Chapter 13
VECTOR ANALYSIS
CONTENT
Vector field
Divergence and curl
Line integrals
Green’s theorem
Surface integrals
Stokes’ theorem
Divergence theorem
13.2 LINE INTEGRALS
LINE INTEGRALS DEFINITION
FORMULA FOR LINE INTEGRALS
For functions of three variables
For functions of two variables
Recall that the arc length is
b b
l = ds = r '(t ) dt = x '(t ) + y '(t ) + z '(t ) dt
2 2 2
C a a
INTERPRETATION OF LINE INTEGRALS
You can think of the result of a line integral of a
function f(x,y) over a curve C as the area of a fence
built on a curve C. The height of the fence varies and
is given by the function f(x,y).
f(x,y)
Curve C
EXAMPLE
Apply the definition of line integrals
x zds = (cos t ) (sin t ) − sin t + 2 + cos t dt
2 2 2 2 2
C 0
u=cost
= 5 (cos t ) (sin t ) dt
2
du=-sint dt
0
= 5 −u 2 du
u3 (cos t )3 2 5
=− 5 =− 5 0 =
3 3 3
EXAMPLE
Evaluate the line integral (2 xy 3 ) ds along the cirle x 2 + y 2 = 4
C
in the first quadrant.
The cirle x 2 + y 2 = 4 in the first quadrant can be parameterized as
x = 2cos t , y = 2sin t , t 0, / 2
Apply the definition of line integrals
= −2sin t + 2cos t dt
3 3 2 2
2 xy ds 2(2cos t )(2sin t )
C 0
/2
u=sint
= 64 cos t (sin t )3 dt
du=cost dt
0
= 64 u 3 du
/2
= 16u 4 = 16(sin t ) 4 0 = 16
LINE INTEGRAL OF A VECTOR FIELD
If work is done by a constant force F along a line, then
W = Fd
If work is done along a curve and the force F varies, we must
divide the curve into smaller curves and find the work done on
each smaller curve. The sum of all these terms yields the line
integrals.
b
W = F dr = F Tds = F ( x (t ), y (t ), z (t )) r '(t )dt
C C a
where T is the tangent vector of the given curve.
EXAMPLE
By the definition of line integral of a vector field,
b
F dr = F ( x(t ), y(t ), z (t )) r '(t )dt
C a
1
= (2t ) 2 − t 2 , 2(2t )t , −(t 2 ) 2 2t , 2,1 dt
0
1
= (6t 3 + 8t 2 − t 4 )dt
0
t4 t3 t5 119
= 6 +8 − 1
0 =
4 3 5 30
EXAMPLE
Determine the work done by the force field F ( x, y ) = − y, x
along y = x 2 − 2 from (0,-2) to (2,2).
The given curve can be parameterized as
x = t , y = t 2 − 2, t [0, 2]
By the definition of line integral of a vector field,
b
F dr = F ( x(t ), y(t ), z (t )) r '(t )dt
C a
2
= −t 2 + 2, t 1, 2t dt
0
2
= (2 − t 2 + 2 t 2 ) dt
0
t3 20
= 2t + 2
0 =
3 3
DIFFERENTIAL FORM OF LINE INTEGRALS
Line integrals can be written in differential form. Suppose
F (r (t )) = P, Q, R , then
b b
F dr = F (r (t )) r '(t )dt =
C a a
P, Q, R x '(t ), y '(t ), z '(t ) dt
dx dz
b
dy
= P + Q + R dt
a
dt dt dt
b
= ( Pdx + Qdy + Rdz )
a
EXAMPLE
Evaluate the line integral ydx + z 2 dy + xdz along the curve
C
r (t ) = 2t , t 2 , t in the interval 0 t 4.
By the definition of line integral of a vector field,
b
F dr = F ( x(t ), y(t ), z (t )) r '(t )dt
C a
( )
4
2 1
= t (2dt ) +
2
t (2tdt ) + 2t dt
0 2 t
4
= (2t 2 + 2t 2 + t )dt
0
t 3 2 3/2 272
=4 + t 4
0 =
3 3 3