("iS.P;:.
;bobiliry~ ,r1b;~
. n ··
A rand om vo n·ab lc X, ho~ th e fo ll o\.,, 1ng rrnhoh il1 ty d, ~trt·b ut ,o
µLt\--\ --== ~~ i
x) / k
0
3k I 5k I
I j
9k
1 1 J
7k
J 4
I Ik
5 --i:-6
13k
Find ( i) k ( ii) p( X : 3) (iii ) p(X-; 2) ( i ...-) p (O < :x 4) ( v) P( 2 5 X ~ 5)
S<)lution : For a random variable Xwe ha ve I, P == I
... k + 3k + 5k + 7k + 9k ~ ll k ~ l 3k =~ 1
.
1.e. 49k -- I ⇒ k = _l
49
X = X 0 1 2 I 3 4 5 6 l
i
9 II 13
P(X = x) I 3
-
5
-49 7
- -49 --49
-
49
-
49 49 I 49
1
(i) k= -
49
(ii) P(X < 3) = P(X = 0) + P(X = I ) + P(X = 2)
I 3 5 9
= 49 + + 49 49 = 49
(iii) P(X ~ 2) = P(X = 2) + P(X = 3) + P(X = 4) + P(X = 5) t- P( X = 6)
(iv) P(O < X < 4) = P(X = I)+ P(X = 2) + P(X = 3)
(v) P(2 ~X~ 5) = P(X = 2) + P(X = 3) + P(X = 4 ) + P(X = 5)
5 7 9 11 32
= 49 + 49 + 49 + 49 = 49
Calculate the Expected value and Variance o f X if X denotes the
number obtained on the uppermost face when a fair di e is thro wn .
S olution : When a fair die is thrown, the sample space is 5 = {1, 2 , 3, 4 , 5, 6 }.
Let X denotes the number obtained on the uppermost face .
.- . X can take values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 .
P(X ::= 1) -= P(X = 2) = P(X = 3) = P(X = 4) = P(X = 5 ) :c; Pt.\' - 6)
I
- 6
The probabil ity di s tribution
X :: x
1
l
l
7,
11 B .
2 J. J
1~
I l
5 , -
]·
(>
+ ~- 7-- ]
Total 1
.
P(X = x) 1
L--- --- -6 6 6 - ~~-J__ 6 - --- - 6_ ____
-------------.i(@,____________
21 7
xi'p,.
-
l 2
-
3
-
4
- -5 -6 -=-
6 2
6 6 6 6 6 6
x,.1 .p,
-
I 4
-
9
- -166 -256 -36 -91
6 6 6 6 6
n 7
(i) Expected Value= E(X) = Lx"P; = 2 = 3 ·5
i= I
2
(ii) Variance= V(X) = E(X ) - [E(X)]2
2
=t,x,',p, -(t,x,,p,)
= I_(H9 ~ =9~_
6
182-147
- 12
:. "vanance
.
= V(X) = 35
= 2.9167
12
Ex. (3). A discrete random variable X takes the values -1, 0 and 2 with the
1 1 1
probabilities 4' 2' 4 respectively. Find V(X) and Standard Deviation.
Solution : Given that the random variable Xtakes the values -1, 0 and 2.
. prob ab·1· . are 1 , 1 , 1
The correspondmg 1 1t1es
424.
1 1 1
P(-1) =
4 , P(O) = 2 and P(2) = 4
Given data can be tabulated as follows
X=x -1 0 2 Total
P(X = x) 1 1 1 1
- - -
4 2 4
-----z-
\ 0 \ \
X;P;
x2ipi _L. __Q _
- -::;-
__\._ _
-~
~,.,, -
.
_,/__J
(i) Variance= V(X) = E(X2) - [E(X)]2
=
n
~X,-
2 ( n
P;.,... ~X;P;)
y
-
- -- - (- -)2
=-
. ----=--. 2
(ii) StQndard Deviation= cr = ✓V(X) =
E x. (4) The p. d. f. of X, find P(X < 1) and P(IXI< 1) where
2
/ ( x) = x + if -2 < x < 4.
18
=0 otherwise.
Solution : Given that th
r , e p. d. f. of Xis
/(x)=~
18 if -2 < X < 4
== 0 otherwise.
I
(i) P(X < 1) == J/( x )dx
-2
I
==f 1.+ q_ dx
-2 \ \
== 1~ f 711.~ .... ) dx
2 ( ••
- _!_[(.:X1?:: .)2 ]I
- 18 2-
I
-2
= 316[ (.."t:?.c .)'
= _l [~ - .\..] = .i_ = =
l 36 36 52.. Q ·<)_.'2...
......... .
(i) P(IXI< l)=P(-l< X< 1)
= J'
-I
1.t'L dx
I~
= J_ Jl (.,~.1l'l..
fll
..... )dx
18 -)
- J_ [c..?!.i?:-)2 ]l
- 18 2-
-i
= _l [( ~f?:: )2 ]'
36 -I
_ _I '3 _\ = _j_ _ ~ _ 0
-36[ .......... ] 36-~ - ......•Q_,2
..
.
Ex. (5). A random variable Xhas the following probability distribution :
f P07 ~ X) I ~ I ! I ikI ;kl ~ I ~ I 2~ 17/ + kI
Find (i) k (ii) P(X < 3) (iii) P(X > 6) (iv) P(O < X < 3) (v) P(2 ~ X ~4)
Solution (D ~i~c~t~ i~ ·-··· f-P.· ... ..... .?+ ror .2-~.:t~K +'.,~.:+KL
. : ~(1'-::o) ~.f.l.~_
~).j-_~J~~J) ........ .....~.·. . ~.~-~- -\ ~k -:: 1-
t
··•···.........._·: .. }: p(ll) .~f (t =4)°:.l.....................~ -i.t.~ 1 .1< 1--± ~ . ~ . '.L. .... .... .
·
. ...f {)(i~~ •. •\ P(~Tfl)t P( 1 ~s)................:. ·...10 g ~ ~~· i::-::i::-•~·.: : : :: :::.
,,.,. ~•··r(i'z 6) +P(?l::1) ::L -' · \() ~t- +l o\c- - ~ -I :: a
--- --- --- -c@~- --- --- --
.· . lo I< ( k +I) -\ ( k +l) -:: c @ ~ ( ot· 1'. L?:J)
:; fl·it ·k -- 1·) Ck+I.) -:: ·O ·~ .PTi ~i') +·r-c~ ~i ·
... . , .. .. . . •· · · ·· · ··· · • • " ' ' ' ' ' ' , ,,,
•. IO\< - \ ==O O'( \(.t\-::D
. ·· · · ··· · · .
\O I( ::: _1. 01 J<_ .:: -i_
1~~-A-·.. ;. ·~~"~{ .... . . ~
~
..f ck=1 •,;t••~o~.••p sibk······· ······ ·· ····~·:~:It:::=\)+·rc~~4) O
\ . .!J/' .P(°"✓ <":l...). .. .. .. .
.. A..-...v . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . . --··· -·-· ··-··- · --
~ .P .(~~~.o}J.P (~.c:.l)j- rc~.~'l) . ... . . .. :: +
2-\L 1-~. j .~ ~ ...... . .
~ 0 -+ Jc_ + 2.. k. . ,.,.
::<3'lC.. :::·•~ .. ."( .. .•~·•.. ·\c.. ..:: ~)' · · · · ... ..... · ···· ..':..... .. ......
1 .._ .. ......... ..... ... .. .... . J_ ..... ..... .
@ · Pc 1t'> ~) .·:o·..r cx 1) ............................ . .... -= ... e ¼. L.-:.._ 1<:_.:cc... 1°) ...... .
-=- '=f-- k 'L- +k.
··· · · ·· · · · · ·· · · · · · · ·· · ··· · ·· · ·· · ·· · . , .. . . .... . . . . .. . .. . ····· ······ ···· ···· ······· ···· ·· · ·· ··· ··· ·· ·· ·· ··· ·· ···· ·· ···· ·· ····
.:. . . ~~ ... .1o.o.~.+....c:•.·t~ ~~ to .)... ....... ..... ... · ············· ················ · · · ···········
.... ::. .. _1-_ .. ·+· _Io_ .... ~ . l 1-.... .. ... . ... . .. . ....... ......... ......... .. .. ... . ............ .
\oo \oo loo
Ex. ( 6). The p. m. f. of a random variable Xis as follows :
X= X 1 2 3 4
1 4 9 16
P(x) - - - -
30 30 30 30
Find Mean and the Variance.
Solution · 1..: 1.I
11 Pl
I
· · · · · ··· · ··· · . . . · · ·t · ·· · · ·· · · •··· · ·· · · · · · · · · · · · •- """ ···· ··· ·J_····· ·· ···· ·'1.····· ······ · . ..... i ...... .......
:!:,O "30 30
. . . ... . .... ..... . _. g . ...... . . . . ... . . '8 .... .. .. ... .. .. .. ............. .... .. .. ...... .. .. ... .
2- ~o - ~ 1(;
.. . .. .. .... ... "" . .. .. . .... ... . .. .... . ... .. ... .. .... .. ... ,., .. ~c:>., .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. ......... . ... .. .... :3.Q.. .. .. . .. .
3 -S ~ . 9 ~I
··• ·. •····· ·~ ·~· · ·· · · ·· · · · ··· ···· · ·· ·· ··~~...... . ··· ·.······· ·· •··· •·· ·· .... ... ~ •··· ··· ·• ··
~.
7
.J_!__
~o
c:-5 •
\ ,r ., C'." 6
~ -
·· ·· ·· · · ····• ····· ·· ·· · ···· ···· ··· I ··· •·• ···· ~~ .. . .. . . . ··· ····· ··· · ··• · ·· ·· ·· •·· · ·· · ••'¢0 .... . .. . .
;.·~.. 'tt . ·. ;. ·
r ·~,Pr . ··~. · ·, ~ ~ ~~ s·s. . . · . ·. . · · ···. .... ·····.... .
~o @i-i-------------
I: fYi'Lpl. A .::::. ss
s
···· · ·· ·· · · ··
····· ... ~E!Cll) "' t~ip i ;_· 1~ ..·~i, 33 .... . ......... ..... ········
..... . ·· ·· ·· \IQ~~~~ \l()l ) . . t (ii}~ tf(;(_) j'L
········
' ••········ ········· · ········•· ····· .... . . ·· ··· · ·· ····· ·· ·· · ··· · · · · · ·· ·· · · · · ·
t.~r2-p, - [ '[?.i pi J'L
. . . ..
............................ ..... ........ ........ = ·· · ·
· ·· · · ··· · ··· · · · · · · · ···YC1l) · · ·· · • ; ·~ ·• •I'!j'2_ · · · · ••• . .• . •. •. . .•.••.•. · · ··.•···.• ·
··· ····· ··········· ··· ······· ···· ··· ·· \J .r.~) _ so \oo
\:, ·I\. ·· ·· · ···•• --.- , .. , ---"-::l= - ·- · ·· ·~ -
.. ·· ·· · ·· ···· ·· · . ···· · ···· ·· s .!\
\J (i.) _· . ·.s~·,·~ .so·c;·· ·················· ··· ············ ···•· ·· ••·· ···
.. . .. .. . ····· ········ · /.~
. . . . . . .. ... .. .. .. . .. . . .. . . ....... ....... . . ... '-:1 . ~ . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . ...... . .... . ...... . .. . . .. . . . . .. .... . . ... .
.. ..... ....... "' """)
·· · ···· ·· ········ · · · ··· ·· · \... "-. ... ··· · ··- - ~1 rQ
.. - · ···- · ··· 0 ''?.- ,l.. ... ... .. . . ....... . ·· ···· · · ·· · ·· ····· •····
4S
Ex. (7). From a survey of 20 families in a society, the following data was
obta ined : '
No. of children 0 1 2 3 4
No. of families ' 5 I ' 11 2 0 2
For the random variable X = number of children in a randomly
chosen family, Find E(X) and V(X).
Solution : ... .. ..
~ ~ P(i.) 'l\ p\ 1_1 '2.-pi
.0 s slcis 0 o ·
\ 11 t\l?.0 \\11.0 . \\lw
· ··· · ··· ·· · · ······ ·· ·····
·· ···· ···· ··· ······· · ····
'l. '2... <2 \'lb <tho ~ 1'2..o
~ 0 0 0 0
····· ·· ···· ··· ··· ·· · ·•· ·
4 2- 1.\w ~ I'2£> (bQ/20
. , .. , . ··· ········ ·
·· · · ······
• r
'z
•• • • •
...
N=20 <2.5 lio s, I '2D
.. ··· ···· . .~~!~. ....~..\~) ....~... ?t.'.P.i... ......... . ... . ..•·•····· ........ .......... . ·•···. ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .
'7 Q..~ 1'2£> , ~ 'A jrt.p i :: G l
,.,... · · ··· . ....... ... ····· ······ · ·· ···· ······· ····· ·· ··· · ·· ··· · · · · · ···
- \· \ s . ... ... .. .. .. ... .... ... .. .. ..... .... ')()·· ··
V
\J(--x.) ~ ~'X itz._p ; - [2...1tipiJ'L "
~ ~ -~ ]{_
- S'Lg
::: _8. . .\. ······
.. . . . .. , . .. '
<900
- 102..0 - £28
...?{oo .. . ... ..4cc . .. .... .. ..
.. .-. ..... I c '2-o - 5'2-3 . .... .~... ~ ~ l .. ..... . .. . ... .. . ....... .. ... .
<9oc, ~00
········ I\J(1l) - . \. 2-'L~S j .· · · ······ · · · · .
Ex. (8). Find the c.d.f. F(X) associated with the following [Link]{x) :
f{x) = l 2x 2(1 - x) for O < x < I
=0 otherwise.
I I
Solution ~;;~:nfc;,(r:<;/t\Tng~.d.f~L~:-~~.<.\):i~3 . P·d•f
:A
:. c-d. P rs "f•v. p( 1/~ <t<1:'J: J f cx)dx.,
.•• (c1) •~••• r frt).cii~•r•F(x).d~+tf(~) • ••••••• p (• 11~•;~ •<l12); . Jj;1;i(1-1') dx
::··trxJcJ11i"{,~i)di ················· ············ ········ ·· ·· ···=o ~x+·- xt-(-1xk'!,?(TJ 3
(_;'L_:,._:-, )J1.······· ················· ······ ·····; ·sr,,··:.·3114··:.:·~,~;·~··· 112.1-
0
········ ···· ~·· 1q_ ·
: i(~) ;f ~t')(_i ~ ~ ~ ... . ~ ~ ili1- ; Eti, - ,; S/ji;, j
..... ····· .. .. ...~. . ~. J.&·· ..... .. .. . . ·· ···- ··· .. -
5S... :-.. 1., . ..... ···• ······· ... ········
,~~
........... ·········;.··iil4?t~2-~')l-'1J:·······•···•··· ····::··· pp13 cx.< 1/f)usi·os c,J.t
Fl~) ~ [4;_;,~~;~i ·· f' tti3 ~ex.<ot/i); fUA)~r1 13) 1
· · ·· · · · ·; ·~;~~;~~.i~~·o) . . . · ·• · · · · · · · ···· ··~·~fxl ~·ixii·~c~~t"t-'37({-J .. . . . .. . . .. ········
. . .. . . ............. , ... ,, .... . . . . . ·• . .. .. . . . .. . , •• ·· ·
1z- .--~
,, , ., ,. ,
' , , ,, . ..
re~) ==- ~x~- 'o?t ~ - © ==
·· · ·• · · ··· · · ···· .. •·· ... ... . ........ .... ..... 1 ..
- £
1,
-+ -:½i-
'.'2.4 ... ... . .. ..
-:: .._5 - ~ ':: ~
\~ ~--;t.. tc;~
j Sign of Teacher : p (I/~< 1< l/1..) :: 12.-~ - 0.'l.0\3·
''1 ~
--- --- --- --@~- --- --- ---