minimize consumerist behavior, while for others, thrifting itself is a form of
consumerism. The level of environmental sustainability among thrifters varies significantly.”

According to Landström and Connyson (2024) in Consumers’ Perception of the Pre-Loved Concept in a
Traditional Clothing Store Environment, “Even though questions regarding consumer behavior and
overconsumption arise, pre-loved consumption still appears to be a better choice in terms of sustainability
for the consumer as it prolongs the life of the garment. Despite lingering concerns, embracing pre-loved
items remains a crucial step toward fostering sustainable purchasing habits and mitigating the fashion
ind...

As emphasized by Borusiak et al. (2020) in Towards Building Sustainable Consumption: A Study of

Second-Hand Buying Intentions, “Due to the threat of climate disaster, it is vital to understand customers’
behaviors related to sustainable consumption in order to promote desirable patterns of behavior. Second-
hand buying supports sustainable consumption and represents an activity aligned with environmental
responsibility.”

According to Ilmalhaq et al. (2024) in Indonesian Local Second-Hand Clothing: Mindful Consumption
with Stimulus-Organism-Response (SOR) Model, “Positive word of mouth about local second-hand
clothing on social media influences engagement with fast fashion issues and raises awareness. Sellers and
marketers of local second-hand clothing can encourage consumers to adopt mindful consumption by
promoting reuse and recycling based on environmental benefits to society.”
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Lastly, Klooster et al. (2024) in Do We Save the Environment by Buying Second-Hand Clothes? The
Environmental Impacts of Second-Hand Textile Fashion and the Influence of Consumer Choices stated
that “The impact of items used by only one consumer is higher than the impact of items shared by
primary and secondary users within the same behavior type. For clothing items with high production
impact, opting for second-hand consumption results in substantial reductions in environmental impact.”