ECE 331: Electromagnetic Waves

Lecture 5

Dr. Hussein Kotb

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 Electrical material definitions
• Homogeneous medium: the material permittivity does not change
with the dimensions.
• Isotropic medium: electric polarization 𝑃𝑒 is in the same direction of
𝐸.
• Linear medium: electric polarization 𝑃𝑒 = 𝜖𝑜 𝜒𝑒 𝐸 changes linearly
with the electric field intensity.

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 Plane wave reflection from a media interface
• The reflection of a plane wave normally incident from medium 1 into
medium 2.
• The incident electric field is oriented along the x-axis and is
propagating along the positive z-axis.
𝜎
• The complex propagation constant is: 𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽 = 𝑗𝜔 𝜇𝜖 1 − 𝑗
𝜔𝜖

𝜖1 , 𝜇1 , 𝜎1 𝜖2 , 𝜇2 , 𝜎2
𝑘𝑖
𝑘𝑟 𝑘𝑡

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 Plane wave reflection from a media interface:
General medium
1
ො 𝑜 𝑒 −𝛾1𝑧 and 𝐻𝑖 = 𝑦ො
• At 𝑧 < 0, the incident fields are: 𝐸𝑖 = 𝑥𝐸 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 −𝛾1𝑧 ,
𝜂1
where 𝜂𝑜 is the wave impedance of free-space and 𝐸𝑜 is an arbitrary
amplitude.
𝛤
ො 𝑜 𝑒 𝛾1𝑧 and 𝐻𝑟 = −𝑦ො
• The reflected waves at 𝑧 < 0 are: 𝐸𝑟 = 𝑥𝛤𝐸 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 𝛾1𝑧 .
𝜂1
• 𝛤 is the reflection coefficient of the electric field.

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 Plane wave reflection from a media interface:
General medium (cont’d)
• The transmitted field in lossy medium is:
𝜏
ො 𝑜 𝑒 −𝛾2𝑧 and 𝐻𝑡 = 𝑦ො
o 𝐸𝑡 = 𝑥𝜏𝐸 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 −𝛾2𝑧 , where 𝜏 is the
𝜂2
transmission coefficient of the electric field and 𝜂2 is the intrinsic
impedance of the medium: 𝜂2 = 𝑗𝜔𝜇2 Τ𝛾2 .

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 Plane wave reflection from a media interface:
General medium (cont’d)
• Applying the boundary conditions on 𝐸𝑥 and 𝐻𝑦 at 𝑧 = 0 to get 𝛤 and 𝜏.
o The tangential electric field is continuous at 𝑧 = 0: 1 + 𝛤 = 𝜏.
1−𝛤 𝜏
o The tangential magnetic field is continuous at 𝑧 = 0: = .
𝜂1 𝜂2
𝜂2 −𝜂1 2𝜂2
o Then: 𝛤 = and 𝜏 = 1 + 𝛤 =
𝜂2 +𝜂1 𝜂2 +𝜂1

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 Plane wave reflection from a media interface:
Lossless medium
• 𝜖 and μ are real quantities and 𝜎 = 0.
• Then: 𝛾1 = 𝑗𝛽1 = 𝑗𝜔 𝜇1 𝜖1 = 𝑗𝑘𝑜 𝜇𝑟 𝜖𝑟1 , and 𝛾2 = 𝑗𝛽2 =
𝑗𝜔 𝜇2 𝜖2 = 𝑗𝑘𝑜 𝜇𝑟 𝜖𝑟2 , where 𝑘𝑜 = 𝜔 𝜇𝑜 𝜖𝑜 is the wave number in
the free-space.
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝜆𝑜
• The wavelength in the dielectric is: 𝜆 = = = . It is
𝛽 𝜔 𝜇𝜖 𝜇𝑟 𝜖𝑟
shorter than the wavelength in free-space 𝜆𝑜 .
𝜔 𝑐
• The phase velocity is: 𝑣𝑝 = = , which is slower than the speed
𝛽 𝜇𝑟 𝜖𝑟
of light in free-space.
𝑗𝜔𝜇 𝜇 𝜇𝑟
• The wave impedance of the dielectric is: 𝜂 = = = 𝜂𝑜 . It
𝛾 𝜖 𝜖𝑟
may be greater or lesser than the impedance of free space 𝜂𝑜 .

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 Plane wave reflection from a media interface:
Lossless medium (cont’d)
• Both 𝛤 and 𝜏 from are real, and 𝐸 and 𝐻 are in phase with each other
in both regions.
• Power conservation for the incident, reflected, and transmitted
waves can be demonstrated by computing the Poynting vectors in the
two regions.
• Thus, for 𝑧 < 0, the complex Poynting vector is:
∗
o 𝑆റ− = 𝐸 × 𝐻 ∗ = 𝐸𝑖 + 𝐸𝑟 × 𝐻𝑖 + 𝐻𝑟
o 𝑆റ− = 𝑧Ƹ 𝐸𝑜 2 1 1 − 𝛤 2 + 2𝑗𝛤 sin 2𝛽1 𝑧 for real 𝛤.
𝜂1

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 Plane wave reflection from a media interface:
Lossless medium (cont’d)
𝐸𝑜 2 𝜏2
റ+
• For 𝑧 > 0, the complex Poynting vector is: 𝑆 = 𝐸𝑡 × 𝐻𝑡∗ = 𝑧Ƹ .
𝜂2
4𝜂2 2 1
o It can be rewritten as: 𝑆റ+ = 𝑧Ƹ 𝐸𝑜 2 = 𝑧Ƹ 𝐸𝑜 1 − 𝛤2 .
𝜂2 +𝜂1 2 𝜂1

• 𝑆റ− = 𝑆റ+ at 𝑧 = 0. So that complex power flow is conserved across

the interface.
• For 𝑧 < 0, the time-average power flow through a 1 m2 cross section
is:
1 1 2 1
o 𝑃− = Re 𝑆റ− . 𝑧Ƹ = 𝐸𝑜 1 − 𝛤2
2 2 𝜂1
• For 𝑧 > 0, the time-average power flow through a 1 m2 cross section
is:
1 1 2 1
o 𝑃+ = Re 𝑆റ+ . 𝑧Ƹ = 𝐸𝑜 1 − 𝛤 2 = 𝑃−
2 2 𝜂1
o Real power is conserved.
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 Plane wave reflection from a media interface:
Lossless medium (cont’d)
• If we compute separately the Poynting vectors for the incident and
reflected waves, we will have:
𝐸𝑜 2
o 𝑆റ𝑖 = 𝐸𝑖 × 𝐻𝑖∗ = 𝑧Ƹ
𝜂1
𝐸𝑜 2 𝛤 2
o 𝑆റ𝑟 = 𝐸𝑟 × 𝐻𝑟∗ = −𝑧Ƹ
𝜂1

• As a result: 𝑆റ− ≠ 𝑆റ𝑖 +𝑆റ𝑟 . The stored reactive energy in the standing
wave is missed.
• The decomposition of a Poynting vector into incident and reflected
components is not, in general, meaningful.

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 Plane wave reflection from a media interface:
Lossless medium (cont’d)
1
• It is possible to define a time-average Poynting vector as Re 𝐸 × 𝐻∗ .
2
• If such a definition applied to the individual incident and reflected
components will give the correct result since:
1 𝐸𝑜 2 1 𝐸𝑜 2 𝛤 2
o 𝑃𝑖 = Re and 𝑃𝑟 = − Re . So 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃−
2 𝜂1 2 𝜂1
• However, this definition will fail to provide meaningful results when the
medium for 𝑧 < 0 is lossy. Why?

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 Plane wave reflection from a media interface:
Good conductor
• Assume that medium 1 is lossless.
𝜔𝜇𝜎 1
• The complex propagation constant is: 𝛾2 = 1 + 𝑗 = 1+𝑗 .
2 𝛿𝑠

• The intrinsic impedance of the conductor is: 𝜂2 = (1 + 𝑗) 𝜔𝜇Τ2𝜎.

• The impedance is complex with a phase angle of 45◦. 𝐸 and 𝐻 will be
45◦ out of phase, and 𝛤 and 𝑇 will be complex.
• For 𝑧 < 0, the complex Poynting vector is: 𝑆റ− = 𝐸 × 𝐻 ∗ =
∗
2 1 2
𝐸𝑖 + 𝐸𝑟 × 𝐻𝑖 + 𝐻𝑟 = 𝑧Ƹ 𝐸𝑜 1− 𝛤 + 2𝑗Im(𝛤𝑒 2𝑗𝑘1𝑧 ) .
𝜂1

• At 𝑧 = 0: 𝑆റ− = 𝑧Ƹ 𝐸𝑜 2 1 1− 𝛤 2 + 𝛤 − 𝛤∗ .
𝜂1

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 Plane wave reflection from a media interface:
Good conductor (cont’d)
• At 𝑧 > 0, the complex Poynting vector is: : 𝑆റ+ = 𝐸𝑡 × 𝐻𝑡∗ =
𝐸𝑜 2 𝜏 2 −2𝛼 𝑧
𝑧Ƹ ∗ 𝑒 2
𝜂2
4𝜂2 2 1
• 𝑆റ+ = 𝑧Ƹ 𝐸𝑜 2
2 𝑒 −2𝛼2𝑧 = 𝑧Ƹ 𝐸𝑜 1− 𝛤 2 + 𝛤 − 𝛤 ∗ 𝑒 −2𝛼2𝑧
𝜂2 +𝜂1 𝜂1

• At the interface at 𝑧 = 0, 𝑆റ− = 𝑆റ+ and complex power is conserved.

• The incident Poynting vector at 𝑧 < 0 is: 𝑆റ𝑖 = 𝐸𝑖 × 𝐻𝑖∗ = 𝑧Ƹ 𝐸𝑜 2 1.
𝜂1

• The reflected Poynting vector at 𝑧 < 0 is: 𝑆റ𝑟 = 𝐸𝑟 × 𝐻𝑟∗ =

2 𝛤2
− 𝑧Ƹ 𝐸𝑜 .
𝜂1

• Then, 𝑆റ− ≠ 𝑆റ𝑖 + 𝑆റ𝑟 , even for 𝑧 = 0.

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 Plane wave reflection from a media interface:
Good conductor (cont’d)
• At 𝑧 < 0, the real time-average power flow through a 1 m2 cross
1 1
section is: 𝑃− = Re 𝑆റ− . 𝑧Ƹ = 𝐸𝑜 2 1− 𝛤 2 .
2 2𝜂1
• At 𝑧 > 0, the real time-average power flow through a 1 m2 cross
1 1
section is: 𝑃+ = Re 𝑆റ+ . 𝑧Ƹ = 𝐸𝑜 2 1 − 𝛤 2 𝑒 −2𝛼2𝑧 , which
2 2𝜂1
shows power balance at 𝑧 = 0.
• 𝑃𝑖 = 𝐸𝑜 2 1 and 𝑃𝑟 = − 𝐸𝑜 2 1 𝛤 2 . Then, 𝑃− = 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑃𝑟 .
2𝜂1 2𝜂1
o The real power flow for 𝑧 < 0 can be decomposed into incident
and reflected wave components (medium 1 is lossless.).

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 Plane wave reflection from a media interface:
Good conductor (cont’d)
• 𝑆റ+ in the lossy conductor decays exponentially according to the
𝑒 −2𝛼2𝑧 attenuation factor.
• The power is being dissipated in the lossy material as the wave
propagates into the medium in the +z direction.
• The power, and the fields, decay to a negligibly small value within a
few skin depths of the material, which for a reasonably good.
conductor is an extremely small distance at microwave frequencies.
• The electric volume current density flowing in the conducting region
is given as: 𝐽റ𝑡 = 𝜎𝐸𝑡 = 𝑥𝜎𝐸
ො 𝑜 𝜏𝑒 −𝛾2𝑧 A/m2.

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 Plane wave reflection from a media interface:
Good conductor (cont’d)
• The average power dissipated in (or transmitted into) a 1 m2 cross-
sectional volume of the conductor can be calculated from the
conductor loss term of (Joule’s law) as:
• 𝑃𝑙 =
1 1 1 1 ∞
‫׬‬ 𝐸𝑡 . 𝐽റ𝑡∗ 𝑑𝑉 = ‫=𝑥׬‬0 ‫=𝑦׬‬0 ‫=𝑧׬‬0 𝑥𝐸
ො 𝑜 𝜏𝑒 −𝛾2𝑧 . 𝑥𝜎𝐸
ො 𝑜 𝜏𝑒 −𝛾2𝑧 ∗ 𝑑𝑧𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥
2 𝑉 2
∞
1 𝜎 𝐸 2 𝜏 2
2 2 𝑜
= 𝜎 𝐸𝑜 𝜏 න 𝑒 −2𝛼2𝑧 𝑑𝑧 =
2 4𝛼2
𝑧=0
• The average power dissipated a 1 m2 cross-sectional volume of the
1
conductor can be also calculated as 𝑃𝑙 = Re 𝑧.Ƹ 𝑆റ+ at 𝑧 = 0.
2
𝜎 𝐸𝑜 2 𝜏 2
1Τ𝜂2 = 𝜎𝛿𝑠 Τ 1 + 𝑗 = (𝜎Τ2𝛼2 )(1 − 𝑗). Then, 𝑃𝑙 = .
4𝛼2

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 Power reflection and transmission coefficients
1 2 1 2
• 𝑅𝑒 1− 𝛤 + 2𝑗Im(𝛤) = 𝑅𝑒 𝜏
𝜂1 ∗ 𝜂2 ∗
1 1
• Wave admittance: = 𝐺1 + 𝑗𝐵1 and = 𝐺2 + 𝑗𝐵2
𝜂1 𝜂2
• If medium 1 is lossless, 𝜼𝟏 is real.
1 2 2
o 1− 𝛤 = 𝐺2 𝜏
𝜂1
o 1 − 𝛤 2 = 𝜂1 𝐺2 𝜏 2
2
o Power transmission coefficient: 𝑇 = 𝜂1 𝐺2 𝜏
o Power reflection coefficient: 𝑅 = 𝛤 2
𝜂1 2
• For lossless media: 𝑇 = 1 − 𝛤 2 = 𝜏
𝜂2

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 Power reflection and transmission coefficients
• For two lossy media:
1 2 1 2
o 𝑅𝑒 1− 𝛤 + 2𝑗Im(𝛤) = 𝑅𝑒 𝜏
𝜂1 ∗ 𝜂2 ∗
1 1
o Wave admittance: = 𝐺1 + 𝑗𝐵1 and = 𝐺2 + 𝑗𝐵2
𝜂1 𝜂2
o 𝑅𝑒 𝐺1 − 𝑗𝐵1 1 − 𝛤 2 + 2𝑗Im(𝛤) = 𝐺2 𝜏 2

o 𝐺1 1 − 𝛤 2 + 2𝐵1 Im 𝛤 = 𝐺2 𝜏 2
𝐺 2𝐵 Im 𝛤
o 1− 𝛤 2 = 2 𝜏 2− 1
𝐺1 𝐺1

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 Plane wave reflection from a media interface:
Perfect conductor
• It has 𝜎 → ∞. Then: 𝛼 → ∞,𝜂2 → 0 and 𝛿𝑠 → 0.
• 𝜏 → 0 and Г → −1. The fields for z > 0 decay infinitely fast and are
identically zero in the perfect conductor.
• The perfect conductor can be thought of as “shorting out” the
incident electric field.
• For 𝑧 < 0, the total 𝐸 and 𝐻 fields are:
ො 𝑜 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘1 𝑧 − 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝟏 𝑧 = −𝑥2𝑗𝐸
o 𝐸 = 𝐸𝑖 + 𝐸𝑟 = 𝑥𝐸 ො 𝑜 sin 𝑘1 𝑧
𝐸𝑜 2
o 𝐻 = 𝐻𝑖 + 𝐻𝑟 = 𝑦ො 𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝟏 𝑧 + 𝑒 𝑗𝑘𝟏 𝑧 = 𝑦ො 𝐸 cos 𝑘𝟏 𝑧
𝜂1 𝜂1 𝑜

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 Plane wave reflection from a media interface:
Perfect conductor (cont’d)
2
• At 𝑧 = 0, 𝐸 = 0 and 𝐻 = 𝑦ො 𝐸 .
𝜂1 𝑜
• The Poynting vector for z < 0 is:
4
o 𝑆റ− = 𝐸 × 𝐻 ∗ = −𝑧𝑗Ƹ 𝐸𝑜 2 sin 𝑘 𝑧 cos 𝑘 𝑧,
1 1 which has a zero
𝜂1
real part and thus indicates that no real power is delivered to the
perfect conductor.
• The surface current density is:
2 2
o 𝐽റ𝑠 = 𝑛ො × 𝐻 = −𝑧Ƹ × 𝑦ො 𝐸 cos 𝑘1 𝑧 |𝑧=0 = 𝑥ො 𝐸 A/m.
𝜂1 𝑜 𝜂1 𝑜

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