Grace
● Parts of the atom, their location and charge
● Using the periodic table (knowing the groups, valence electrons and
charges, number of neutrons, etc.)
● Naming compounds and writing chemical formulas
○ Ionic compounds
■ Transition metals (use Roman numerals)
■ Polyatomic ions
● State the law of conservation of mass
● Acids and bases
○ Definition, pH and common examples
○ Identify parts of neutralization reaction
Parts of the Atom
*Valence shell: The outermost energy shell of an atom
Nucleus:
● The centre of the atom that contains the protons and neutrons
● Very dense and small
● Holds the protons and neutrons
● Extremely tiny
Electrons:
● Negative charge
● Orbits around the nucleus
● Symbol is e-
● They orbit the nucleus in energy shells that have different shapes and
patterns
● Same number of electrons and protons
Protons:
● Positive charge
● Is in the nucleus
● Symbol is p+
● Number of protons in the nucleus determines the atom’s atomic
number and also identifies the element
● Same number of protons and electrons
● Number of protons and neutrons determines the atom’s atomic mass
Neutrons
● Neutral charge
● Is in the nucleus
● Symbol is n0
● Number of protons and neutrons determines the atom’s atomic mass
Valence Electrons
● Are on the valence shell*
● Determines the reactivity of an atom
Using the Periodic Table
What is the periodic table?
Is an organization tool that
1. Divides metals and non-metals
2. Divides elements based on reactivity
● Each row is called a period
● Each column is called a group
Named groups
Group Name # valence electrons
1 Alkali Metals 1
2 Alkaline Earth Metals 2
3-16 Halogens 7
18 Noble gases 8
● Noble gases are so stable that they rarely react with any other
chemical
● Metalloids have characteristics of both metals and non-metals
● Pure elements have neutral atoms
○ The same number of electrons as protons
○ # of protons = # of electrons
● Chemical reactivity of elements is based on the desire of elements to
have the same number of valence electrons as the nearest noble gas
● This desire for a full valence shell of electrons is called the octet rule
and is a desire for stability in atoms
● Nature loves stability
● Evidence shows that reactivity is based off the number of valence
electrons in the outer shell of an atom
Naming Compounds and Writing Chemical Formulas
● Substances are held together by the attraction of ions, positive to
negative
● Always between metals and non-metals
● Very strong bonds
● High melting points
● Conduct electricity when molten or dissolved - electrolytes
○ Ex. Chlorine in swimming pools
● An atom has become charged by gaining or losing electrons
● Ex. - Na atoms lose one electron when they react with other atoms
○ Each resulting sodium ion contains 11 positive charges and only
10 negative charges
○ Since it has one more positive charge then negative charge,
the Na ion has a charge of +1
○ As a result, chemists gave sodium ions the symbol Na1+/Na+
Cations Anions
Ions with positive charges Ions with negative charges
Have lost electrons Have gained electrons
Metals Non-Metals
Ex. Mg2+, Na+, Cu2+ Ex. Cl-, F-, S2-, O2-
● Note: only electrons move in order to produce ions, not protons
● Metals become more reactive as you move down the left side of the
periodic table because the atoms get larger and it is easier to take
away electrons
● Non-metals become more reactive as you move up the right side
because they get smaller and easier to gain electrons
● Ionic compounds consist of a cation (metal) and an anion
(non-metal)
● A compound is a substance that has two or more atoms that are
chemically combined
● When compounds are formed, the atoms acquire a valence shell
that is similar to that of the nearest noble gas
● They do this in one of three ways
○ Give up electrons
■ To become positively charged or cations
○ Gain electrons
■ To become negatively charged or anions
○ Share electrons
■ Electrons orbit the atoms that have been chemically
charges
● When the metal is a transition metal, you have to use roman
numerals to show the charge
○ The roman numerals - I II III IV V VI VII
○ MAKE SURE CHARGES ARE TRUE
○ Criss-cross numbers to find charge
○ If numbers are direct multiples, you can reduce
■ If they are the same number, you can reduce to one, and
you don’t have to show the number
● Polyatomic ions are ions that consist of many atoms
○ Poly means many
● Negative ions take place of a non-metal
● Positive ions take place of a metal
● The number attached to the polyatomic ion cannot be moved
Naming ionic compound rules
● Write elements as you see
○ -ide ending
○ Polyatomic ions → polyatomic table
○ Transition metal → find the charge by crossing backwards and
write as roman numerals
● Check the charge of the second element and adjust the charges
Writing ionic chemical formula rules
● Find the charges of the element and cross the number to the
bottom
○ Regular metal, non metal → periodic table
○ Polyatomic ions → polyatomic table
○ Transition metals → roman numerals
○ Reduce the numbers if you can
The Law of Conservation of Mass
What is the law of conservation of mass?
● Matter can change but it cannot be created or destroyed.
What is a chemical equation and what do they represent/express?
● Can be expressed using words or chemical symbols
● A word equation uses words instead of chemical formulas
Ex.
Water forms when you mix hydrogen gas with oxygen gas.
Word equation:
Hydrogen + oxygen → water
Chemical equation:
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O
2H2 + O2 = Reactants
2H2O = Products
Acids and Bases
Acids:
● A substance that dissolves in water to produce hydrogen ions (H+)
Name Formula Common Uses
Hydrochloric acid HCl Stomach Acid
Hydrobromic acid HBr
Hydrosulfuric acid H2S
Acetic acid HC2H3O2 Vinegar
Sulfuric acid H2SO4 Fertilizer, battery acid
Carbonic acid H2CO3 Carbonated drinks
Bases:
● A substance that dissolves in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH-)
Name Formula Common Uses
Ammonia NH3 Found in glass
cleaners
Baking Soda (sodium NaHCO3 Used in baking and for
bicarbonate) cleaning
Sodium hydroxide NaOH Found in many
cleaners
Magnesium hydroxide Mg(OH)2 Found in stomach
remedies
Properties of Acids and Bases
Acids Both Bases
● Taste sour ● Dissolved in ● Taste bitter
● Have pH <7 water ● Have pH >7
● Turn litmus ● Conduct ● Turn litmus
paper red electricity paper blue
● Contains H+ in ● Corrosive to skin ● Produce OH-
formula ions in solution
● React with ● Feel slippery
metals
pH Scale:
● The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a solution is
● The pH scale ranges from 0-14
○ Less than 7 is acid
○ 7 is neutral
○ More than 7 is base
● As the number gets closer to 7, the weaker the acid or the base
● The pH scale goes up (or down) by 10 times from one increment to
the next
Neutralization
● Example: NaOH (base) + HCl (acid) → NaCl (salt) + HOH (water)
● Example: NaHCO3 + HC2H3O2 + H2O + CO2
● An acid-base reaction is a generally double displacement reaction
that produces water, a salt, and sometimes carbon dioxide gas
● Because the reactants are neutralized, these are often referred to as
neutralization reactions
Chantal
● Drawing Lewis Dot vs Bohr Rutherford Diagram
● Name the diatomic molecules
● Molecular compounds (use Greek prefixes)
● Balancing chemical reactions
○ Explain and give examples for each reaction
● Telling the different types of reactions
BBB Drawing Lewis Dot vs Bohr Rutherford Diagram
Lewis Dot Diagrams
● Focuses on the valence electrons
● Dots around the chemical symbol
● Much simpler
● Used for chemical bonding
Bohr Rutherford Diagram (Bohr Diagram)
● Uses all electrons in inner and outer shells
● Uses a nucleus and shells
● More detailed
● Used for visualizing atomic structure
BBB Diatomic Molecules
HOFBrINCl
H - Hydrogen
O - Oxygen
F - Fluorine
Br - Bromide
I - Iodine
N - Nitrogen
Cl - Chlorine
BBB Molecular compounds (use Greek prefixes) ???
Covalent Bonds:
➔ Non-metal + Non-metal
➔ DO NOT SWITCH CHARGES!
➔ Use greek prefixes
◆ One - Mono
◆ Two - Di
◆ Three - Tri
◆ Four - Tetra
◆ Five - Penta
◆ Six - Hexa
◆ Seven - Hepta
◆ Eight - Octa
➔ Elements that bond by sharing electrons
➔ Very low melting point - liquids or gasses at room temperature
➔ Very weak bonds
➔ Do not conduct electricity
➔ Nonmetals that attach to themselves and are called diatomic
molecules (HOFBrINCl)
◆ O2, H2, N2, Cl2, I2, F2, Br2,
BBB Balancing Chemical Reactions
How to balance a chemical reaction:
1.) Write the chemical reaction using proper chemical formulas
2.) Make a small table by listing the types of atoms in the reaction. Count each
atom on the reactant side and on the product side and write them down.
3.) Identify a chemical that needs to be balanced (Start with more complex
molecules).
4.) Add a whole number to the front of the molecule that you are balancing
(coefficients of 1 are not written). Subscripts should never be changed
5.) Apply that change to all the atoms in that molecule and update the table
6.) Continue to identify elements that need to be balanced and right the
appropriate coefficients in their reaction then apply the change and
update the table.
7.) When each atom is equal on both sides of the table, then you have balance
the reaction
Formula: 2 HgO → 2 Hg + O2
P R
Hg 1x2=2 1x2=2
O 1x2=2 2
BBB Telling the different types of reactions
● Reaction Types: Synthesis Reactions, Decomposition Reactions. Single
Displacement Reactions, Double Displacement, Combustion
Synthesis - A compound is made from simpler materials. ( A + B → AB )
Decomposition - A compound is broken down into simpler compounds or all the way
down to the elements that make it up. ( AB → A + B )
Single Displacement - One element that starts out by itself replaces another element
in a compound, kicking. ( A + BC → B + AC )
Double Displacement - The positive and negative ions in two compounds switch
places. ( AB + CD → AD + BC )
Combustion - A compound containing Carbon and hydrogen (and sometimes
oxygen) combines with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and water. (CH
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