Quick Ethics Revision Guide

1. What is Ethics?

• Simple Definition: The study of "how we ought to live." It's about figuring out what
is right, wrong, good, and bad in human conduct.
• Example: Asking yourself, "Is it okay to lie to protect a friend's feelings?" is an
ethical question.
2. Key Terms

• Morality: The actual set of rules and principles we use to judge each other's actions
(e.g., "don't steal," "help others").
• Values: Your personal beliefs about what is important (e.g., honesty, success,
family).
• Right Action: What you are allowed or supposed to do.
• Wrong Action: What you are forbidden from doing.
• Supererogatory Action: Going "above and beyond" what is required. It's good, but
not mandatory.
o Example: Running into a burning building to save a stranger.

The Main Ethical Theories

1. Virtue Ethics (Socrates, Plato, Aristotle)

• Focuses On: Your character - what kind of person you are.

• Central Question: "What sort of person should I be?"
• Key Ideas:
o Virtue: A good character trait, like honesty, courage, or kindness.
o Eudaimonia: The ultimate goal is human "flourishing" or living a deeply
satisfying life.
o The Golden Mean: Virtue is the right balance between two extremes.
▪ Example: Courage is the mean between the extremes of cowardice
(too little) and recklessness (too much).
• A right action is what a virtuous person would do.
2. Deontology (Kant, Ross)

• Focuses On: Your duty - following the rules.

• Central Question: "What is my duty?"
• Key Ideas:
 o Kant's Categorical Imperative: Only do something if you'd be okay with
everyone in the world doing it.
▪ Example: You shouldn't lie because if everyone lied, trust and
communication would break down.
o Respect for Persons: Never use people as a mere tool; always respect their
dignity.
o Ross's Prima Facie Duties: We have multiple duties (like keeping promises,
being grateful, helping others). Sometimes they conflict, and we must
choose the strongest one.
• A right action is one that follows the correct moral rule or duty.
3. Utilitarianism (Bentham, Mill)

• Focuses On: The consequences of your actions.

• Central Question: "What will produce the best overall outcome?"
• Key Ideas:
o The Greatest Good: An action is right if it produces the greatest amount of
happiness for the greatest number of people.
o Impartiality: Everyone's happiness counts equally—your family counts the
same as a stranger.
▪ Example: A policy that provides healthcare to millions is good, even if
it raises taxes for a few.
o Act vs. Rule:
▪ Act Utilitarianism: Judge each action individually by its
consequences.
▪ Rule Utilitarianism: Follow the rule that, if everyone followed it,
would lead to the best consequences (e.g., "always tell the truth").
• A right action is one that maximizes overall happiness and minimizes suffering.

The Ethical Lenses (Quick Decision-Making Tools)

Lens What It Asks Example

Rights "Does this respect everyone's dignity Protecting free speech, even for
and freedoms?" unpopular opinions.

Justice "Is this fair to everyone involved?" Giving more help to those who are
more vulnerable.
 Utilitari "What will cause the most happiness Building a new hospital that
an and least harm?" benefits a whole city.

Commo "Does this help our community flourish Paying taxes to fund public schools
n Good together?" and parks.

Virtue "What would an Returning a lost wallet because an

honest/compassionate/courageous honest person would.
person do?"

Care "How can I nurture my relationships and Caring for a sick relative instead of
Ethics respond to needs?" going to a party.

Personal, Professional & Social Ethics

1. Personal Ethics

• What it is: Your own internal moral compass.

• Where it comes from: Family, friends, experiences, and personal reflection.
• Examples: Honesty, kindness, loyalty.
• Key Point: They are unique to you and guide your daily decisions.
2. Professional Ethics

• What it is: A code of conduct imposed by your job or profession.

• Where it comes from: External rules, company policies, industry standards.
• Examples:
o Confidentiality: Not sharing a client's private information.
o Integrity: Being consistent and honest in your work.
o Accountability: Taking responsibility for your mistakes.
• Key Point: You can be punished (e.g., fired, sued) for not following them.
3. Social Ethics

• What it is: The principles that help societies live together peacefully and fairly.
• Where it comes from: Cultural norms, laws, and philosophical ideas about justice.
• Key Components:
o Universality: Rules should apply to everyone equally.
o Solidarity: We should support and help each other.
o Social Justice: Ensuring everyone has fair access to opportunities.
o Empathy: The ability to understand and share the feelings of others.
• Examples: Human rights laws, environmental protection, gender equality.
 Final Recap: How to Tell the Theories Apart

• Virtue Ethics: Look at the person's character. (Is they honest?)

• Deontology: Look at the action itself. (Is it against the rules?)
• Utilitarianism: Look at the results. (Did it cause more good than harm?)
Multiple Choice Questions: Ethics

1. According to the "Ethical Lenses" document, which perspective focuses on respect

for dignity and autonomy and asks how we can best protect moral rights?
a) Justice
b) Utilitarian
c) Rights
d) Virtue
Answer: c) Rights
Explanation: The Rights lens is explicitly defined as focusing on entitlements,
liberties, and respect for dignity and autonomy.

2. The Utilitarian ethical perspective is primarily concerned with:

a) Adherence to moral duties
b) Distributing benefits and burdens fairly
c) Maximizing overall happiness and minimizing harm
d) Cultivating good character traits
Answer: c) Maximizing overall happiness and minimizing harm
Explanation: Utilitarianism seeks to quantify and maximize aggregate happiness or
well-being for all stakeholders.

3. In Virtue Ethics, the central question is:

a) What action will produce the best consequences?
b) What is my duty in this situation?
c) What sort of person should I be?
d) How can we ensure everyone's rights are protected?
Answer: c) What sort of person should I be?
Explanation: Virtue Ethics focuses on character evaluation and the cultivation of
virtuous traits, rather than just actions or consequences.

4. According to the PPT on Virtue Ethics, what is the Greek term for "happiness" or
"flourishing" that represents the ultimate human good?
a) Arefè
b) Phronêsis
 c) Eudaimonia
d) Kalon
Answer: c) Eudaimonia
Explanation: Eudaimonia is defined as "flourishing," "well-being," or "living well," and
is the ultimate goal in Aristotelian virtue ethics.

5. Socrates made the controversial claim that:

a) Virtue requires the cooperation of rational and non-rational parts of the soul.
b) Knowledge is sufficient for virtue, and virtue is sufficient for happiness.
c) Happiness is activity in accordance with virtue over a full life.
d) Virtue aims at the common good, not self-interest.
Answer: b) Knowledge is sufficient for virtue, and virtue is sufficient for happiness.
Explanation: Socrates argued that moral error stems from ignorance, and thus
knowledge is both necessary and sufficient for virtue and happiness.

6. Aristotle's concept of the "mean" in virtue ethics refers to:

a) The mathematical average between two extremes
b) A state of mediocrity to be avoided
c) The appropriate response relative to the individual and situation
d) The point of balance between self-interest and altruism
Answer: c) The appropriate response relative to the individual and situation
Explanation: For Aristotle, virtue lies in a "mean" relative to us, defined by reason, not
a one-size-fits-all average.

7. Direct Utilitarianism (Act Utilitarianism) requires:

a) Following general rules that maximize utility over time
b) Striving for the greatest overall happiness in every specific action
c) Prioritizing higher-quality pleasures over lower ones
d) Applying utility calculations only in private, not public
Answer: b) Striving for the greatest overall happiness in every specific action
Explanation: Direct Utilitarianism demands that each individual action be evaluated
based on its specific consequences for overall happiness.

8. John Stuart Mill's contribution to Utilitarianism included:

a) Arguing for quantitative hedonism as the only sound basis
b) The idea that utilitarianism should be an esoteric, secret doctrine
c) Introducing the concept of qualitative hedonism
d) Rejecting the principle of impartiality
Answer: c) Introducing the concept of qualitative hedonism
Explanation: Mill argued that some pleasures (intellectual, moral) are inherently
higher in quality than others (sensual), regardless of quantity.

9. Deontological ethics defines the rightness of an action based on:

a) The consequences it produces
b) The character of the person performing it
c) Its adherence to duty or rules
d) Its contribution to the common good
Answer: c) Its adherence to duty or rules
Explanation: Deontological theories judge actions based on their conformity to moral
duties, rules, or principles, independent of their outcomes.

10. Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative requires that we:

a) Maximize happiness for the greatest number
b) Act only on maxims that we can will to become universal law
c) Fulfill our prima facie duties unless overridden
d) Follow principles that no one could reasonably reject
Answer: b) Act only on maxims that we can will to become universal law
Explanation: This is the "universal law" formulation of Kant's Categorical Imperative,
a cornerstone of his deontological ethics.

11. W.D. Ross's deontological theory is characterized by:

a) A single overarching moral principle
b) A focus on the consequences of rules
c) A pluralist set of prima facie duties
d) The principle of reasonable rejection
Answer: c) A pluralist set of prima facie duties
Explanation: Ross proposed multiple, distinct fundamental duties (e.g., fidelity,
gratitude, justice) that can sometimes conflict.

12. T.M. Scanlon's Contractualism defines a wrong action as one that:

a) Violates the Categorical Imperative
b) Fails to maximize overall good
c) Is not what a virtuous person would do
d) Would be forbidden by principles no one could reasonably reject
Answer: d) Would be forbidden by principles no one could reasonably reject
Explanation: Scanlon's framework focuses on the mutual recognition of principles
that govern our behavior towards others.

13. According to the "Ethics and Values" PPT, what is the branch of philosophy
concerned with standards for right conduct?
 a) Meta-ethics
b) Normative ethics
c) Moral psychology
d) Descriptive ethics
Answer: b) Normative ethics
Explanation: Normative ethics is specifically concerned with establishing standards
for right and wrong conduct.

14. An action that is "supererogatory" is best described as:

a) Morally obligatory
b) Morally forbidden
c) Good but not obligatory
d) Morally neutral
Answer: c) Good but not obligatory
Explanation: Supererogatory actions are praiseworthy but not required, like heroic
acts of self-sacrifice.

15. Something that has value in and of itself, requiring no external explanation, is said
to have:
a) Instrumental Value
b) Extrinsic Value
c) Subjective Value
d) Intrinsic Value
Answer: d) Intrinsic Value
Explanation: Intrinsic value is the value something has in itself, independent of its
usefulness or consequences.

16. Which source of moral authority is associated with the idea that morality stems
from human feelings or a "moral sense"?
a) Divine Authority
b) Reason
c) Sentiments/Emotions
d) Human Nature
Answer: c) Sentiments/Emotions
Explanation: Sentimentalist theories, like those of Hume and Hutcheson, ground
morality in human emotions like sympathy.

17. A key feature of professional ethics, as opposed to personal ethics, is that they
are:
a) Self-driven and internalized
b) Unique to each individual
c) Imposed by an external code of conduct
d) Primarily about mental harmony
Answer: c) Imposed by an external code of conduct
Explanation: Professional ethics are regulated by external standards and codes
adopted by a professional community, unlike personal ethics which are internally
developed.

18. Which of the following is a key aspect of Social Ethics?

a) Personal integrity
b) Corporate confidentiality
c) Universality and solidarity
d) Individual decision-making
Answer: c) Universality and solidarity
Explanation: Social ethics emphasizes universal principles of justice and the value of
solidarity, or mutual support within a society.

19. According to the "Personal, Professional and Social Ethics" document, non-
compliance with professional ethics primarily risks:
a) Personal mental disharmony
b) One's professional reputation and organizational standing
c) A conflict with one's family values
d) A decrease in intrinsic motivation
Answer: b) One's professional reputation and organizational standing
Explanation: The document states that non-compliance with professional ethics may
risk your reputation, as your behavior will be reported as unprofessional.

20. The "Common Good" ethical lens asks:

a) How can we maximize happiness?
b) How can we protect individual rights?
c) How can we create conditions for all members of society to flourish?
d) How can we ensure a fair distribution of benefits?
Answer: c) How can we create conditions for all members of society to flourish?
Explanation: The Common Good approach focuses on the systems, institutions, and
environments necessary for the well-being of all members of a community.

21. Plato's view on virtue differed from Socrates in that Plato:

a) Believed knowledge alone was sufficient for virtue
b) Argued that virtue requires the cooperation of rational and non-rational parts of the
soul
c) Claimed virtue was sufficient for complete happiness
d) Defined virtue as a mean between extremes
Answer: b) Argued that virtue requires the cooperation of rational and non-rational
parts of the soul
Explanation: Plato rejected Socrates' intellectualist view, arguing that virtue involves
harmonizing reason, spirit, and appetite.

22. Henry Sidgwick is known for articulating:

a) The principle of utility as a progressive doctrine
b) The concept of qualitative hedonism
c) The dualism of practical reason
d) The system of prima facie duties
Answer: c) The dualism of practical reason
Explanation: Sidgwick famously highlighted a potential irreconcilable conflict
between the demands of rational self-interest and utilitarian morality.

23. In Kantian ethics, a will driven by external factors like inclinations is termed:
a) Autonomous
b) Prudent
c) Heteronomous
d) Virtuous
Answer: c) Heteronomous
Explanation: For Kant, a heteronomous will is determined by external desires and
inclinations, in contrast to an autonomous will that gives itself the moral law.

24. The concept of Phronêsis in Virtue Ethics is best described as:

a) Moral excellence
b) Human flourishing
c) Practical wisdom
d) The ultimate good
Answer: c) Practical wisdom
Explanation: Phronêsis is the intellectual virtue of practical reason, enabling one to
deliberate well about how to live and act virtuously in specific situations.

25. A major criticism of Qualitative Hedonism is that it:

a) Is too simplistic
b) May be inconsistent with the core hedonist belief that pleasure is the only good
c) Is impossible to calculate
d) Ignores the principle of impartiality
Answer: b) May be inconsistent with the core hedonist belief that pleasure is the only
good
Explanation: By introducing a qualitative hierarchy of pleasures, Mill's view may
conflict with the fundamental hedonist premise that pleasure is a single, uniform
good.

26. According to the "Foundations of Morality" slide, which theorist links morality to
promoting self-interest based on human nature?
a) Kant
b) Hobbes
c) Hutcheson
d) Aquinas
Answer: b) Hobbes
Explanation: Hobbes argued that morality is justified by its consequences for self-
preservation and peace, linking it to a form of self-interest.

27. The "Care Ethics" lens is primarily rooted in:

a) Universal rules
b) Character traits
c) Relationships and specific circumstances
d) Distributive justice
Answer: c) Relationships and specific circumstances
Explanation: Care ethics emphasizes the importance of relationships, listening, and
responding to individuals in their specific contexts.

28. An action that is "morally neutral" is:

a) Obligatory
b) Forbidden
c) Supererogatory
d) Neither obligatory, forbidden, nor supererogatory
Answer: d) Neither obligatory, forbidden, nor supererogatory
Explanation: Morally neutral actions, like choosing an apple over an orange, have no
significant moral weight.

29. Which component is listed as part of Professional Ethics?

a) Friendliness
b) Loyalty
c) Confidentiality
d) Openness
Answer: c) Confidentiality
Explanation: Confidentiality is a key component of professional codes of ethics,
ensuring information is accessible only to authorized persons.

30. The "Justice" ethical lens is particularly concerned with:

a) Maximizing aggregate well-being
b) The distribution of benefits and burdens
c) Cultivating virtuous habits
d) Protecting individual liberties
Answer: b) The distribution of benefits and burdens
Explanation: The Justice perspective focuses on fairness in how benefits and burdens
are allocated among members of a society.

more

Of course! Here are 20 additional multiple-choice questions to further test knowledge

from the provided ethics materials.

Multiple Choice Questions: Ethics (Set 2)

31. According to the documents, which ethical theory is considered a "teleological

theory"?
a) Deontology
b) Virtue Ethics
c) Contractualism
d) Utilitarianism
Answer: d) Utilitarianism
Explanation: Teleological theories define the rightness of actions by their
consequences in promoting a specific end or "telos" (like happiness). Utilitarianism is
the prime example given.

32. For Aristotle, a virtuous action is chosen for the sake of the:
a) Maximum pleasure
b) Fulfillment of duty
c) Fine (Kalon)
d) Avoidance of pain
Answer: c) Fine (Kalon)
Explanation: Aristotle emphasized that virtuous actions are chosen "for the sake of
the fine (kalon)," which promotes a common good and reflects a noble character.
33. The idea that moral norms are "impartial" means they:
a) Always lead to the best overall consequences
b) Are based on personal feelings
c) Hold everyone to count equally
d) Are created by a divine authority
Answer: c) Hold everyone to count equally
Explanation: Impartiality in morality means that the interests of all individuals are
given equal consideration, without favoritism.

34. Which philosopher is associated with the idea that utilitarianism might be an
"esoteric doctrine" not to be widely publicized?
a) Jeremy Bentham
b) John Stuart Mill
c) Henry Sidgwick
d) William Godwin
Answer: c) Henry Sidgwick
Explanation: Sidgwick considered that the general application of utilitarian
calculations by everyone might not produce the best results, leading to the idea of
utilitarianism as a potentially "esoteric" morality.

35. In the context of professional ethics, "Objectivity" primarily requires:

a) Showing deference to a nation or religion
b) Making decisions without undue influence from personal bias or conflict of interest
c) Being consistent in one's actions and values
d) Limiting access to sensitive information
Answer: b) Making decisions without undue influence from personal bias or conflict
of interest
Explanation: While the provided text on Objectivity is partially about law, in a
professional context it implies fair, unbiased judgment based on facts, not personal
feelings.

36. A key difference between personal and professional ethics is that:

a) Personal ethics are learned in the corporate world.
b) Professional ethics are self-driven and internalized.
c) Personal ethics can be changed by the individual, while professional ethics are
imposed.
d) Professional ethics primarily cause mental disharmony if violated.
Answer: c) Personal ethics can be changed by the individual, while professional
ethics are imposed.
Explanation: The documents state that an individual has the choice of changing their
personal ethics, but professional ethics are a strict code of conduct imposed by an
organization.

37. The "Fundamental Debate" between morality and self-interest was most sharply
articulated by which philosopher?
a) Plato
b) Aristotle
c) Hobbes
d) Sidgwick
Answer: d) Sidgwick
Explanation: Sidgwick is noted for most famously articulating the "dualism of
practical reason," highlighting a sharp conflict between the demands of self-interest
and impersonal morality (like utilitarianism).

38. According to Kant, treating persons as "ends in themselves" means:

a) Using them to achieve a greater good for the majority.
b) Respecting their intrinsic worth and rational nature.
c) Ensuring their happiness is maximized.
d) Fulfilling our prima facie duties towards them.
Answer: b) Respecting their intrinsic worth and rational nature.
Explanation: This is a core principle of Kantian deontology. Persons have dignity and
should never be treated merely as tools or means to an end.

39. Which of the following is an example of a prima facie duty in Ross's theory?
a) The Categorical Imperative
b) The principle of utility
c) Gratitude
d) Whatever a virtuous person would do
Answer: c) Gratitude
Explanation: Ross's pluralist theory includes several prima facie duties, such as
fidelity, gratitude, justice, and beneficence.

40. The component of Social Ethics that promotes collaboration and mutual support
is:
a) Universality
b) Solidarity
c) Social Justice
d) Empathy
Answer: b) Solidarity
Explanation: Solidarity is defined as a fundamental value that promotes collaboration
and mutual support among members of society.

41. Julia Driver's book, cited in multiple sources, is titled:

a) Ethics Through History: An Introduction
b) The Fundamentals of Moral Philosophy
c) Ethics: The Fundamentals
d) Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Answer: c) Ethics: The Fundamentals
Explanation: Julia Driver's book Ethics: The Fundamentals is listed as a source in
several of the presentation documents.

42. A "forbidden action" in moral evaluation is one that is:

a) Supererogatory
b) Morally required not to do
c) Permissible but not admirable
d) Neutral
Answer: b) Morally required not to do
Explanation: Forbidden actions are those that are impermissible; one is morally
obligated to refrain from doing them.

43. Which ethical lens would be most concerned with the question, "How might our
political institutions be more caring?"?
a) Utilitarian
b) Virtue
c) Care Ethics
d) Common Good
Answer: c) Care Ethics
Explanation: This question directly mirrors the central question posed by the Care
Ethics lens, which focuses on making relationships and institutions more caring.

44. Plato's view of the soul involved three parts. Which of the following is NOT one of
them?
a) Reason
b) Spirit
c) Appetite
d) Conscience
Answer: d) Conscience
Explanation: Plato's tripartite soul consists of Reason, Spirit (or emotion), and
Appetite (or desire). Conscience is not listed as one of these parts in the provided
materials.

45. Indirect Utilitarianism (Rule Utilitarianism) holds that:

a) Each action must be directly evaluated for its utility.
b) Overall utility is maximized by following general rules.
c) Quality of pleasure is more important than quantity.
d) Utility calculations should be kept secret.
Answer: b) Overall utility is maximized by following general rules.
Explanation: Indirect Utilitarianism argues that the best consequences are achieved
when people follow rules that, if generally adopted, would maximize happiness, even
if breaking the rule might seem beneficial in a single case.

46. The concept that moral claims are "universal" means they:
a) Are accepted by everyone
b) Apply to everyone in similar circumstances
c) Are based on universal human emotions
d) Always override self-interest
Answer: b) Apply to everyone in similar circumstances
Explanation: Universality in morality means that if an action is right/wrong for one
person, it is right/wrong for any other person in a relevantly similar situation.

47. According to the "Ethical Lenses" document, the "Justice" perspective is

concerned with treating people equally unless a defensible standard justifies unequal
treatment based on:
a) Their potential for happiness
b) Their character virtues
c) Their vulnerability or other situational factors
d) Their legal rights
Answer: c) Their vulnerability or other situational factors
Explanation: The Justice lens notes that treating people equally might be unfair if they
are "very differently situated (e.g., more vulnerable)."

48. For Aquinas, natural law requires social virtues for the:
a) Maximization of personal pleasure
b) Achievement of a well-ordered soul
c) Common good
d) Fulfillment of prima facie duties
Answer: c) Common good
 Explanation: The summary of Virtue Ethics states that Aquinas held that "natural law
requires social virtues for the common good."

49. In moral psychology, a key area of inquiry is:

a) The nature of moral judgments
b) The distribution of benefits and burdens
c) How practical reason guides our lives
d) The codes of conduct for professions
Answer: c) How practical reason guides our lives
Explanation: Moral psychology is defined as exploring how practical reason guides
lives, the role of desires, and the possibility of acting on moral conclusions.

50. The source of moral authority that grounds morality in the commands or will of
God is known as:
a) Reason
b) Sentiments/Emotions
c) Human Nature
d) Divine Authority
Answer: d) Divine Authority
Explanation: This is the Divine Command Theory, mentioned as an external source of
moral authority.

give more which cover all topics

Of course! Here is a comprehensive set of 50 additional multiple-choice questions

designed to cover all topics from the provided ethics materials, including Virtue
Ethics, Deontology, Utilitarianism, Ethical Lenses, and Personal/Professional/Social
Ethics.

Comprehensive Multiple Choice Questions: Ethics (Set 3)

51. According to the documents, which branch of philosophy is specifically concerned

with "standards for right conduct and moral evaluation"?
a) Meta-ethics
b) Applied Ethics
c) Normative Ethics
d) Descriptive Ethics
Answer: c) Normative Ethics
Explanation: Normative ethics is defined as the branch concerned with establishing
standards for right and wrong conduct, unlike descriptive ethics (which describes
beliefs) or meta-ethics (which analyzes the nature of moral judgments).

52. The Greek term Arefè in Virtue Ethics translates to:

a) Happiness
b) Practical Wisdom
c) Excellence/Virtue
d) The Fine/Noble
Answer: c) Excellence/Virtue
Explanation: Arefè is the Greek term for virtue, meaning "goodness" or "excellence"
of character.

53. Which ethical theory would most likely ask, "What principles could no one
reasonably reject?" as a test for right action?
a) Kantian Deontology
b) Rossian Deontology
c) Scanlonian Contractualism
d) Aristotelian Virtue Ethics
Answer: c) Scanlonian Contractualism
Explanation: T.M. Scanlon's contractualist formula defines wrongness in terms of
being forbidden by principles that no one could reasonably reject.

54. A company donates a large sum to charity not because it's obligatory, but because
it's praiseworthy. This action is best described as:
a) Obligatory
b) Supererogatory
c) Permissible
d) Morally Neutral
Answer: b) Supererogatory
Explanation: Supererogatory actions are those that are good and admirable but go
beyond what is morally required.

55. The view that pleasure is the only intrinsic good, and that more pleasure is always
better, is known as:
a) Qualitative Hedonism
b) Quantitative Hedonism
c) Eudaimonism
d) Pluralism
Answer: b) Quantitative Hedonism
Explanation: Quantitative hedonism, associated with philosophers like Bentham and
Sidgwick, holds that pleasure is a single, measurable sensation and that more of it is
always better.

56. Which of the following is a key characteristic of personal ethics as described in the
documents?
a) They are imposed by an external professional body.
b) Non-compliance risks professional reputation.
c) They are self-driven and internalized.
d) They are exactly the same for every individual.
Answer: c) They are self-driven and internalized.
Explanation: Personal ethics are described as being internal, self-driven, and evolving
from personal experiences, unlike professional ethics which are externally imposed.

57. The "Common Good" ethical lens is most aligned with which component of Social
Ethics?
a) Universality
b) Empathy
c) Solidarity
d) Social Justice
Answer: c) Solidarity
Explanation: Both the Common Good lens and the Social Ethics component of
Solidarity emphasize working together for the mutual benefit and flourishing of all
members of a community.

58. Immanuel Kant's concept of "autonomy" of the will refers to:

a) The will being determined by personal desires.
b) The will giving the moral law to itself.
c) The will seeking to maximize happiness.
d) The will following external social norms.
Answer: b) The will giving the moral law to itself.
Explanation: For Kant, an autonomous will is self-governing and acts based on self-
imposed moral principles derived from reason, not from external influences
(heteronomy).

59. According to Aristotle, what is essential for guiding deliberation about the good life
and specific virtuous actions?
a) Eudaimonia
b) Kalon
c) Phronêsis
d) Arefè
Answer: c) Phronêsis
Explanation: Phronêsis, or practical wisdom, is the intellectual virtue that enables a
person to deliberate well about how to live and act virtuously in particular situations.

60. A key difference between Act and Rule Utilitarianism is:

a) Act Utilitarianism focuses on character, while Rule Utilitarianism focuses on duty.
b) Act Utilitarianism evaluates individual actions, while Rule Utilitarianism evaluates
general rules.
c) Act Utilitarianism is deontological, while Rule Utilitarianism is teleological.
d) Act Utilitarianism rejects hedonism, while Rule Utilitarianism embraces it.
Answer: b) Act Utilitarianism evaluates individual actions, while Rule Utilitarianism
evaluates general rules.
Explanation: The core distinction lies in the direct application of the utility principle to
each act versus the application of the principle to a set of rules that one then follows.

61. The ethical lens that asks, "How can we create the conditions for all members of
society to flourish?" is:
a) Rights
b) Justice
c) Common Good
d) Care Ethics
Answer: c) Common Good
Explanation: This is the defining question of the Common Good approach as
presented in the "Ethical Lenses" document.

62. For W.D. Ross, a prima facie duty is:

a) Absolute and can never be overridden.
b) Only a duty if it maximizes good consequences.
c) A conditional duty that can be overridden by a stronger duty.
d) A duty that only applies to professionals.
Answer: c) A conditional duty that can be overridden by a stronger duty.
Explanation: Ross's prima facie duties are obligatory "unless there is some
countervailing consideration," meaning they can be overridden in specific
circumstances by a more pressing duty.

63. The idea that morality is grounded in human feelings like sympathy is associated
with which source of normativity?
a) Reason
b) Sentiments/Emotions
c) Divine Authority
d) Human Nature
Answer: b) Sentiments/Emotions
Explanation: Sentimentalist theorists like David Hume and Francis Hutcheson
grounded morality in human sentiments or a "moral sense."

64. Which of the following is listed as a component of Professional Ethics?

a) Friendliness
b) Loyalty
c) Transparency
d) Openness
Answer: c) Transparency
Explanation: Transparency is explicitly listed and defined as a key component of
professional ethical approach in the documents.

65. Socrates equated moral error with:

a) Weakness of will
b) Intellectual error or ignorance
c) A disordered soul
d) Disregard for the common good
Answer: b) Intellectual error or ignorance
Explanation: Socrates famously held that no one knowingly does evil; moral failure is
ultimately a form of ignorance or intellectual error.

66. The "dualism of practical reason," as articulated by Sidgwick, highlights a conflict

between:
a) Duty and virtue
b) Reason and emotion
c) Rational egoism and utilitarian morality
d) Personal and professional ethics
Answer: c) Rational egoism and utilitarian morality
Explanation: Sidgwick identified a fundamental and potentially irreconcilable conflict
between what is rationally in one's self-interest and what is required by impartial
morality like utilitarianism.

67. In the context of Social Ethics, "Universality" refers to the principle that:
a) All societies have the same ethical codes.
b) Ethical principles should apply to all people equally.
c) The government should universalize healthcare.
d) Empathy is a universal human emotion.
Answer: b) Ethical principles should apply to all people equally.
Explanation: Universality in social ethics means that principles of justice and equity
apply to all people, regardless of their individual characteristics.

68. According to the documents, what did Plato believe was necessary for a virtuous
soul?
a) The complete suppression of non-rational desires.
b) The cooperation of rational and non-rational parts, with reason in control.
c) The calculation of pleasurable consequences.
d) Adherence to a set of divine commands.
Answer: b) The cooperation of rational and non-rational parts, with reason in control.
Explanation: Plato argued that virtue requires a harmony between reason, spirit, and
appetite, where reason rules over the other parts.

69. An action that is "permissible" encompasses which of the following categories?

a) Only supererogatory actions.
b) Only obligatory actions.
c) Actions that are not forbidden.
d) Only morally neutral actions.
Answer: c) Actions that are not forbidden.
Explanation: Permissible actions are defined as those that are "not forbidden," which
includes obligatory, supererogatory, and morally neutral actions.

70. The statement "It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied" is
associated with which philosopher's defense of Qualitative Hedonism?
a) Jeremy Bentham
b) John Stuart Mill
c) Henry Sidgwick
d) Francis Hutcheson
Answer: b) John Stuart Mill
Explanation: Mill used this analogy to argue that the quality of pleasures matters, and
that the "higher" pleasures of the intellect are superior to the "lower" pleasures of
mere sensation.

71. The ethical lens that focuses on "the character traits that we deem good and want
to cultivate" is:
a) Justice
b) Virtue
c) Rights
d) Utilitarian
Answer: b) Virtue
Explanation: This is the central focus of the Virtue Ethics lens, as outlined in the
"Ethical Lenses" document.

72. For Kant, a morally worthy action must be done:

a) From a desire for happiness.
b) From a feeling of sympathy.
c) From a sense of duty and in accordance with the moral law.
d) With the best consequences in mind.
Answer: c) From a sense of duty and in accordance with the moral law.
Explanation: Kant emphasized that the moral worth of an action lies in its motivation
by duty, not by inclination or desired outcomes.

73. The concept in professional ethics that involves "acknowledgement and

assumption of responsibility for actions" is:
a) Transparency
b) Integrity
c) Accountability
d) Objectivity
Answer: c) Accountability
Explanation: Accountability is defined as the acknowledgment and assumption of
responsibility for one's actions, decisions, and policies.

74. Which ancient philosophical school claimed that virtue is the only good and is
sufficient for happiness?
a) The Cyrenaics
b) The Epicureans
c) The Stoics
d) The Peripatetics
Answer: c) The Stoics
Explanation: The summary of Virtue Ethics notes that the Stoics identified happiness
with virtue, viewing it as the only true good and sufficient for eudaimonia.

75. The "Care Ethics" lens is primarily critical of other ethical theories for:
a) Ignoring consequences.
b) Over-emphasizing impartiality and abstract rules at the expense of relationships.
c) Failing to define virtue.
d) Neglecting the pursuit of pleasure.
Answer: b) Over-emphasizing impartiality and abstract rules at the expense of
relationships.
Explanation: Care ethics argues that traditional theories are too abstract and
impartial, and instead emphasizes the moral significance of specific relationships
and caring responses.

76. Aristotle argued that eudaimonia requires:

a) Virtuous activity over a complete life.
b) Virtuous thoughts alone.
c) A single moment of supreme courage.
d) The complete absence of pain.
Answer: a) Virtuous activity over a complete life.
Explanation: For Aristotle, eudaimonia is an activity of the soul in accordance with
virtue, and it must be sustained over a full lifetime to be complete.

77. A "morally neutral action" is one that:

a) Is neither right nor wrong.
b) Is supererogatory.
c) Is forbidden but understandable.
d) Has mixed consequences.
Answer: a) Is neither right nor wrong.
Explanation: Morally neutral actions, like choosing what to eat for breakfast, are
those that have no significant moral weight—they are neither obligatory, forbidden,
nor supererogatory.

78. The source that provides a "systematic account of morality as a normative

system" is called a:
a) Code of Ethics
b) Moral Theory
c) Value Theory
d) Legal Statute
Answer: b) Moral Theory
Explanation: Moral theory is defined as an attempt to provide a systematic account of
morality, explaining and justifying its principles.

79. Which of the following is an example of something with instrumental value?

a) Happiness
b) A beautiful sunset
c) A hammer
d) Justice
Answer: c) A hammer
Explanation: A hammer has instrumental value because its worth is derived from
what it can do or bring about (e.g., building a house). Its value is not in itself, but in its
usefulness.

80. The question "How ought one to live?" is most famously associated with:
a) Immanuel Kant
b) Socrates
c) John Stuart Mill
d) W.D. Ross
Answer: b) Socrates
Explanation: This fundamental question is repeatedly attributed to Socrates as the
starting point of his ethical inquiry.

81. According to the documents, Thomas Aquinas integrated Aristotelian ethics with
Christian thought, holding that natural law requires virtues for the:
a) Maximization of utility
b) Well-ordered soul
c) Common good
d) Fulfillment of prima facie duties
Answer: c) Common good
Explanation: The summary slide on Virtue Ethics states that Aquinas held that
"natural law requires social virtues for the common good."

82. In the "Justice" ethical lens, treating people equally might be unfair if:
a) It doesn't maximize overall happiness.
b) It violates their rights.
c) They are very differently situated (e.g., more vulnerable).
d) It doesn't cultivate good character.
Answer: c) They are very differently situated (e.g., more vulnerable).
Explanation: The Justice perspective acknowledges that fairness may require
unequal treatment to address relevant differences, such as greater vulnerability.

83. The philosophical study of "living well as a human being" is the definition provided
for:
a) Morality
b) Ethics
c) Normative Theory
d) Professional Conduct
Answer: b) Ethics
Explanation: Ethics is broadly defined as the philosophical study of morality,
concerned with how one ought to live and what constitutes a good life.
84. A key problem identified with professional codes of ethics is that:
a) They are always the same as personal ethics.
b) They can't always provide black-and-white answers; grey areas exist.
c) They are not enforceable.
d) They change too frequently.
Answer: b) They can't always provide black-and-white answers; grey areas exist.
Explanation: The document on Professional Ethics explicitly states that a problem
with codes of ethics is that "sometimes there are grey areas where the answers aren't
so simple."

85. Which philosopher argued that overall utility is maximized when society relies on
"non-utilitarian secondary principles" like justice?
a) Jeremy Bentham
b) John Stuart Mill
c) William Godwin
d) Henry Sidgwick
Answer: b) John Stuart Mill
Explanation: Mill, an advocate of indirect utilitarianism, believed that constantly
calculating utility for every action was impractical and that following established
rules of thumb (like justice) generally leads to the best outcomes.

86. The component of Social Ethics that involves "putting yourself in the shoes of
others" is:
a) Universality
b) Solidarity
c) Social Justice
d) Empathy
Answer: d) Empathy
Explanation: Empathy is defined as the ability to understand and share the feelings
and perspectives of others.

87. For Aristotle, a virtue of character is a state defined by:

a) Divine command.
b) Reason, as the prudent person would define it.
c) The maximization of pleasure.
d) A set of universal, exceptionless rules.
Answer: b) Reason, as the prudent person would define it.
Explanation: Aristotle's famous definition states that virtue is a state of character
"defined by reason, as the prudent person (phronimos) would define it."
88. The idea that moral norms have a special "overriding" weight means they:
a) Are always the most important considerations.
b) Are based on emotional responses.
c) Can be easily ignored.
d) Only apply in professional settings.
Answer: a) Are always the most important considerations.
Explanation: Moral considerations are often viewed as having a kind of authority that
trumps or overrides other types of considerations, like mere preference or prudence.

89. The "Rights" perspective is most concerned with:

a) Aggregate happiness.
b) Fair distribution.
c) Respect for dignity and autonomy.
d) Cultivating character.
Answer: c) Respect for dignity and autonomy.
Explanation: The Rights lens focuses on entitlements and liberties, and how to best
protect and respect the moral rights and autonomy of individuals.

90. A prima facie duty of "fidelity" would most directly require:

a) Helping those in need.
b) Keeping promises.
c) Distributing benefits fairly.
d) Showing gratitude for past favors.
Answer: b) Keeping promises.
Explanation: Fidelity is the duty to keep promises and be truthful.

91. The view that the ultimate good consists of subjective states like pleasure is a(n)
______ conception of the good.
a) Objective
b) Instrumental
c) Subjective
d) Intrinsic
Answer: c) Subjective
Explanation: A subjective conception of the good locates value in the internal states
of individuals, such as their pleasure or desire satisfaction.

92. Which ethical theory is primarily focused on the consequences of actions?

a) Deontology
b) Virtue Ethics
c) Consequentialism
 d) Contractualism
Answer: c) Consequentialism
Explanation: Consequentialism is the broad category of theories that judge the
rightness of actions solely by their consequences. Utilitarianism is a type of
consequentialism.

93. The statement "Everyone is to count for one, and no one for more than one" is a
principle of:
a) Impartiality in Utilitarianism
b) The Categorical Imperative
c) Prima Facie Duties
d) Care Ethics
Answer: a) Impartiality in Utilitarianism
Explanation: This is a classic formulation of the utilitarian commitment to
impartiality, meaning each person's happiness counts equally in the moral calculus.

94. According to the documents, "Integrity" in professional ethics is best described

as:
a) Openness in communication.
b) Consistency of actions, values, and principles.
c) Answerability for one's actions.
d) Limiting access to information.
Answer: b) Consistency of actions, values, and principles.
Explanation: Integrity is defined as a concept of consistency between one's actions,
values, methods, and principles.

95. The philosophical inquiry into the nature of moral judgments themselves (e.g., are
they objective?) is known as:
a) Normative Ethics
b) Applied Ethics
c) Meta-ethics
d) Moral Psychology
Answer: c) Meta-ethics
Explanation: Meta-ethics is the branch of ethics that examines the nature, meaning,
and justification of moral statements, rather than making first-order moral judgments.

96. Francis Hutcheson and David Hume defended an early form of utilitarianism based
on:
a) The Categorical Imperative
b) A Sentimentalist "Moral Sense"
c) Divine Command Theory
d) Rational Intuition
Answer: b) A Sentimentalist "Moral Sense"
Explanation: They believed our moral sense or sentiment naturally approves of
actions that promote the overall good from an impartial standpoint.

97. A "forbidden action" is synonymous with a(n) ______ action.

a) Obligatory
b) Impermissible
c) Supererogatory
d) Permissible
Answer: b) Impermissible
Explanation: An action that is forbidden is one that is not permissible; it is
impermissible to perform it.

98. The ethical lens that asks, "How can we treat all stakeholders equally, or fairly
based on a defensible standard?" is:
a) Rights
b) Justice
c) Common Good
d) Virtue
Answer: b) Justice
Explanation: This is the central question of the Justice perspective as presented in
the "Ethical Lenses" document.

99. For Plato, a virtuous person is one who:

a) Has knowledge of the forms alone.
b) Has a soul where reason rules over spirit and appetite.
c) Maximizes their own pleasure.
d) Follows the principle of utility in every action.
Answer: b) Has a soul where reason rules over spirit and appetite.
Explanation: Plato's conception of virtue is based on the harmonious order of the
soul, where the rational part governs the spirited and appetitive parts.

100. The source of moral authority that posits moral principles are founded in
practical reason, independent of desires, is associated with:
a) Hume
b) Kant
c) Bentham
d) Hobbes
Answer: b) Kant
Explanation: Kantian ethics is the prime example of a theory that grounds morality in
pure practical reason, separate from empirical desires or inclinations.

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General Ethics and Values

1. Which of the following best describes a supererogatory action?

a) An action that is morally required.
b) An action that is morally forbidden.
c) An action that is good to do but not morally required.
d) An action that has no moral significance.

Answer: c) An action that is good to do but not morally required.

Explanation: A supererogatory action is commendable and morally good, yet a person is

not condemned for failing to perform it. A classic example is risking one's own life to save
someone from a burning building. This distinguishes it from obligatory actions (which are
required), forbidden actions (which are impermissible), and morally neutral actions (which
carry no moral weight).

2. According to the provided texts, what is the primary difference between teleological
and deontological ethical theories?
a) Teleological theories focus on character, while deontological theories focus on
consequences.
b) Teleological theories define the right as what promotes the good, while deontological
theories define the right independently of the good.
c) Teleological theories are based on divine commands, while deontological theories are
based on human reason.
d) Teleological theories focus on duties, while deontological theories focus on happiness.

Answer: b) Teleological theories define the right as what promotes the good, while
deontological theories define the right independently of the good.

Explanation: Teleological theories, like Utilitarianism, first define a "good" (e.g.,

happiness) and then define a "right" action as one that maximizes that good. Deontological
theories, in contrast, define the rightness of an action based on its adherence to duties,
rules, or principles, regardless of the consequences it produces.
3. What is the central question that Virtue Ethics aims to answer?
a) What are the consequences of my actions?
b) What are my moral duties?
c) What sort of person should I be?
d) What rules should society follow?

Answer: c) What sort of person should I be?

Explanation: Unlike action-oriented theories that focus on consequences or duties, Virtue

Ethics is primarily concerned with the character of the moral agent. Its central aim is to
define what constitutes a virtuous character and a morally flourishing life.

Utilitarianism

4. What is the fundamental principle of utilitarianism?

a) An action is right if it respects the moral rights of individuals.
b) An action is right if it is performed out of a sense of duty.
c) An action is right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number.
d) An action is right if it is what a virtuous person would do.

Answer: c) An action is right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number.

Explanation: The core tenet of utilitarianism is that an action is morally right if it leads to
the best overall consequences, typically defined as maximizing happiness or pleasure and
minimizing suffering for the majority.

5. What is the main difference between Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism?
a) Act Utilitarianism is quantitative, while Rule Utilitarianism is qualitative.
b) Act Utilitarianism applies the principle of utility to every specific action, while Rule
Utilitarianism applies it to general rules.
c) Act Utilitarianism was proposed by Bentham, while Rule Utilitarianism was proposed by
Sidgwick.
d) Act Utilitarianism focuses on pleasure, while Rule Utilitarianism focuses on justice.

Answer: b) Act Utilitarianism applies the principle of utility to every specific action,
while Rule Utilitarianism applies it to general rules.
Explanation: Act Utilitarianism requires evaluating the consequences of each individual
act to determine its morality. Rule Utilitarianism, however, holds that an action is right if it
conforms to a rule which, if generally followed, would maximize overall good.

6. John Stuart Mill's concept of "qualitative hedonism" suggests that:

a) The quantity or duration of pleasure is the only factor that matters.
b) All pleasures are equal in value.
c) Some pleasures, such as intellectual ones, are inherently superior to others, regardless
of quantity.
d) Utilitarianism is an "esoteric doctrine" that should not be widely broadcast.

Answer: c) Some pleasures, such as intellectual ones, are inherently superior to

others, regardless of quantity.

Explanation: J.S. Mill argued for qualitative distinctions between pleasures, contending
that "higher" pleasures (like those of the intellect) are more valuable than "lower"
pleasures (like those of the body). He famously stated it is "better to be a human being
dissatisfied than a pig satisfied."

Deontology

7. According to Immanuel Kant, a morally worthy action is one performed based on:
a) The expected consequences.
b) The Categorical Imperative.
c) The pursuit of happiness.
d) One's personal feelings and sentiments.

Answer: b) The Categorical Imperative.

Explanation: For Kant, an action has moral worth only if it is done from duty, in
accordance with the Categorical Imperative. This is a universal moral law that requires us
to act only on principles that we can rationally will everyone to follow, and to treat
humanity as an end in itself, never merely as a means.

8. W. D. Ross's theory is described as pluralist because it:

a) Recognizes only one single moral principle: utility.
b) Recognizes multiple, distinct moral principles known as prima facie duties.
c) Argues that morality is subjective and varies between people.
d) Proposes that moral rules are social contracts.

Answer: b) Recognizes multiple, distinct moral principles known as prima facie

duties.

Explanation: Ross's ethical theory is pluralistic as it posits several fundamental,

irreducible duties (e.g., fidelity, gratitude, justice). These are prima facie duties, meaning
they are binding unless they conflict with a more pressing duty in a particular situation.

Virtue Ethics

9. In Aristotelian Virtue Ethics, what is "Eudaimonia"?

a) A state of being that follows strict moral duties.
b) The Greek term for a specific virtue like bravery.
c) The ultimate good for a human, often translated as "flourishing" or "living well."
d) A feeling of temporary pleasure or contentment.

Answer: c) The ultimate good for a human, often translated as "flourishing" or "living
well."

Explanation: Eudaimonia is the supreme goal of human life in Aristotle's ethics. It

represents a state of flourishing achieved through the excellent and rational exercise of our
characteristic human capacities over a complete life.

10. Aristotle's concept of the "mean" refers to:

a) A mediocre or average response in all situations.
b) The appropriate response in a given situation, which lies between two extremes (vices).
c) A mathematical calculation to determine the best outcome.
d) A universal law that applies to everyone equally.

Answer: b) The appropriate response in a given situation, which lies between two
extremes (vices).

Explanation: For Aristotle, a virtue is a "golden mean" between two vices—one of excess
and one of deficiency. This mean is not a mathematical average but the right and rational
response relative to the individual and the circumstances (e.g., courage is the mean
between cowardice and recklessness).
Personal, Professional, and Social Ethics

11. What is a key distinction between personal and professional ethics?

a) Personal ethics are learned in the corporate world, while professional ethics are learned
from family.
b) Personal ethics are self-driven and internalized, while professional ethics often come
from external codes of conduct.
c) Personal ethics are always changing, while professional ethics are set in stone.
d) Non-compliance with personal ethics risks your job, while non-compliance with
professional ethics causes mental disharmony.

Answer: b) Personal ethics are self-driven and internalized, while professional ethics
often come from external codes of conduct.

Explanation: Personal ethics are an individual's own moral compass, shaped by personal
values and experiences. Professional ethics are typically codified rules of conduct
established by a professional body or organization that members are obligated to follow.

12. In the context of professional ethics, what does "accountability" mean?

a) Keeping sensitive information secret.
b) The consistency and truthfulness of one's actions.
c) Operating in a way that is easy for others to see what actions are performed.
d) The assumption of responsibility for one's actions, decisions, and their consequences.

Answer: d) The assumption of responsibility for one's actions, decisions, and their
consequences.

Explanation: Accountability is the obligation to be answerable for one's conduct. It

involves accepting responsibility for the outcomes of one's decisions and actions, both
positive and negative.

13. Which of the following is a core component of Social Ethics?

a) Maximizing corporate profits.
b) Obedience to company rules only.
c) Promoting social justice and solidarity.
d) Focusing exclusively on one's own personal values.

Answer: c) Promoting social justice and solidarity.

Explanation: Social ethics is concerned with the moral fabric of society. Its core principles
include solidarity (mutual support within a community) and social justice, which involves
combating discrimination and ensuring equitable access to opportunities for all.

Ethical Lenses

14. The "Justice" ethical lens primarily focuses on:

a) Maximizing aggregate happiness for everyone.
b) The character traits that we want to cultivate.
c) The distribution of benefits and burdens among stakeholders.
d) The entitlements or liberties that are owed to people.

Answer: c) The distribution of benefits and burdens among stakeholders.

Explanation: The justice perspective is centrally concerned with fairness, particularly how
the benefits and burdens of social cooperation are distributed among members of a
society. It demands that inequalities be justified by a defensible standard.

15. Which ethical lens is most concerned with relationships and responding to
individuals in their specific circumstances?
a) The Utilitarian Lens.
b) The Rights Lens.
c) The Virtue Lens.
d) The Care Ethics Lens.

Answer: d) The Care Ethics Lens.

Explanation: Care Ethics prioritizes the importance of relationships and empathy. It

emphasizes the moral imperative to attend to the specific needs, feelings, and
circumstances of individuals, rather than applying abstract, universal rules.

Additional Questions

16. Which branch of ethics examines the nature of moral judgments, their objectivity,
and how moral knowledge is acquired?
a) Normative Ethics
b) Value Theory
c) Moral Psychology
d) Meta-ethics

Answer: d) Meta-ethics

Explanation: Meta-ethics does not prescribe what is right or wrong but instead analyzes
the underlying nature of moral language, concepts, and reasoning. It asks questions like
"What does 'good' mean?" and "Can moral truths be objective?"

17. According to the texts, which philosopher is most famously associated with the
"dualism of practical reason," highlighting a sharp conflict between self-interest and
utilitarian morality?
a) Aristotle
b) Immanuel Kant
c) Thomas Hobbes
d) Henry Sidgwick

Answer: d) Henry Sidgwick

Explanation: Henry Sidgwick identified the "dualism of practical reason" as a fundamental

conflict between the rationality of pursuing one's own self-interest and the rationality of
pursuing the universal good as demanded by utilitarianism.

18. In Kantian ethics, what is the concept of "autonomy"?

a) The will being driven by external factors like desires and inclinations.
b) The will giving the moral law to itself, guided by reason.
c) The idea that all moral duties are absolute and can never be overridden.
d) The pursuit of the greatest good for the greatest number.

Answer: b) The will giving the moral law to itself, guided by reason.

Explanation: For Kant, autonomy is the capacity of the rational will to self-legislate moral
principles. A truly free will is not subject to external desires but is governed by its own
rational law, which is the Categorical Imperative.

19. What is the core principle of T. M. Scanlon's Contractualism?

a) An action is wrong if it fails to maximize overall happiness.
b) An action is wrong if it cannot be willed as a universal law.
 c) An action is wrong if it would be forbidden by principles that rational persons could not
reasonably reject.
d) An action is wrong if it violates one's prima facie duties.

Answer: c) An action is wrong if it would be forbidden by principles that rational

persons could not reasonably reject.

Explanation: Scanlon's Contractualism grounds morality in the idea of justifiability to

others. An act is wrong if it violates rules that could not be reasonably rejected by people
seeking a shared framework for moral interaction.

20. According to Socrates, what is the relationship between knowledge, virtue, and
happiness?
a) Knowledge is necessary for virtue, but virtue alone is not sufficient for happiness.
b) Knowledge is sufficient for virtue, and virtue is sufficient for happiness.
c) Knowledge is irrelevant to virtue, which is about having a well-ordered soul.
d) Virtue is a mean between two extremes and has little to do with knowledge.

Answer: b) Knowledge is sufficient for virtue, and virtue is sufficient for happiness.

Explanation: Socrates famously held the intellectualist view that to know the good is to do
the good. He argued that moral failure is a form of ignorance, and therefore, true
knowledge inevitably leads to virtue, which in turn constitutes happiness.

21. How did Plato's view of virtue differ from Socrates'?

a) Plato believed virtue was impossible to achieve.
b) Plato rejected the idea that knowledge was important for virtue.
c) Plato argued virtue required cooperation between the rational and non-rational parts of
the soul.
d) Plato argued that virtue had no connection to an agent's happiness.

Answer: c) Plato argued virtue required cooperation between the rational and non-
rational parts of the soul.

Explanation: Plato agreed with Socrates on the importance of knowledge but argued that
virtue requires a harmonious soul where reason rules over the spirited and appetitive
elements. Mere knowledge is insufficient if the non-rational parts of the soul are not in
harmony with reason.
22. In professional ethics, what does the principle of "transparency" imply?
a) Ensuring that information is accessible only to those authorized to have access.
b) The honesty and truthfulness of one's actions.
c) Operating in such a way that it is easy for others to see what actions are performed.
d) Obeying all laws and regulations of an organization.

Answer: c) Operating in such a way that it is easy for others to see what actions are
performed.

Explanation: Transparency is the practice of being open, communicative, and candid. It

means that processes, decisions, and actions are visible and understandable to
stakeholders, which fosters trust and accountability.

23. The "Common Good" ethical lens focuses on:

a) Quantifying and maximizing aggregate happiness.
b) Protecting and respecting the moral rights of individuals.
c) Creating the conditions required for all members of a society to flourish.
d) Cultivating good character traits in individuals and organizations.

Answer: c) Creating the conditions required for all members of a society to flourish.

Explanation: The Common Good approach emphasizes the shared social systems and
institutions—like justice, peace, and public health—that are essential for the well-being
and flourishing of every individual in the community.

24. Which of the following best defines "Personal Ethics"?

a) A strict code of conduct imposed on employees in an industrial setting.
b) Ethical principles a person uses for decision-making, influenced by experiences,
upbringing, and culture.
c) Principles that guide societies in promoting harmonious coexistence.
d) A set of universal rules that apply to all people regardless of their origin or gender.

Answer: b) Ethical principles a person uses for decision-making, influenced by

experiences, upbringing, and culture.

Explanation: Personal ethics are an individual's internal moral framework. They are a
unique set of values and principles, developed over a lifetime, that guide a person's
behavior and choices.
25. A key characteristic of moral norms, such as universality, means that they:
a) Apply only to specific individuals mentioned by name.
b) Are optional and can be disregarded without consequence.
c) Apply to and bind everyone in similar circumstances.
d) Are relevant only in professional contexts.

Answer: c) Apply to and bind everyone in similar circumstances.

Explanation: The principle of universality in ethics holds that moral norms are not arbitrary
or personal preferences. If an action is right or wrong for one person in a given situation, it
is right or wrong for all other people in relevantly similar situations.

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Section 1: Ethical Lenses (Questions 1-3)

1. Which ethical lens focuses on entitlements or liberties that reflect what is owed to
people, emphasizing respect for dignity and autonomy?
A) Justice
B) Utilitarian
C) Rights
D) Care Ethics
Correct Answer: C) Rights
Explanation: The Rights lens views rights as normative determinations about what is owed
to people, focusing on dignity and autonomy, and notes that rights can conflict (Ethical
Lenses PDF, Page 1).

2. According to the Ethical Lenses, which perspective emphasizes treating all human
stakeholders equally or fairly based on a defensible ethical standard, considering
vulnerabilities?
A) Common Good
B) Justice
C) Virtue
D) Utilitarian
Correct Answer: B) Justice
Explanation: The Justice perspective focuses on the distribution of benefits and burdens,
noting that equal treatment may be unfair if stakeholders are differently situated (e.g.,
more vulnerable) (Ethical Lenses PDF, Page 1).

3. Which ethical lens is rooted in relationships, listening to individuals in specific

circumstances, and considering feelings, concerns, and relationships of all stakeholders?
A) Rights
B) Common Good
C) Care Ethics
D) Virtue
Correct Answer: C) Care Ethics
Explanation: Care Ethics emphasizes making personal relationships, social practices,
and political institutions more caring by responding to specific needs (Ethical Lenses PDF,
Page 1).

Section 2: Virtue Ethics (Questions 4-7)

4. In Virtue Ethics, what is the Greek term "Aretê" translated as, referring to qualities like
bravery, temperance, justice, and wisdom?
A) Happiness
B) Virtue
C) Character
D) Practical Reason
Correct Answer: B) Virtue
Explanation: Aretê means "goodness" or "excellence," referring to admirable qualities
that make someone a good person (Virtue Ethics PPT, Page 3).

5. According to Socrates in Virtue Ethics, what is sufficient for virtue and happiness?
A) Practical Reason
B) Cooperation of Soul Parts
C) Knowledge
D) The Mean
Correct Answer: C) Knowledge
Explanation: Socrates claimed knowledge is sufficient for virtue, and virtue is sufficient
for happiness, equating moral error with intellectual error (Virtue Ethics PPT, Page 4).

6. In Platonic Virtue Ethics, what is required for virtue beyond knowledge alone?
A) Activity Over a Full Life
B) Cooperation of Rational and Non-Rational Soul Parts
C) Choice for the Sake of the Fine
D) Maximizing Pleasure
Correct Answer: B) Cooperation of Rational and Non-Rational Soul Parts
Explanation: Plato argued virtue requires reason controlling spirit and appetite in a well-
ordered soul (Virtue Ethics PPT, Page 4).
7. Aristotle defines virtue of character as a state involving choice, lying in a mean relative to
the individual, and defined by what?
A) Sentiment
B) Divine Command
C) Reason (Prudence)
D) Consequences
Correct Answer: C) Reason (Prudence)
Explanation: Virtue is defined by reason as the prudent person would, aiming at the
common good (Virtue Ethics PPT, Page 5).

Section 3: Introduction to Ethics (Questions 8-11)

8. According to the Introduction to Ethics, ethics is broader than morality and

encompasses what key questions?
A) How ought we to live? and What sort of person should I be?
B) What maximizes happiness?
C) What are prima facie duties?
D) What is the greatest good for the greatest number?
Correct Answer: A) How ought we to live? and What sort of person should I be?
Explanation: Ethics includes personal development, character excellence, and ultimate
goals (PPT1 Ethics&Values_MR.pdf, Page 2).

9. In moral evaluation terminology, what are actions that are good but not obligatory, such
as saving someone from a burning building?
A) Obligatory
B) Forbidden
C) Supererogatory
D) Morally Neutral
Correct Answer: C) Supererogatory
Explanation: Supererogatory actions are admirable but not required; failure to perform
them is not wrong (PPT1 Ethics&Values_MR.pdf, Page 5).

10. What type of value is derived from consequences, such as a hammer's value for
building?
A) Intrinsic
B) Extrinsic
C) Instrumental
D) Subjective
Correct Answer: C) Instrumental
Explanation: Instrumental value comes from what something brings about (PPT1
Ethics&Values_MR.pdf, Page 6).

11. Which philosopher argued for a "dualism of practical reason," highlighting conflict
between rational egoism and utilitarian morality?
A) Plato
B) Aristotle
C) Sidgwick
D) Kant
Correct Answer: C) Sidgwick
Explanation: Sidgwick noted a potential irreconcilable conflict between self-interest and
morality (PPT1 Ethics&Values_MR.pdf, Page 13).

Section 4: Deontological Ethics (Questions 12-14)

12. Deontological theories define the right independently of what?

A) The Good
B) Character
C) Consequences
D) Relationships
Correct Answer: A) The Good
Explanation: Unlike teleological theories, deontology focuses on duty over promoting the
good (Deontological Ethics PPT, Page 2).

13. In Kant's deontology, what requires acting only on maxims that can be willed as
universal law?
A) Prima Facie Duties
B) Categorical Imperative
C) Reasonable Rejection
D) Utility Maximization
Correct Answer: B) Categorical Imperative
Explanation: The Categorical Imperative respects persons as ends, not means
(Deontological Ethics PPT, Page 4).

14. According to W.D. Ross, what are duties like truth-telling that are obligatory unless
overridden?
A) Categorical
B) Prima Facie
C) Supererogatory
 D) Instrumental
Correct Answer: B) Prima Facie
Explanation: Prima facie duties can be overridden by countervailing considerations
(Deontological Ethics PPT, Page 5).

Section 5: Utilitarian Ethics (Questions 15-18)

15. Utilitarianism is a type of what theory, where the right promotes the good?
A) Deontological
B) Virtue
C) Teleological
D) Care
Correct Answer: C) Teleological
Explanation: It defines the good first (e.g., pleasure) and right as what promotes it
(Utilitarian Ethics PPT, Page 2).

16. What is the core principle of utilitarianism, often phrased as the "greatest good for the
greatest number"?
A) Respect for Autonomy
B) Maximizing Aggregate Happiness
C) Cultivating Virtues
D) Fair Distribution
Correct Answer: B) Maximizing Aggregate Happiness
Explanation: The right action maximizes pleasure over pain for all affected, with
impartiality (Utilitarian Ethics PPT, Page 3).

17. Which form of utilitarianism applies the utility principle to every specific action?
A) Rule
B) Indirect
C) Act (Direct)
D) Qualitative
Correct Answer: C) Act (Direct)
Explanation: Act Utilitarianism strives for greatest happiness in each action, unlike Rule
which follows general rules (Utilitarian Ethics PPT, Page 5).

18. John Stuart Mill proposed which type of hedonism, where intellectual pleasures are
superior?
A) Quantitative
B) Qualitative
 C) Esoteric
D) Impartial
Correct Answer: B) Qualitative
Explanation: Qualitative hedonism values higher-quality pleasures over mere quantity
(Utilitarian Ethics PPT, Page 6).

Section 6: Personal, Professional, and Social Ethics (Questions 19-25)

19. Personal ethics are primarily learned from where, according to the document?
A) Corporate World
B) Family, Friends, and Relatives Since Childhood
C) Professional Codes
D) Societal Laws
Correct Answer: B) Family, Friends, and Relatives Since Childhood
Explanation: Personal ethics evolve from experiences, upbringing, and reflections
(Personal, Professional and Social Ethics PPT, Page 3 and Page 10).

20. Which component of professional ethics implies openness, communication, and

accountability?
A) Integrity
B) Transparency
C) Confidentiality
D) Objectivity
Correct Answer: B) Transparency
Explanation: Transparency makes actions easy for others to see, like a cashier verifying
change (Personal, Professional and Social Ethics PPT, Page 6).

21. In professional ethics, what is a set of rules limiting access to information only to
authorized persons?
A) Accountability
B) Confidentiality
C) Respectfulness
D) Honesty
Correct Answer: B) Confidentiality
Explanation: Confidentiality restricts information to those authorized (Personal,
Professional and Social Ethics PPT, Page 7).

22. Unlike personal ethics, professional ethics cannot be changed by an individual

because they are imposed by what?
 A) Family Values
B) Strict Codes in the Industrial Setting
C) Cultural Norms
D) Personal Reflections
Correct Answer: B) Strict Codes in the Industrial Setting
Explanation: Professional ethics are regulated by community standards and codes
(Personal, Professional and Social Ethics PPT, Page 10-11).

23. Social ethics emphasizes principles that promote harmonious coexistence and
prioritize what?
A) Individual Gain
B) Common Good and Human Dignity
C) Professional Boundaries
D) Self-Interest
Correct Answer: B) Common Good and Human Dignity
Explanation: It involves fairness, justice, and compassion in society (Personal,
Professional and Social Ethics PPT, Page 12).

24. Which component of social ethics promotes collaboration and mutual support among
society members?
A) Universality
B) Solidarity
C) Social Justice
D) Empathy
Correct Answer: B) Solidarity
Explanation: Solidarity implies helping others and working toward common goals
(Personal, Professional and Social Ethics PPT, Page 13).

25. An example of social ethics includes what, such as combating discrimination and
inequality?
A) Integrity
B) Transparency
C) Social Justice
D) Obedience to Law
Correct Answer: C) Social Justice
Explanation: Social justice ensures equal access to opportunities and resources
(Personal, Professional and Social Ethics PPT, Page 13).

Section 7: Introduction to Ethics - Advanced Concepts (Questions 26-32)

26. According to the full Introduction to Ethics PPT, what are moral norms commonly held
to be?
A) Particular and Subjective
B) Universal, General, and Impartial
C) Optional and Instrumental
D) Extrinsic and Forbidden
Correct Answer: B) Universal, General, and Impartial
Explanation: Moral norms apply to everyone in similar circumstances, are formulated
without proper names, and hold everyone equally (PPT1 Ethics&Values_MR.pdf, Page 4).

27. In moral evaluation, what term describes actions that are good but not obligatory,
where failure to perform them is not wrong?
A) Obligatory
B) Forbidden
C) Supererogatory
D) Morally Neutral
Correct Answer: C) Supererogatory
Explanation: Supererogatory actions are admirable but optional, like saving someone
from a burning building (PPT1 Ethics&Values_MR.pdf, Page 5).

28. What type of value is derived from what something brings about, such as a tool's
usefulness?
A) Intrinsic
B) Extrinsic
C) Instrumental
D) Objective
Correct Answer: C) Instrumental
Explanation: Instrumental value comes from consequences or utility (PPT1
Ethics&Values_MR.pdf, Page 6).

29. In value theory, which conception of "the good" requires meeting a standard beyond
subjective states, such as acquiring virtues?
A) Subjective
B) Objective
C) Sentimental
D) Divine
Correct Answer: B) Objective
Explanation: Objective good involves external standards, as in Plato or Aristotle's views
(PPT1 Ethics&Values_MR.pdf, Page 6).
30. What is a key internal source of moral authority grounded in human feelings like
sympathy?
A) Divine Authority
B) Reason
C) Sentiments/Emotions
D) Self-Interest
Correct Answer: C) Sentiments/Emotions
Explanation: Sentimentalists like Hume ground morality in a "moral sense" or emotions
(PPT1 Ethics&Values_MR.pdf, Page 7).

31. In the debate on morality and self-interest, which philosopher articulated the "dualism
of practical reason," highlighting conflict between egoism and utilitarianism?
A) Plato
B) Hobbes
C) Sidgwick
D) Butler
Correct Answer: C) Sidgwick
Explanation: Sidgwick noted a potential irreconcilable conflict (PPT1
Ethics&Values_MR.pdf, Page 13).

32. According to the summary in the Introduction to Ethics, normative ethics is concerned
with what?
A) Describing Moral Beliefs
B) Standards for Right Conduct and Moral Evaluation
C) Legal Systems
D) Cultural Norms Only
Correct Answer: B) Standards for Right Conduct and Moral Evaluation
Explanation: It provides guidance on what we "ought to do" or "be like," distinct from
descriptive ethics or law (PPT1 Ethics&Values_MR.pdf, Page 13).

Section 8: Major Moral Theories Overview (Questions 33-35)

33. In consequentialism, how is "the right" defined?

A) Independent of Consequences
B) As What Promotes the Good
C) Based on Character Traits
D) Through Prima Facie Duties
Correct Answer: B) As What Promotes the Good
 Explanation: Teleological theories define the good first, then the right as promoting it
(PPT1 Ethics&Values_MR.pdf, Page 9).

34. What is the focus of deontological theories in determining right actions?

A) Maximizing Good Consequences
B) Developing Virtuous Character
C) Adherence to Duties or Rules, Independent of Consequences
D) Subjective States Like Pleasure
Correct Answer: C) Adherence to Duties or Rules, Independent of Consequences
Explanation: Examples include Kantian and Rossian deontology (PPT1
Ethics&Values_MR.pdf, Page 10).

35. In virtue ethics, what is the criterion for a right action?

A) What Maximizes Utility
B) What a Virtuous Person Would Characteristically Do
C) Adhering to Categorical Imperatives
D) Promoting Self-Interest
Correct Answer: B) What a Virtuous Person Would Characteristically Do
Explanation: It prioritizes character over actions, aiming for eudaimonia (PPT1
Ethics&Values_MR.pdf, Page 11).

Section 9: Professional Ethics Components (Questions 36-40)

36. Which professional ethics component involves consistency of actions, values, and
outcomes, regarded as honesty and opposite of hypocrisy?
A) Transparency
B) Accountability
C) Integrity
D) Confidentiality
Correct Answer: C) Integrity
Explanation: Integrity emphasizes internal consistency and truthfulness (PERSONAL,
PROFESSIONAL AND SOCIAL ETHICS ppt 4 _MR.pdf, Page 6).

37. What professional ethics principle implies openness, communication, and making
actions easy for others to see?
A) Integrity
B) Transparency
C) Objectivity
D) Respectfulness
 Correct Answer: B) Transparency
Explanation: Example: A cashier verifying change demonstrates transparency
(PERSONAL, PROFESSIONAL AND SOCIAL ETHICS ppt 4 _MR.pdf, Page 6).

38. In professional ethics, what is the expectation of answerability, blameworthiness, and

responsibility for actions and decisions?
A) Confidentiality
B) Accountability
C) Honesty
D) Obedience to the Law
Correct Answer: B) Accountability
Explanation: It involves assuming responsibility and reporting consequences (PERSONAL,
PROFESSIONAL AND SOCIAL ETHICS ppt 4 _MR.pdf, Page 7).

39. Which component of professional ethics limits access to information to authorized

persons?
A) Integrity
B) Transparency
C) Confidentiality
D) Objectivity
Correct Answer: C) Confidentiality
Explanation: It places restrictions on certain types of information (PERSONAL,
PROFESSIONAL AND SOCIAL ETHICS ppt 4 _MR.pdf, Page 7).

40. According to the comparison, how are professional ethics primarily learned?
A) From Family Since Childhood
B) When One Becomes Part of the Corporate World
C) Through Personal Reflections
D) Via Cultural Influences
Correct Answer: B) When One Becomes Part of the Corporate World
Explanation: Unlike personal ethics learned from family, professional ethics are acquired
in the workplace (PERSONAL, PROFESSIONAL AND SOCIAL ETHICS ppt 4 _MR.pdf, Page
10).

Section 10: Social Ethics (Questions 41-45)

41. Social ethics emphasizes principles that promote what among people?
A) Individual Gain and Competition
B) Harmonious Coexistence and Well-Being
 C) Strict Professional Boundaries
D) Self-Interest Above All
Correct Answer: B) Harmonious Coexistence and Well-Being
Explanation: It prioritizes the common good, fairness, justice, and compassion
(PERSONAL, PROFESSIONAL AND SOCIAL ETHICS ppt 4 _MR.pdf, Page 12).

42. Which component of social ethics applies universal principles of justice and equity to
all people regardless of characteristics?
A) Solidarity
B) Social Justice
C) Universality
D) Empathy
Correct Answer: C) Universality
Explanation: It ensures equal treatment irrespective of origin, gender, etc. (PERSONAL,
PROFESSIONAL AND SOCIAL ETHICS ppt 4 _MR.pdf, Page 13).

43. In social ethics, what promotes collaboration and mutual support to achieve common
goals?
A) Universality
B) Solidarity
C) Empathy
D) Integrity
Correct Answer: B) Solidarity
Explanation: It involves helping others in need and working together (PERSONAL,
PROFESSIONAL AND SOCIAL ETHICS ppt 4 _MR.pdf, Page 13).

44. Which social ethics component seeks to guarantee equal access to opportunities and
resources, combating discrimination?
A) Empathy
B) Universality
C) Solidarity
D) Social Justice
Correct Answer: D) Social Justice
Explanation: It builds an inclusive society by addressing inequality and exclusion
(PERSONAL, PROFESSIONAL AND SOCIAL ETHICS ppt 4 _MR.pdf, Page 13).

45. What is the ability to understand others' feelings and perspectives, crucial for healthy
relationships in social ethics?
A) Solidarity
B) Universality
 C) Empathy
D) Accountability
Correct Answer: C) Empathy
Explanation: Empathy involves putting oneself in others' shoes to foster mutual respect
(PERSONAL, PROFESSIONAL AND SOCIAL ETHICS ppt 4 _MR.pdf, Page 13).

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