LIGHT - REFLECTION
Light is the form of energy that enables us to see different objects.
i.e., “NO LIGHT – NO SIGHT”.
Properties of Light:-
Electromagnetic wave so does not require any medium to travel.
Light tends to travel in a straight line.
Light has dual nature i.e., wave as well as particle.
Light casts shadow.
8 -1
Speed of light is maximum in vaccum. Its value is 3 x 10 ms .
When light falls on a surface, the following may occur :-
A portion of incident light is reflected back into the first medium – reflection of
light.
A part of incident light travels through the second medium with a change in its
path - refraction of light.
The remaining third part of the light may be absorbed by the second medium –
absorption of light.
When light falls on a highly polished surface such as mirror, some of it bounces back in
the same medium. This is called Reflection. The surface which reflects the light is called
the reflecting surface.
Laws of Reflection :-
Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
The incident rays, the reflected rays and the normal at the point of incidence, all
lie in the same plane.
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Image: - It is a point where atleast two light rays actually meet or appear to meet.
Difference between Real Image and Virtual Image:-
Image Formed by Plane Mirror:-
Plane Mirror
Characteristics of Image :-
Virtual.
Erect.
Size of image is equal to the size of object.
Image is formed as far behind the mirror as the object is in front of it.
Laterally inverted.
Lateral Inversion: - The right side of the object appears left side of the image and vice –
versa.
Application of lateral inversion:- The word AMBULANCE is written as
so that it can be read correctly in rear view mirror of vehicle going in front of it.
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Spherical Mirrors: - Mirrors whose reflecting surface is curved.
Spherical mirrors are of two types:-
Concave mirror:
A spherical mirror in which the outer surface is polished and the reflecting surface is
towards the center of the sphere of which the mirror is a part.
Concave mirror is known as converging mirror because it converge the parallel rays
of light that fall on it.
It has Real Focus.
Convex Mirror:
A spherical mirror in which the inner surface is polished and the reflecting surface is
away from the center of the sphere of which the mirror is a part.
Convex mirror is known as diverging mirror because it diverge the parallel rays of
light that fall on it.
It has Virtual Focus.
There are certain terms associated with spherical mirrors:-
Principal axis: - The line joining the pole and centre of curvature.
Pole (P): - The centre of the spherical mirror.
Aperture (MN): - It is the effective diameter of the spherical mirror.
Centre of Curvature (c): - The centre of the hollow glass sphere of which the
mirror was a part.
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Radius of Curvature (R): - The distance between the pole and the centre of
curvature.
Focus (F): - The point on principal axis where all the parallel light rays actually
meets or appears to meet after reflection.
Focal length (f): - The distance between the pole and the focus.
Relationship between focal length and radius of curvature:-
R
f=
2
RULES FOR IMAGE FORMATION IN CONCAVE AND CONVEX MIRROR:-
For Concave Mirror: -
A ray of light parallel to Principal axis after reflection from the concave
mirror passes through its Principal Focus (F).
A ray of light passing through the Principal focus (F) of the concave mirror
after reflection from it goes parallel to the principal axis.
A ray of light passing through Centre of Curvature (C) after reflection from
the concave mirror retraces its path i.e. gets reflected along the same path.
This is because the line joining any point of the spherical mirror to its centre
of curvature will be normal to the mirror at that point.
A ray of light falling at the pole of the concave mirror by making a certain
angle with the principal axis gets reflected along the direction which makes
the same certain angle with the principal axis.
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For Convex Mirror: -
A ray of light parallel to the Principal axis after reflection from the mirror
appears to diverge from the Principal Focus (F).
A ray of light directed towards the Principal focus (F) of the convex mirror
after reflection from it goes parallel to the principal axis.
A ray of light directed in the direction of Centre of Curvature (C) after
reflection from the mirror retraces its path i.e. gets reflected along the same
path. This is because the line joining any point of the spherical mirror to its
centre of curvature will be normal to the mirror at that point.
A ray of light falling at the pole of the mirror by making a certain angle with
the principal axis gets reflected along the direction which makes the same
certain angle with the principal axis.
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RAY DIAGRAMS FOR IMAGE FORMATION BY A CONCAVE MIRROR FOR DIFFERENT POSITIONS
OF THE OBJECT:-
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RAY DIAGRAMS FOR IMAGE FORMATION BY A CONVEX MIRROR FOR DIFFERENT POSITIONS
OF THE OBJECT:-
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USES OF CONCAVE MIRROR: -
used in headlights of vehicles, search lights and torches to get powerful parallel beam of
light.
used as make-up and shaving mirror.
used by dentists to examine the teeth of the patients. It produces the enlarged image of
the teeth.
used in solar cookers to concentrate sunlight to produce heat.
USES OF CONVEX MIRROR: -
Convex mirror is used as a rear view mirror in vehicles. This is because:
Irrespective of the position of the object, the image formed by convex mirror is
always erect.
Convex mirror has wider field of view as they are curved outwards.
Convex mirror is used as reflector in street lamps as it diverges the light rays and hence
spreads the light, so that visibility increases.
Convex mirror is used as Vigilance Mirror in big shops and stores.
SIGN CONVENTION FOR REFLECTION BY SPHERICAL MIRRORS (NEW CARTESIAN SIGN
CONVENTION): -
The pole of the mirror is taken as origin and distance is measured from the pole
of the mirror.
The x- axis of the coordinate system is taken as the principle axis of the mirror.
The conventions are as follows: -
The object is always placed to the left of the mirror. That means light
from the object i.e. incident ray falls on the mirror from the left side.
Distance measured in the direction of incident ray i.e. to the right of
origin (along positive x- axis) is taken as positive.
Distance measured in the direction opposite to that of incident ray i.e. to
the left of origin (along negative x- axis) is taken as negative.
Distance measured perpendicular to and above the principle axis (along
positive Y- axis) is taken as positive.
Distance measured perpendicular to and below the principle axis (along
negative Y- axis) is taken as negative.
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Object distance = ‘u’ is always negative.
Focal length of concave mirror = Negative.
Focal length of convex mirror = Positive.
MIRROR FORMULA: -
1
u + 1v = 1f
Where, u = Object distance
v = Image distance
f = Focal length
MAGNIFACTION (m)
It is ratio of the height of image to the height of the object.
Height of image
m=
Height of object
h
m= i
ho
Also,
−v
m=
u
hi −v
m= =
ho u
If ‘m’ is negative, image is real.
If ‘m’ is positive, image is virtual.
If hi = ho then m = 1, i.e., image is equal to object.
If hi > ho then m > 1 i.e., image is enlarged.
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If hi <ho then m < 1 i.e., image is diminished.
Magnification of plane mirror is always + 1.
‘+‘sign indicates virtual image.
‘1’ indicates that image is equal to object’s size.
If ‘m’ is ‘+ve’ and less than 1, it is a convex mirror.
If ‘m’ is ‘– ve’ and more than 1, it is a concave mirror.
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