LESSON-12-MEASUREMENT AND MOTION
Transportation
A way of moving people and things from one place to another.
Physical Quantity
Any quantity that can be measured is called a physical quantity.
Eg: length, weight, volume.
Standard unit
A standard unit is a standard measure that remains the same whenever, wherever and by
whomever it is used.
Quantity SI unit Symbols
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Temperature Kelvin K
Time second s
Light year
The distance travelled by light in one year.
Parallax error
An error can occur due to the wrong position of the eye while taking a reading is called
parallax error.
Motion
A body change its position with respect to time and surroundings is called motion.
Stationary(Rest)
A body does not change its position with respect to time and surroundings is called rest.
Types of motion
1. Translatory Motion
If an object move as a whole so that every part of the object moves through the same
distance in a given period of time.
Eg: A car moving down a road
A person walking on the ground
Translatory motion can be two types
a) Rectilinear motion
If an object moves in a straight line, its motion is said to be rectilinear.
Eg: a car moving along a straight line
b) Curvilinear
If an object moves along a curved line, the motion is said to be curvilinear.
Eg: an athlete run along a curved path.
2. Rotational and circular motion
● When the motion of an object is around a fixed point that is inside the object is called
rotational motion.
Eg: The rotation of earth around its axis
● When the motion of an object is around a fixed point that is outside the object is called
circular motion.
Eg: the revolution of earth around the sun
3. Oscillatory or Vibratory motion
When a body moves to and fro about a fixed point, it is said to be in Oscillatory motion or
Vibratory motion.
Eg: the movement of a swing
4. Repetitive and periodic motion
If the same motion occurs again and again, it is said to be repetitive motion.
Repetitive motion can be two types
a) Periodic motion: A repetitive motion that takes place at equal intervals of time is called
Periodic motion.
Eg: Oscillation of a pendulum
b) Non- Periodic motion: A repetitive motion that does not take place at equal intervals of
time is called Non-periodic motion
Eg: beating a drum
4. Multiple motion
Some movements show more than one motion is called multiple motion.
Eg: movement of earth, a ball moves along a straight line.
Answer the following
1. Name the appropriate unit for measuring the following.
i) The thickness of a cardboard sheet
ii) The distance between stars
iii) The length of a pencil
iv) The length and breadth of a room
Ans) i) millimetre ii) Light year iii) Centimetre
iv) Metre
2. Why is it essential to have a standard system of unit?
Ans) A standard system of units is used for the sake of uniformity and to avoid confusion. This
system is accepted by the scientists all over the world.
3. What are the common errors that may arise while measuring with a meter scale?
Ans) Three possible errors can arise,
a. If the meter scale is not placed exactly along the length being measured, we will get a
wrong reading.
b. An error can occur due to the wrong position of the eye while taking a reading .This error
is called parallax error.
c. The portion of the meter scale near the mark that represent zero may be worn out. This
will cause an error while measuring the length.
4. What are the different rules to be followed while writing units?
Ans) a) Every measurement involves a number and a unit. Eg:-10m, 36.5kg
b) For making large measurements, multiples of standard units are used. For making
small measurements, sub multiples of standard units are used.
c) Symbols for units of quantities are written with a small letter. Eg: - m,kg
d) Symbols for units derived from the names of scientists are written in capital [Link]:-
K, 0C
e) Symbols are not followed by a full stop.
f) Symbols are not used in the plural. When units are spelt out, plurals are used.
Eg:- We write 60cm but 60 centimetres.