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Understanding Fever of Unknown Origin

The document outlines the definitions and classifications of Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO), including Classic, Nosocomial, Immune-deficient, and HIV-associated FUO, along with common etiologies such as infections, malignancies, and inflammatory causes. It details a diagnostic approach involving history, physical examination, laboratory testing, and imaging, followed by specific second and third-line tests based on suspected diagnoses. Treatment recommendations include discontinuing unnecessary medications, watchful waiting for clinically stable patients, and cautious use of empiric therapy in certain cases.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
6 views6 pages

Understanding Fever of Unknown Origin

The document outlines the definitions and classifications of Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO), including Classic, Nosocomial, Immune-deficient, and HIV-associated FUO, along with common etiologies such as infections, malignancies, and inflammatory causes. It details a diagnostic approach involving history, physical examination, laboratory testing, and imaging, followed by specific second and third-line tests based on suspected diagnoses. Treatment recommendations include discontinuing unnecessary medications, watchful waiting for clinically stable patients, and cautious use of empiric therapy in certain cases.

Uploaded by

aarnaliaa44
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Approach to Fever of Unknown Origin

Definition& Classification:1,2

Definitions: Common Etiologies:


A. Classic FUO: Infection (especially TB, endocarditis,
(1) Daily or intermittent fever > 38.3 °C osteomyelitis, intra-abdominal abscess),
malignancy (especially lymphoma, renal
(2) Duration of at least 3 consecutive weeks cell carcinoma, hepatocellular), collagen
(3) No source identified by clinical evaluation vascular disease
despite: a.) 3 days of hospital evaluation
OR

b.) 3 outpatient visits


B. Nosocomial FUO: Clostridium difficile colitis, drug-induced
(1) Daily or intermittent fever > 38.3 °C fever, alcohol/drug withdrawal,
pulmonary embolism, septic
(2) Hospitalized ≥ 24 hours with no fever on thrombophlebitis, sinusitis, acalculus
admission cholecystitis, pancreatitis
(3) Fever evaluation of at least 3 days
C. Immune-deficient FUO: Opportunistic bacterial infections,
(1) Daily or intermittent fever > 38.3 °C aspergillosis, candidiasis, herpes virus

(2) ANC < 500/mm3


(3) No diagnosis after 3 days of appropriate in-hospital
investigation
D. HIV-associated FUO: Cytomegalovirus, Mycobacterium avium-
(1) Daily or intermittent fever > 38.3 °C intracellulare complex, Pneumocystis
jiroveckii pneumonia, drug-induced,
(2) confirmed HIV infection
Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma
(3) fever duration > 3 weeks for outpatients and > 3
days for inpatients

Etiology2,3
1) Infectious Causes of FUO :
 Tuberculosis (TB) Organ-based infectious causes Tickborne infections: Regional infections:
of FUO: o Babesiosis,
 Abdomino-pelvic o Histoplasmosis
o Subacute bacterial
abscesses Ehrlichiosis
endocarditis (SBE) o Coccidioidomycosis
 Brucellosis o Anaplasmosis
o Chronic sinusitis/mastoiditis o Leptospirosis
 HIV infection o Tickborne relapsing
 Hepatitis A-E o Visceral
 Epstein-Barr virus o Chronic prostatitis fever (rodent- leishmaniasis
(EBV) infection o Discitis infested cabins) o Rat-bite fever
 Cytomegalovirus Vascular graft infections
o o Louse-borne
(CMV)
o Whipple disease relapsing fever
 Cat scratch disease
(CSD) o Multicentric Castleman
 Enteric (typhoid) disease (MCD)
fever
o Cholangitis,Cholecystitis,Em
 Toxoplasmosis
pyema gallbladder
 SARS COVID 19
 Malaria o Lymphogranuloma venereum
 Q fever (LGV)

2) Malignant Causes of FUO 3) Inflammatory Causes of FUO 4) Miscellaneous Causes of FUO


 Lymphoma  Giant cell (temporal) arteritis  Complications from cirrhosis
 Renal cell carcinoma  Adult Still disease (juvenile
 Hepatitis (alcoholic,
 Myeloproliferative disorder rheumatoid arthritis) granulomatous, or lupoid)
 Acute myelogenous  Systemic lupus
 Drug fever
leukemia erythematosus (SLE)
 Multiple myeloma  Periarteritis
 Thyroiditis
 Breast/liver/pancreatic/colon nodosa/microscopic  Crohn disease
cancer polyangiitis (PAN/MPA)  Pulmonary emboli
 Atrial myxoma  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)  Hypothalamic syndrome
 Metastases to brain/liver  Antiphospholipid syndrome  Familial periodic fever
 Malignant histiocytosis (APS) syndromes
 Gout
 Cyclic neutropenia
 Pseudogout
 Factitious fever
 Behçet disease
 Sarcoidosis
 Felty syndrome
 Takayasu arteritis
 Kikuchi disease
 Periodic fever adenitis
pharyngitis aphthous ulcer
(PFAPA) syndrome

Agents Commonly Associated with Drug-Induced Fever


o Allopurinol o Isoniazid
o Captopril o Meperidine
o Cimetidine o Methyldopa
o Clofibrate o Nifedipine
o Erythromycin o Nitrofurantoin
o Heparin o Penicillin
o Hydralazine o Phenytoin
o Hydrochlorothiazide o Procainamide
o Quinidine

Diagnostic approach1,2

Step1: History and Physical Examination:


I. Important Aspects of History
 Family history
 Immunization history
 Occupational history
 Travel history
 Nutrition and weight history
 Drug history (over-the-counter medications, illicit substances)
 Sexual history
 Recreational habits
 Animal contacts
 Surgery, trauma, or procedures

II. Fever Patterns


 Fevers should be verified in a clinical setting, and fever patterns should be analyzed. Fever pattern analysis
can provide additional clues to specific infectious culprits.
 Tertian or quartan fever in prolonged malaria (occurring every third or fourth day)
 Undulant fever in brucellosis (fevers and sweats in the evening, resolving by morning)
 Tick-borne relapsing fever in borreliosis (week-long fevers with week-long remissions)
 Pel-Ebstein fever in Hodgkin disease (week-long high fevers with week-long remissions)
 Periodic fevers in cyclic neutropenia
 Double quotidian fever (two fever spikes a day) in adult Still disease, malaria, and typhoid, miliary
TB, or visceral leishmaniasis
 Morning temperature spikes seen in miliary TB, typhoid/enteric fever, Whipple’s disease
 Faget sign (relative bradycardia with fever) seen in typhoid, malaria, babesiosis, ehrlichiosis, yellow
fever, Q fever
III. Careful assessment for lesions on the skin, lesions in the oropharynx, teeth (dental abscesses),
visceromegalies, lymph node enlargement, pelvic and abdominal masses or heart murmurs.

IV. Fundoscopy must be performed whenever possible.


 If an infectious etiology is likely,
 Ask about: Prior invasive procedures/surgeries, dentition, TB exposure, pet contacts, mosquito/tick bites,
rodent exposure, history of blood transfusions, and immunosuppressive drugs.
History & Physical Exam Finding Clinical Correlate
A. History clues
A previous history of abdominal surgery, trauma, Intraabdominal abscess, perinephric abscess, psoas
or a history of peritonitis, endoscopy, urologic or abscess
gynecologic procedures.
A history of exposure to unpasteurized dairy May suggest brucellosis, Q fever, Yersinia
enterocolitica.
Exposure to birds Chlamydia psittaci infection.
Travelers and sexual encounters without barrier Consider HIV, disseminated gonorrhea
precautions.
B. Physical Exam
A new heart murmur Bacterial endocarditis
Spinal tenderness Vertebral osteomyelitis
Splenomegaly Miliary TB, epstein-barr virus (EBV), and
cytomegalovirus (CMV)
 If malignant etiology is likely,
 Ask about: Unintentional weight loss, age-appropriate cancer screening, family history of cancer, smoking, and
alcohol use.
Physical Exam Finding Clinical Correlate
Relative bradycardia Lymphoma, central nervous system (CNS) malignancy
New heart murmur Atrial myxoma
Sternal tenderness Myeloproliferative disorder
Isolated hepatomegaly Hepatoma or liver metastases
 If rheumatologic disorder is likely,
 Ask about: muscle and joint pain/stiffness, oral ulcers, and family history of autoimmune conditions.
 Rheumatologic etiology of FUO is less likely if a patient reports symptoms of rigors or chills.
 Fever distribution analysis could differentiate periarteritis nodosa (morning fevers) vs. adult Still disease
(double quotidian).
 Hepatomegaly without splenomegaly argues against rheumatologic disorders.
Physical Exam Finding Clinical Correlate
Oral ulcers Behcet disease, systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE]
Unequal pulses Takayasu arteritis
Lymphadenopathy SLE, RA, sarcoidosis
Rashes Sarcoidosis, SLE, adult Still disease
Epididymal nodule Periarteritis nodosa, SLE, and sarcoidosis

Step 2: First line testing (non-specific):


Laboratory Testing:
 Complete blood count with differential
 Routine blood chemistries, including liver enzymes and bilirubin
 Urine analysis with microscopy and urine culture
 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) &C-reactive protein (CRP)
 Three sets of blood cultures (from different sites, several hours apart, and prior to initiation of antibiotic
therapy)
 Tuberculin skin test or interferon-gamma release assay
Imaging
Chest radiograph, abdominal-pelvic ultrasound
 If the above laboratory work-up is negative, obtain a CT of chest, abdomen and pelvis with po/iv contrast

 Step 3: If certain diagnosis is suspected :


A. If an infectious disease is suspected:
 Second-Line Tests: Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), sputum culture for AFB, HIV immunoassay,
Hepatitis A, B, and C serologies, RPR, ASO titer, serology for CMV, EBV or Brucellosis.
 Third-Line Tests: Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), lumbar puncture(LP), Sinus CT, Gallium scan
or FDG-PET/CT
B. If a non-hematologic malignancy is suspected:
 Second-Line Tests: Mammography, Chest CT with contrast, Abdomen and pelvis CT with contrast,

Endoscopy, Bone Scan, Gallium Scan or FDG-PET/CT.


 Third-Line Tests: MRI of the brain, Lymph node biopsy, Skin lesion biopsy, Liver biopsy, Endoscopic
biopsy, Exploratory Laparoscopy.
C. If a hematologic malignancy is suspected:
 Second-Line Tests: Peripheral smear, serum protein electrophoresis.
 Third-Line Tests: Bone marrow biopsy
D. If a rheumatologic disease is suspected:
 Second-Line Tests: RF, ANA, cryoglobulin, ferritin
 Third-Line Tests: Temporal artery biopsy, Lymph node biopsy
E. Venous Doppler studies should be obtained in relevant patients.
Treatment
 Discontinue unnecessary medications.
 If no source identified after extensive investigation, then watchful waiting is reasonable for patients who are
clinically well.
 Empiric therapy with antibiotics or corticosteroids is discouraged, unless patient is clinically declining,
immunocompromised, or a potentially rapidly progressive diagnosis is strongly suspected (e.g., subacute
bacterial endocarditis with peripheral manifestations, miliary tuberculosis awaiting biopsy results, giant cell
arteritis).
 Consider antipyretics if the patient has associated symptoms (headache, arthralgia, myalgia), although they
may alter fever patterns.

References:

[Link] DH. Approach to the adult with fever of unknown origin. UpToDate, Basow, DS (Ed), UpToDate, Waltham, MA.
2023.
[Link] I, Finnigan NA. Fever of Unknown Origin. [Updated 2023 Aug 14]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL):
StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan-. Available from: [Link]
[Link] DH, Weller PF, Thorner AR. Etiologies of fever of unknown origin in adults. Monografía en Internet]. Walthman
(MA): UpToDate. 2023.

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