CHAPTER 1
Introduction
Chapter Outlines:
Introduction
Related Works
Purpose of this thesis
Overview of the proposed system
Outline of the Thesis
1.1 Introduction
Power system are experiencing tremendous growth in the field of distributed generation because
of economic benefits, environmental concern, reliability requirement etc. Mainly the DGs include
wind turbines, photovoltaic cells, micro turbines and fuel cells. The DG is a voltage source
inverter with an output low pass filter supplying the load [1].
A microgrid, which can be ac or dc, has been conceptualized to facilitate the connections of DGs,
energy storage systems, and loads by using power electronic converters [2]–[4]. The DCMG offers
certain advantages, such as absence of skin effect, reduced losses and higher
efficiency due to absence of reactive power, no synchronization required for multiple DGs, and
easy control of the DGs through control of only DCMG voltage [8], [2]–[7].
The DCMGs have been widely used in telecom power systems, data centers, transportation and
traction systems, shipboard systems, aircraft power systems, electric vehicles (EVs),
commercial and residential buildings, and also in remote rural areas [8], [2], [5], [6].
Nowadays, the pulse width modulation (PWM) based VSCs are being widely used to
provide effective voltage and power flow control, high quality power conversion, system
balancing, fault protection, and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of various DGs [10].
Several DCMG architecture and control strategies are proposed in [8] and [2]–[7], employing
different control schemes of three-phase VSI, such as hysteresis band current, proportional
resonant, linear proportional integral (PI), and predictive dead-beat controllers. These techniques
have several drawbacks, such as need of high switching frequency for fast dynamic response in
hysteresis current control, estimation of load parameters in predictive dead-beat [9],
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and sensitivity to frequency variations, exponentially decaying transients during step changes,
stability margins when a small phase shift occurs in proportional resonant control
strategy [10].
The control techniques of three-phase VSC or VSI with current controllers are proposed into
rotating dq SRFs, for controlling the current components. And voltage controllers are used with
current controllers in islanded mode only to generate reference current components.
1.2 Related Works
Vijayan et al. [18] have proposed a dynamic model of microgrid controller for both grid connected
and islanded mode operation. They have the disadvantages of using complex control.
Balaguer et al. [13] have proposed an intelligent control for microgrid voltage control. But the
model cannot adjust the load variance.
1.3 Purpose of the Thesis
To design a microgrid system capable of supplying the load.
To model of control strategy for microgrid operation in islanded mode and grid
connected mode.
To study the synchronization and implement the algorithm for grid synchronization.
To determine fault behavior in microgrid.
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1.4 Overview of the proposed system
The microgrid configuration [11] with the control strategy is shown in Fig. 1.1. The flexibility and
control needed by microgrid with the main grid is achieved with the help of power electronic
interfaces [12]. During grid connected mode the controller has to supply the preset power to the
main grid. In this mode the inverters use the signal of main grid as reference. Thus in grid
connected mode the system operates in stiff synchronization with main grid in current control
mode.
Fig. 1.1: Microgrid Configuration with Controller
When the microgrid is isolated from the main grid i.e. intentional islanding operation, the
controller is designed so as to supply constant voltage to the local sensitive loads [13], [14]. In this
autonomous mode, the main grid reference is not available; therefore a new reference is required
to continue good power quality generation. The new reference is found out by using phase locked
loop (DQ-PLL) and PI controller [15], [16]. After islanding operation, the DGs are connected back
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to grid. At this instant of grid reconnection, re-closure algorithm has to be established to achieve
synchronization [13], [17].
1.5: Outline of Thesis
Chapter 1, Introduction, includes a brief background of the thesis work, related works, and purpose
of the thesis and overview of the whole work.
Chapter 2, System Configuration and Modeling includes the whole system configuration, control
techniques for different operating modes.
Chapter 3, Control Strategy for Three Phase Inverter includes the state space model of inverter and
control strategies of inverter for different mode.
Chapter 4, Simulation Result and Discussion includes simulated performance of the proposed
control, power output, voltage and current output performance, frequency and fault behavior.
Chapter 5, Conclusion and Future Work, summarizes the work done in the proposed scheme along
with a brief recommendation of future study.