ALAGU JOTHI ACADEMY

An International Standard CBSE Sr. Sec. School

Reproduction in animals Notes 2021-222

8
SCIENCE
Name ___________________________
Date 29.11.21.

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Reproductive Parts in Humans:
Male Reproductive Organs

The male reproductive system provides the sperm (male gametes) for fertilization. The
male reproductive organs include the following:

Penis
It is a cylinder-shaped organ containing a small opening at its top. It secretes semen
which contains the male gametes or sperms.

Scrotum
It is a sac-like structure present behind the penis. The testicles or testes are present in
this organ. It provides them the right temperature so that they can produce sperms.
AGE Reproduction NOTES
Testes
Most males have a pair of testis (testes) or testicles. The testes consist of coiled tube-like
structures that produce sperms. The testes also generate the male sex hormone or the
testosterone that causes puberty in males.

Urethra
It is a tube-like structure that allows the flow of semen that contains sperms outside the
body. The urethra and penis both are also a part of the male urinary system.

Vas Deferens
It is a tube that carries the sperms from the testicles to the urethra.

Prostate Gland
It a gland located under the urinary bladder. It secretes prostate fluid which makes the
one third content of semen. This fluid contains some enzymes, zinc and citric acid.

Seminal Vesicles
They have a pouch-like structure. They are located above the prostate gland and connect
with the vas deferens. They also secrete a fluid that provides nourishment to the sperms.

Male Sex Hormone or Testosterone

The testes produce testosterone and the pituitary gland controls how much testosterone
will be produced. This hormone is responsible for the deve lopment of male sex organs
and development of secondary sexual characters in males during puberty such as
deepening of voice and growth of facial and body hair.

The Sperm Cell

Sperm Cell

The testes secrete millions of sperm cells together. A sperm comprises of a single cell
and has a specific structure with three main parts as given below:

AGE Reproduction NOTES

Head: It consists of the nucleus which contains the DNA information of the cell.

Middle Part: It is packed with cell organelles called Mitochondria. The mitochondria
are responsible for producing energy in the cell. Hence, sperm uses this energy to move.

Tail: It allows the sperm cell to travel at a fast pace.

Female Reproductive Organs:

Female Reproductive Organs

The female reproductive system provides the eggs (female gametes) for fertilization. The
female reproductive organs are:

1. Ovaries:
The female reproductive system comprises of a pair of ovaries. These are the main
female sex organs and are responsible for the production of female gametes called Eggs
or Ova (ovum – singular) and female hormones. The ova or female eggs also consist of
a single cell.

Estrogen and Progesterone

These are hormones or chemical substances produced by the ovaries. These hormones
are responsible for the development of the female reproductive organs and the secondary
sexual characteristics in women such as development of breasts and body hair.

Oviduct or Fallopian Tubes:

These are two funnel-shaped structures that extent from the superior right and left
corners of the uterus to the edge of the ovaries. The ovaries release one egg every month
into the oviducts. The oviducts consist of cilia that carry the ovum from the oviduct to
uterus.

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 Ovum or Female Egg

3. Uterus
It is an inverted pear-shaped organ that allows the development of the fertilized egg into
a human baby. The uterus connects with an opening called Cervix that connects it to the
vagina.

4. Vagina
It is a muscular tube-like structure that connects with the cervix. It acts as the receptor of
the penis and allows the movement of sperms to the fallopian tubes and uterus. It also
allows delivery of the foetus during the birth of the child.

Menstrual Cycle:
When females hit puberty, they start producing mature eggs every month indicating the
ability to reproduce. This process is called menstrual cycle.
In this cycle, the ovaries produce an egg every month that travels to the uterus and
attaches to its lining.
If the egg is not fertilized, the uterus sheds its lining and the egg which result in bleeding
in the females. On an average the duration of the menstrual cycle is 28 days.
The cycle starts at puberty, around the age of 10 or 11 years and lasts until the age of 45
to 55 years.
Gametogenesis:
It is the process of production of gametes by the male and female primary reproductive
organs. It occurs in three phase in both males and females:
 Multiplication Phase
 Growth or maturation phase
 Meiotic Phase

Gametogenesis in males is called Spermatogenesis. It occurs in the testes and results in

formation of sperm cells.

Gametogenesis in females is called Oogenesis. It occurs in the ovaries and results in

production of female eggs or ova.

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 Fertilization:

 Firstly, reproduction in animals begins when the sperm fuses with an ovum. This
process is called Fertilization.
 The nuclei of the sperm and egg combine together and form a single nucleus.
 As a result, the zygote is formed.
 Since the zygote is formed with the fusion of male and female gametes the new
individual possesses the characteristics of both the parents.

Fertilization and Zygote

Fertilization can be of two types:

Internal fertilization External fertilization

The fertilization process takes place inside The fertilization process takes place outside
the female body the body of the females.
Less number of eggs are produced by such A large number of eggs are produced by
females as there are high chances of the such females as the chances of survival of
survival of the offspring. the offspring are very low.
For Example, Aquatic animals like fishes
For Example, Cows, Human beings and
and amphibians like frogs undergo external
hens undergo internal fertilization.
fertilization.

Development of the Embryo:

 The zygote formed after the fertilization process divides itself in a repeated manner

and forms a ball of cells.

 These cells then form different groups and each group then starts developing into
different tissues and organs. This structure is called an Embryo.

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 The embryo embeds itself into the uterus wall which has become thick and spongy in
preparation to receive it. This is called implantation and continues to develop and
grow.

 The cells form specific groups each of which develops into various organs. This is
called cell differentiation.

 Soon the body parts such as hands, legs, feet, eyes and ears start developing.

 The embryo whose parts can be identified individually is called a Foetus.

 For the first eight weeks after fertilization the baby is called an embryo.
 The foetus is attached to the uterus by a special structure called placenta.
 The placenta provides nutrients and oxygen to the foetus and also removes wastes.
 Umbilical cord is a flexible cord- like structure that connects the foetus to the
placenta.
 The embryo floats in a sac filled with a clear, pale yellow liquid known as amniotic
fluid.
 When the development of the foetus is complete, the mother gives birth to the baby .
The period of complete development of foetus from fertilization till the birth of a baby
is called gestation period.
 The act of giving birth to baby is called parturition.
 The foetus then completely develops and takes birth as a baby.

How is an embryo different from a zygote?

Zygote Embryo

A zygote consists of a single cell. An embryo consists of more than one cell.
It is formed as the fertilization process
It is formed after the fertilization process.
occurs.

The body parts and tissues are well defined in

It has no well-defined organs or an embryo.
tissues.

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 Viviparous Oviparous

These are the organisms that give birth to their These are the organisms that reproduce
young ones directly. by laying eggs.
For Example, Human beings, Dogs, Cattle, For Example, Fishes, Reptiles
Cats Amphibians
Twinning: Twinning is the process of splitting of zygote into two that form after the
fusion of male and female gametes. Twinning is caused by one egg being fertilized by
one sperm and splitting into two.
Types of twins:

Dizygotic twins: Embryo created from two eggs that have been individually fertilized by two
different sperm cells for dizygotic twins also called fraternal (or) non identical twins.

They share half of their genetic materials, just like normal siblings.

They may belong to different genders (or) the same gender and need not look like.

Monozygotic twins (or) Identical twins:

Identical twins are conceived When a single egg fertilized by a single sperm splits into two.
They are always of the same sex. They look exactly alike and also share the same DNA.

External Fertilization in Frogs and Toads:

 The frogs and toads reproduce by laying eggs in a slow stream or ponds.

 The female frogs first lay hundreds of eggs together in the water.
 These eggs are not covered with any hard shell instead there is a jelly-like substance
that guards them all and holds them together.
 As the female frogs lay their eggs, the male frogs deposit t he sperms over them.


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 This results in external fertilization when the sperms come in contact with the eggs in
the water.
 Though the eggs are large in numbers only a few of them manage to survive.
 There are several factors which may hinder the fertilization process such as exposing
to water movement, rainfall, winds and other animals.

Internal Fertilization in Hens:

 Hens reproduce by laying eggs.

 After the formation of the zygote, it keeps on dividing itself and then travels through
the oviduct.
 In this process, different layers are formed over the egg that then turns into a hard
shell or covering of the egg.
 When this hard shell is formed the hen lays the egg.
 Then it takes almost 3 weeks for the embryo to develop into a chick.
 In this time period, the hen often sits over the egg to provide it with warmth.
What are test tube babies?
 In some women, the oviducts are blocked and hence they are unable to hold the eggs.

 This means that these women are not able to bear babies because of blocked oviducts.
 However, due to the process of Vitro Fertilization or IVF, the freshly released eggs
of females and the male sperms can be fertilized externally.
 The zygote thus formed is allowed to develop for a week outside the female body in
safe conditions and is then placed in the woman's uterus.
 In this way, these women can bear babies.
 The babies that are born with the IVF process are called Test Tube Babies.

Life cycle of a frog

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