1.
Physical Quantities and Units
- Definition: A physical quantity is anything that can be measured and has a unit.
- Types: Base (Length, Mass, Time, Temperature, Current), Derived (Speed, Force, Density,
Pressure)
- Units: m, kg, s, K, A, N, kg/m3
- Instruments: Ruler, Vernier Caliper, Balance, Stopwatch, Thermometer
- Formulas: Speed = Distance/Time, Force = Mass×Acceleration, Density = Mass/Volume
2. Motion
- Definition: Change in position with time.
- Distance (scalar), Displacement (vector)
- Speed = Distance/Time, Velocity = Displacement/Time
- Acceleration = (Final - Initial Velocity)/Time
- Types: Uniform, Non-uniform, Acceleration, Deceleration, Projectile
- Instruments: Stopwatch, Measuring tape, Speedometer
- Graphs: Distance-Time, Velocity-Time
3. Mass and Weight
- Mass: Amount of matter, kg, measured with balance.
- Weight: Force of gravity, W = m×g, unit N, spring balance.
- Difference: Mass constant, Weight changes with gravity.
4. Density
- Definition: Mass per unit volume.
- Formula: Density = Mass/Volume
- Units: kg/m3 or g/cm3
- Measuring: Balance, Volume by formula or water displacement.
- Uses and questions on floating, difference from mass.
5. Balanced and Unbalanced Forces
- Force: Push or pull changing motion.
- Balanced: Resultant force = 0, no motion change.
- Unbalanced: Causes acceleration, F = m×a.
6. Friction
- Definition: Opposes motion between surfaces.
- Types: Static, Kinetic, Rolling
- Advantages: Walking, brakes
- Disadvantages: Wear, heat
- Reduce: Lubricants, wheels, polishing.
7. Circular Motion
- Definition: Motion in a circle at constant speed.
- Velocity changes → acceleration.
- Centripetal force: F = mv2/r
- Examples: Planets, car turns, stone on string.
8. Elastic Deformation
- Definition: Returns to original shape after force removed.
- Hooke’s Law: F = kx
- Measuring: Spring, weights, ruler, graph.
- Elastic limit: Maximum before permanent change.