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Cell structure Function
Where enzymes and other proteins are made. Location of reactions
Cytoplasm in anaerobic respiration.
Contains DNA which carries the genetic code for making enzymes
and other proteins used in chemical reactions such as photosynthesis
Nucleus and respiration.
Allows gases and water to diffuse freely into and out of the cell.
Cell membrane Controls the transport of other molecules.
Mitochondrion (plural is Contains enzymes for the reactions in aerobic respiration (in
mitochondria) animals, plants and yeast).
Ribosome Where amino acids are joined together to make a protein.
Contains the green pigment, chlorophyll, which absorbs light for
Chloroplast photosynthesis, and the enzymes needed for photosynthesis.
Made from cellulose fibres. Strengthens the cell and supports the
Cell wall plant.
Vacuole Filled with cell sap to help support the cell.
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Plant Cell Division
1. Types of Cell Division:
o Mitosis: This is the process of cell division that results in two genetically
identical daughter cells. It is essential for growth, tissue repair, and asexual
reproduction. Mitosis consists of several phases: prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis.
o Meiosis: This is a specialized form of cell division that occurs in the formation
of gametes (sperm and eggs). It reduces the chromosome number by half,
resulting in four non-identical daughter cells, each with half the genetic
material of the parent cell.
2. Phases of Mitosis:
o Prophase: Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes, and the nuclear
envelope begins to break down.
o Metaphase: Chromosomes align at the cell's equatorial plane.
o Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
o Telophase: Nuclear envelopes reform around each set of chromosomes, which
de-condense back into chromatin.
o Cytokinesis: The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate cells.
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Plant Growth
1. Types of Growth:
o Primary Growth: This occurs at the tips of roots and stems, leading to an
increase in length. It is facilitated by apical meristems, regions of
undifferentiated cells capable of continuous division.
o Secondary Growth: This involves the thickening of stems and roots and is
associated with the vascular cambium and cork cambium. Secondary growth is
more prominent in woody plants.
2. Cell Growth:
o Plant cells grow by absorbing water, which increases turgor pressure and
expands the cell wall. Cell wall components such as cellulose and
hemicellulose are synthesized and deposited to strengthen the cell.
3. Hormonal Regulation:
Plant growth is regulated by hormones such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, and abscisic
acid. These hormones influence various growth processes, including cell elongation, division,
and differentiation.
Auxins stimulate cell elongation and are involved in processes like phototropism (growth
toward light); Gibberellins promote stem elongation and seed germination; Cytokinins
promote cell division and can influence leaf expansion.
4. Environmental Conditions: Light, water, temperature, and nutrients are critical for
optimal growth. Plants respond to these conditions through processes like
phototropism (growth toward light) and gravitropism (growth in response to gravity).
Plant Replication
Plant replication refers to the processes through which plants reproduce and create new
individuals. This can occur through both sexual and asexual reproduction:
1. Sexual Reproduction: This involves the formation of seeds through the fertilization
of ovules by pollen. The process includes:
o Pollination: Transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma.
o Fertilization: Fusion of male and female gametes.
o Seed Development: Formation of seeds that contain the genetic material from
both parent plants.
2. Asexual Reproduction: Plants can also reproduce without the formation of seeds
through methods such as:
o Vegetative Propagation: Involves the growth of new plants from parts of the
parent plant (e.g., roots, stems, leaves).
o Cloning: Many plants can regenerate from cuttings, tubers, or bulbs.
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STRUCTURE OF A SEED
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STRUCTURE OF A ROOT
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LONGITUDINAL SECTION OF A ROOT
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STRUCTURE OF A STEM
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LEAF STRUCTURE:
Monocot Leaves:
• Veins: Monocot leaves typically have parallel venation, where the veins run
parallel to each other throughout the leaf.
• Stomata: Stomata are usually scattered across the leaf surface without a
specific arrangement.
• Leaf Margin: Monocot leaves often have entire (smooth) leaf margins.
Dicot Leaves:
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Veins: Dicot leaves commonly exhibit reticulate venation, forming a
branching network of veins across the leaf.
• Stomata: Stomata are usually present on the lower surface of the leaf, and
their distribution may follow a more organized pattern.
• Leaf Margin: Dicot leaves can have various margin types, including entire,
serrate, or lobed margins.
DIFFERENCES:
Venation Pattern: Monocot: Parallel venation. Dicot: Reticulate (branched) venation.
Stomatal Arrangement: Monocot: Scattered stomata without a specific arrangement.
Dicot: Stomata may be more organized, often found on the lower leaf surface.
Leaf Margin: Monocot: Usually entire (smooth) leaf margins. Dicot: Can have various
margin types, including entire, serrate, or lobed margins.
Vascular Bundles: Monocot: Vascular bundles are scattered throughout the stem.
Dicot: Vascular bundles are arranged in a ring.
Examples: Monocot: Grasses (e.g., wheat, rice), lilies. Dicot: Roses, sunflowers, maple trees.
Cotyledon Number:
• Monocot: Typically have one cotyledon (seed leaf).
• Dicot: Typically have two cotyledons.
Flower Parts:
• Monocot: Floral parts usually in multiples of three (e.g., petals in sets of
three).
• Dicot: Floral parts usually in multiples of four or five.
Growth:
• Monocot: Typically exhibit a more uniform growth pattern, with leaves
emerging one at a time from the base.
• Dicot: May exhibit branching and a more varied growth pattern.
Examples:
Monocot Leaves Examples:
• Wheat, rice, lilies, grasses.
Dicot Leaves Examples:
• Roses, sunflowers, maple trees, beans.
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DICOT
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MONOCOT
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DICOT
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MAIZE FLOWER
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STRUCTURE OF A BEAN FLOWER
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