LANGUAGE - has a system of rules (also known ➢​ EXTENDED COMMUNICATION - involves

as grammar) a sound system (phonology), and the use of electronic media. Unlike before
a vocabulary (lexicon). These are the when it only called for the use of television
requirements for identifying a means of and radio, nowadays, the description of
communication as a language. extended communication may be expanded
SPEECH COMMUNITY - people can understand to include tele, audio, or phone conferencing;
each other because, in their speech community, video-conferencing; Skype calls; and other
people share the same set of rules in the technological means.
language system. ➢​ ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION -
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION - process where the focus is on the role that communication
people acquire the languages used by those in plays in organizational contexts.
the community while growing up. Organizations comprise individuals who work
for the company. For an organization to be
MOTHER TONGUES - the languages acquired successful, a system of communication
while growing, which may also be referred to as should be put in place. A set of rules or
first languages. standards for communication protocol should
LANGUAGE LEARNING - process where people be made clear so that interaction patterns are
learn the languages by studying formally in school established. On the part of the individual, you
or informally on their own should be equipped with the needed oral and
written communication skills that the
SECOND LANGUAGES - other languages
organization expects you to possess.
acquired by learning.
two types of organizational structure: (1) formal
and (2) informal.
COMMUNICATION - generally defined as the
FORMAL STRUCTURE allows communication to
exchange of thoughts, ideas, concepts, and views
take place via designated channels of message
between or among two or more people, various
flow between positions in the organization. This
contexts come into play.
may make use of four approaches: (1) downward
Communication may then be classified according communication, (2) upward communication, (3)
to (1) Communication mode, (2) Context, and horizontal communication, and (4) crosswise
(3) Purpose and Style. communication.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO ●​ DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION is the
MODE type that flows from upper to lower
➢​ VERBAL - is using speech or spoken word to positions, i.e., president to a manager or
exchange information, emotions, and supervisor, a manager to an ordinary staff.
thoughts. e.g. Public Speaking and Interviews The flow of communication is top-down or
➢​ NON-VERBAL - is conveying and from a superior to a subordinate, usually
exchanging messages without the use of asking certain individuals to perform a
spoken words. e.g. Hand gestures and Facial certain task.
Expressions. ●​ UPWARD COMMUNICATION - message
transmission is bottom-up in which
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO
subordinates send communication to their
CONTEXT
superiors/bosses bearing their
➢​ INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION - the
views/feedback on organizational policies,
Latin prefix intra- means within or inside. It
issues related to their jobs, and the like.
then means talking to oneself and label it as
●​ HORIZONTAL COMMUNICATION - lateral
self or inner talk, inner monologue, or inner
in approach as it takes place among
dialogue. Psychologists call it with other
people belonging to the same level but
names such as self-verbalization or
coming from different departments or units
self-statement.
to facilitate performance of tasks through
➢​ INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION - the proper coordination.
Latin prefix inter- means between, among, ●​ CROSSWISE COMMUNICATION -
and together. An interactive exchange takes diagonal in nature as employees from
place and interpersonal communication takes different units or departments working at
place. various levels communicate with each
other.
➢​ INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION - -​ the speaker’s role to deliver a speech is
communication between or among people considered as the first element of the 5
having different linguistic, religious, ethnic, primary elements. In this model, the
social, and professional backgrounds. Even speaker gives the speech whereas the
gender difference affects communication. target audience is passively influenced.
Individuals having different orientations -​ has three elements; Ethos, Pathos, and
communicate and interpret messages Logos.
differently. This particularly happens with
non-verbal communication.
TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO
PURPOSE AND STYLE
➢​ FORMAL COMMUNICATION - Employs
formal language delivered orally or in written
2. LASWELL’S COMMUNICATION MODEL
form. e.g. Lectures, Public talks/speeches,
-​ in 1948, Harold Dwight Laswell described
research and project proposals, reports, and
communication as being focused on the
business letters, among others are all
following W’s; Who says, what in, Which
considered formal situations and writings. The
Channel, to Whom and What effect as
purpose is to inform and to persuade, through
seen in the model below:While this model
letter or face-to-face.
is similar to Aristotle’s in the sense that
➢​ INFORMAL COMMUNICATION - involves both are linear and have the same
personal and ordinary conversations with components, Laswell’s also differs in that
friends, family members, or acquaintances there are five variables involved, with the
about anything under the sun. The mode may addition of the medium.
be oral as in face-to-face, ordinary or
everyday talks and phone calls, or written
email messages, personal notes, letters, or
text messages. The purpose is simply to
socialize and enhance relationships.

COMMUNICATION MODELS - A model is often 3. SHANNON-WEAVER’S COMMUNICATION

abstract. It is a representation of a real world MODEL
phenomenon applied to different forms. The -​ Claude Elwood Shannon and Warren
interplay of variables in the model is presented Weaver’s model of communication was
graphically. introduced in 1949.
Models for human communication may be -​ is specially designed to develop effective
classified into four: (1) Aristotle’s Model, (2) communication between the sender and
Laswell’s Model; (3) Shanon-Weaver’s Model; the receiver.
and (4) David Berlo’s Model of -​ they find factors which affect the
communication. communication process called “Noise”. At
first, the model was developed to improve
1. ARISTOTLE’S COMMUNICATION MODEL
technical communication.
-​ a unique communication tool proposed
-​ it’s widely applied in the field of
before 300 b.c by the Greek philosopher
Communication.
Aristotle.
-​ deals with various concepts like
-​ linear model that puts a greater onus on
Information source, transmitter, Noise,
public speaking instead of interpersonal
channel, message, receiver, channel,
communication that other models do.
information destination, encode, and
-​ the first model of communication and is
decode.
considered very simple and
straightforward.
-​ mainly a speaker centered model where
the speaker and speech are very
important.
-​ divided into 5 primary elements: Speaker,
Speech, Occasion, Audience, and
Effect.
4. BERLO’S COMMUNICATION MODEL -​ emphasizes that morals influence the
-​ David Kenneth Berlo (1929 — February behavior of an individual, group, or
23, 1996) was an American organization thereby affecting their
communications theorist that taught at communication.
Michigan State University and later served -​ determines the kind of behavior that is
as president of Illinois State University – he proper and desirable over one that is
proposed the: BERLO’S displeasing and offensive.
COMMUNICATION MODEL. -​ sets the standards to be observed by a
-​ represents the process of communication person or a company that will create a
in its simplest form. good reputation or a positive image not
-​ the acronym SMCR stands for Sender, only for an individual but also for the
Message, Channel, and Receiver. organization.
-​ describes the different components that 1. Establish an effective value system that will
form the basic process of communication. pave the way for the development of your integrity
-​ this communication tool also emphasizes as a person. One's to above behavior and
the coding and decoding of the message, it decision-making style affect, in turn, the
can be used for more efficient operations of an organization.
communication.
-​ believes that for effective communication 2. Provide complete and accurate information.
to take place, the source and the receiver Whether it is needed or not, the data you provide
need to be on the same level. should always be contextualized and correct.
3. Disclose vital information adequately and
appropriately. Never conceal or hide information
that is necessary for purposes of transparency.

COMMUNICATION MODES - refers to the

channel through which one expresses his/her
communicative intent. It is the medium through
which one conveys his/her thoughts.
➔​ FACE-TO-FACE INTERACTION - most
common mode. It is an informal or casual
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE conversation between two or more people.
COMMUNICATION People engage in social conversations to
1. Know your purpose in communicating establish relationships or maintain them.
2. Know your audience ➔​ VIDEO - web cameras are used so that two
3. Know your topic or more people who cannot interact
4. Adjust your speech or writing to the context of face-to-face can communicate. If there are no
the situation technical glitches encountered, this could be
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE ORAL a very effective mode of communication,
COMMUNICATION especially for people separated by distance.
1. Be clear with your purpose ➔​ AUDIO - means transmitted sound. Thus, in
2. Be complete with the message you deliver this mode of communication, only the voice of
3. Be concise the speaker is heard. An obvious downside of
4. Be natural with your delivery this mode is not being able to see the body
5. Be specific and timely with your feedback language or cues of the person you are
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE WRITTEN talking to.
COMMUNICATION: THE 7Cs ➔​ TEXT-BASED COMMUNICATION - such as
1. Be clear e-mail, facsimile, text messaging, and instant
2. Be concise messaging. Social networking sites such as
3. Be concrete Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram likewise
4. Be correct offer text-based interaction. It has a wider
5. Be coherent reach and can disseminate information to a
6. Be complete bigger audience quickly.
7. Be courteous
ETHICS OF COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION IN SOCIAL MEDIA 3.​ SNAPCHAT - only available through a
SOCIAL MEDIA mobile app and boasts roughly 166 million
-​ refers to the means of interactions among daily users a mobile app that lets users
people in which they create, share, and/or send photos and videos to friends or to
exchange information and ideas in virtual their "story".
communities and networks. 4.​ INSTAGRAM - a free photo and
-​ has 2.8 billion social media users video-sharing app that allows users to
worldwide. apply digital filters, frames, and special
-​ changed the way that we interact, mainly effects to their photos and then share them
the way we have lost some of our social on a variety of social networking sites.
skills. 5.​ YOUTUBE - video hosting and watching
-​ social networks have affected our websites.
communication by the way we converse HOW SOCIAL MEDIA CHANGED THE WAY
and our writing techniques. PEOPLE COMMUNICATE
-​ changed the written word in a couple of 1. Created a Sense of Urgency and a Need
crucial ways; (1) Writing is more 2. Provided an Inside Perspective of Faraway
summarized and (2) Abbreviations are Places.
more prevalent. 3. Shared the Full Story, Instead of Just
BENEFITS Highlights.
●​ Social media sites provide people with the 4. Made Digital Messages More Personal.
opportunity to stay connected to friends 5. Brought News Back into Millennial Life.
and family, make new friends, share 6. Provided the Ability to Broadcast Moments
pictures and exchange ideas. Live.
●​ People can also engage in their
communities by raising money for
charities, develop their creativity through
sharing their art or music, and get to know
others from diverse backgrounds through
shared interests.
●​ Social media sites also offer enhanced
learning opportunities.
RISKS
●​ CYBERBULLYING - using digital media to
communicate false, embarrassing or
hostile information about another person
and it is the most common risk for all
teens.
●​ FACEBOOK DEPRESSION - refers to
depression that develops as a result of
children and teens spending a lot of time
on social media sites and begins to
experience depression.
TOP SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS
1.​ FACEBOOK - world's largest social
network, with more than 1.55 billion
monthly active users. Users create a
personal profile, add other users as
friends, and exchange messages,
including status updates.
2.​ TWITTER - have 328 million monthly users
a social networking/micro-blogging
platform that allows groups and individuals
to stay connected through the exchange of
short status messages.